Download Lesson I

CONTENTS
I.
Subjunctive Mood; Present subjunctive; Hortatory/ Jussive Subjunctive
2
II.
Present Subjunctive of Irregular Verbs; Purpose Clauses; Relative Clauses of Purpose
4
III.
Imperfect Subjunctive; Sequence of Tenses; Purpose Clauses in Secondary Sequence
6
IV.
Perfect Subjunctive; Result Clauses
8
V.
Pluperfect Subjunctive; Cum clauses
10
VI.
Review: Lessons I-V
12
VII.
Correlatives; Domus, Rus; the Locative Case; Vs
14
VIII.
Direct Questions
16
IX.
The Imperative Mood; the Vocative Case
18
X.
Irregular Verb - Fi, fer, factus sum; Certirem facere
20
XI.
Review: Lessons VII – X
22
XII.
Indirect Questions
24
XIII.
The Ablative Case; Separation, Specification, Description; Ablative Uses
26
XIV.
Ablative Absolute
28
XV.
The Dative Case; Dative with Special Verbs; Dative of Possession, Purpose, Reference; Double Dative 30
XVI.
Review: Lessons XII – XV
32
XVII. Conditions
34
XVIII. Gerunds
36
XIX.
Gerundives
38
XX.
Passive Periphrastic
40
XXI.
Review: Lessons XVII – XX
42
XXII. Indirect Commands
44
XXIII. Subjunctive Relative Clauses; Relative Clause of Purpose, Characteristic, and Result
46
XXIV. Supines and Purpose Review
48
XXV. Subordinate Clauses in Indirect Statement
50
XXVI. Review: Lessons XXII – XXV
52
XXVII. Impersonal Constructions
54
XXVIII. Clauses of Fearing
56
XXIX. The Genitive Case; Partitive; Genitive of Description; Objective Genitive; Memin and oblviscor 58
XXX. Review: Lessons XXVII – XXIX
60
Vocabulary by Chapter
Regular Verb Conjugations
Irregular Verb Conjugations
Deponent Verb Conjugations
Noun Declensions
Adjective Declensions
Comparative Adjectives and Adverbs
Pronouns
Numerals
Classified Vocabulary
Latin - English Vocabulary
English - Latin Vocabulary
Index
62
76
82
85
88
88
90
91
93
94
106
117
132
1
Lesson I
SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD
The SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD is used mainly in subordinate clauses. It can express command, purpose, result, characteristic,
indirect question, or circumstance. As a main verb, the subjunctive indicates possibility, probability, or wish. There are
four tenses of the subjunctive: present, imperfect, perfect, and pluperfect.
Present Subjunctive
The present subjunctive of the first conjugation is formed by changing  of the present stem to  and adding the
personal endings. In all other conjugations  is inserted between the present stem and the personal endings.
singular
1st person
2nd person
3rd person
plural
1st person
2nd person
3rd person
singular
1st
person
2nd
person
3rd
person
plural
1st
person
2nd
person
3rd
person
First
Second
Third
Third I-stem
Fourth
amem
ams
amet
moneam
mones
moneat
dcam
dcs
dcat
capiam
capis
capiat
audiam
audis
audiat
dcmus
dctis
dcant
capimus
capitis
capiant
audimus
auditis
audiant
ammus monemus
amtis
monetis
ament
moneant
First
Second
Third
Third I-stem
Fourth
amer
monear
dcar
capiar
audiar
amris
moneris
dcris
capiris
audiris
ametur
moneatur
dcatur
capiatur
audiatur
ammur
monemur
dcmur
capimur
audimur
ammin monemini dcmin
capimin audimin
amentur
capiantur
moneantur
dcantur
audiantur
There is no standard translation of the subjunctive verb; the translation of a subjunctive verb is determined by its
context.
Present Subjunctive of Sum and Possum
The present subjunctives of sum and possum are irregular and must be memorized.
singular
1st person
2nd
person
3rd person
plural
1st person
2nd
person
3rd person
sum
possum
sim
ss
possim
posss
sit
possit
smus possmus
stis
posstis
sint
possint
Hortatory/ Jussive Subjunctive
The present subjunctive used as the main verb indicates the ideas of encouragement, wish, or command.
A verb used in this way in the first person is called HORTATORY and in the third person JUSSIVE.
The hortatory/ jussive subjunctive is translated into English with “let” or “may.”
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Vvat rgna!
Monemus rgem.
May the queen live!
Let us warn the king.
The negative adverb for this construction is n.
N capimus urbem.
N urbs capitur.
Let us not capture the city.
May the city not be captured.
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Vocabulary I
Fourth Declension Masculine Nouns
adventus,-s, m.,
approach, arrival
cnspectus,-s, m., sight
cursus,-s, m.,
course
impetus,-s, m.,
attack
magistrtus,-s, m., magistracy, magistrate
metus,-s, m.,
fear
Third Declension Adjectives
dligns,-ntis,
careful
potens,-ntis, capable, powerful
prdens,-ntis,
prudent, sensible
First Conjugation Verbs
appell, (1), accost, address, name
confrm (1),
encourage, strengthen
tempt (1), test, try
Adverbs
clam, adv.,
secretly
confestim, adv., immediately
haud, adv.,
not at all
Exercise I
A.
1.
Hc impetum hostium manemus.
2.
N fdem potentium amcrum temptmus.
3.
Prdns in neutram partem met movetur.
4.
Tts ns re pblicae sine met dmus.
5.
Sit ille prmus cnsul, qu maxim idneus est.
6.
Pater metum fliae moritrae in oculs vidre potuit.
7.
Conspectus magistrats potentis invidiam servrum confestim confirmvit.
8.
Hc ditius manemus, vent enim haud facils sunt.
9.
Dux Gallrum adventum Caesaris in Belgicam haud bene tulit.
10.
Parvs puells, quae s inter umbrs ab impetibus Gallrum tegere poterunt, in silvs mittmus.
11.
Dligents prdentsque semper nbs adsint.
12.
Sentum neque advent neque conspect su movre poterat.
B.
1.
May he not call us!
2.
Let us remain here.
3.
Fear of the arrival of the god drove the maidens into flight.
4.
Let the sailors hold the course of the ships, for Britain is in our sight.
5.
The devoted boy announced the arrival of Caesar to the powerful queen.
6.
Let us not fear death.
7.
Let us approach; let us accost the king.
8.
Let us depart at night and journey secretly to our city.
9.
Let the deeds of these Roman soldiers strengthen immediately the minds of the powerful magistrates.
10.
Let all prudent (people) stop here immediately and depart from the city secretly.
11.
He said that his course toward the city was not at all swift.
12.
Let us all sit and let us think about these matters diligently.
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Lesson II
IRREGULAR SUBJUNCTIVES
The present subjunctives of the verbs
singular
1st person
2nd person
3rd person
plural
1st person
2nd person
3rd person
vol, nl, ml and e are irregular and must be memorized.
vol
velim
vels
velit
nl
nlim
nls
nlit
velmus nlmus
veltis
nltis
velint
nlint
ml
mlim
mls
mlit
e
eam
es
eat
mlmus
mltis
mlint
emus
etis
eant
.
Purpose Clauses
A PURPOSE CLAUSE is a subordinate clause which gives the reason behind an action. It answers the question “why?” or
“for what purpose?” In Latin a purpose clause has a verb in the subjunctive. Most often a positive purpose clause begins
with the conjunction ut and a negative purpose clause begins with the conjunction n.
Veni ut audiam.
I come to hear (in order that I may hear, in order to hear, so that I may
hear, so as to hear).
Fugiunt n s videtis.
They flee lest you see them (in order not to see them, lest you see them,, in
order that you may not see them, so that you may not see them).
Lgtus vnit ut pcem petat. The envoy has come to seek peace.
There are many ways to express purpose in English, but, unlike English, Latin rarely uses the infinitive to show
purpose.
Relative Clause of Purpose
A RELATIVE CLAUSE OF PURPOSE uses the relative pronoun in place of ut.
Lgtus mittitur qu pcem petat.
(= Lgtus mittitur ut pcem petat.)
An envoy is sent to seek peace (in order to seek peace,
so as to seek peace, in order that he may seek peace,
so that he may seek peace).
Epistuls scrbit quibus t laudet.
( = Epistuls scrbit ut t laudet.)
He writes letters with which to praise you.
He writes letters by which he may praise you.
He writes letters to praise you.
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Vocabulary II
3rd Declension Feminine Nouns
aets,-ttis, f.,
age
auctrits,-ttis, f., authority, influence
calamitas, calamitatis f. calamity, disaster
cvits,-ttis, f., citizenship, state
cupidits,-ttis, f., desire, greed (+
gen.)
difficults,-ttis, f., difficulty
lberts,-ttis, f., freedom
potests,-ttis, f., power
pax, pacis f.
peace
Adverbs
fer, adv., almost, nearly
paen, adv., almost
Verbs
contine, -re, continu, contentum,
contain, hold together,
sustain
obtine, -re, obtinu, obtentum, hold, obtain
pertine, -re, pertinu, pertentum,
extend, pertain
retine, -re, retinu, retentum, hold back, restrain, keep (from)
sustine, -re, sustinu, sustentum,
hold (up), sustain
differ, differre, distul, diltum, defer, differ, scatter
perfer, perferre, pertul, perltum,
endure, report
Conjunction
ut (+ subj.), in order that, so that, with the result that
ne (+subj), in order that ....not ; lest
Exercise II
A.
1.
Cum hostibus contendunt n vincantur.
2.
Mults difficultts perferet ut liberttem obtineat.
3.
Fer omns hae rs nbs pertinent.
4.
Obtinre aut retinre amcs haud poteram.
5.
Ad urbem venit ut illa ira obtineat quae cvits dederat.
6.
Scrb ut mea verba d eius maxim cupiditte ad t perferantur.
7.
S sustinet n d curs incept lbtur.
8.
Semper dcbat magistrats nn potesttibus, sed auctritte differre.
9.
Vestrae aetts aut nihil aut nn multum inter s differunt.
10.
Magnopere contendunt ut nunc aut magistrtum gerant aut in su potestte habeant es qu sunt in
magistrt.
11.
Sls cupiditts sequuntur quibus sus vts melirs faciant.
12.
Postquam amcs gratis gimus, invidiam sequ nlmus.
B.
1.
They will defend the walls in order to save the citizens.
2.
We carry lights in order that we not wander from the way.
3.
They endure angry masters in order to obtain their freedom.
4.
Let us restrain them through fear lest they wage war against us.
5.
Let us be willing to make the journey with them lest they have any difficulties.
6.
A few (men) run suddenly to the gates in order to keep the enemy from the camp.
7.
Let him prefer to have authority rather than power.
8.
They will destroy liberty with the sword in order to preserve their power.
6
9.
10.
Let us prefer to hold back our anger rather than to wage war.
You will uphold the laws of the republic in order that you may have the liberty which you have sought.
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Lesson III
IMPERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE
The Imperfect Subjunctive is formed by adding the active or passive personal endings to the present active infinitive.
singular
1st
person
2nd
person
3rd
person
plural
1st
person
2nd
person
3rd
person
First
Second
Third
Third I-stem
Fourth
amrem
monrem
dcerem
caperem
audrem
amrs
monrs
dcers
capers
audrs
amret
monret
dceret
caperet
audret
amrmus monrmus dcermus capermus audrmus
amrtis
monrtis
dcertis
capertis
audrtis
amrent
monrent
dcerent
caperent
audrent
Deponent verbs add -re- (or –ere- for the third and third I-stem conjugations) to the present stem before the passive
personal endings.
Singular
1st
person
2nd
person
3rd
person
Plural
1st
person
2nd
person
3rd
person
First
Second
Third
Third I-stem
Fourth
conrer
verrer
sequerer
paterer
mentrer
conrris
verrris
sequerris
paterris
mentrris
conrtur
verrtur
sequertur
patertur
mentrtur
conrmur
verrmur
sequermur
patermur
mentrmur
conrmin verrmin sequermin patermin mentrmin
conrentur
verrentur
sequerentur
paterentur
mentrentur
Sequence of Tenses
Tenses in Latin are divided into two sequences: P RIMARY and SECONDARY/HISTORICAL. The tense of the main verb
determines the tense of the subjunctive verb in certain subordinate clauses. If the main verb is present, future, present
perfect (with “have” or “has”), or future perfect, the sequence is primary and the present or perfect subjunctive is used
in the subordinate clause. If the main verb is imperfect, aorist, or pluperfect, the sequence is secondary and the
imperfect or pluperfect subjunctive is used in the subordinate clause.
Sequence
Primary/ Present
Secondary/ Historical
Main Verb
Present
Future
Present Perfect
(has/have)
Future Perfect
Imperfect
Aorist
Pluperfect
Subjunctive Verb in Subordinate Clause
Present (action at the same time or after the main verb)
Perfect (action prior to main verb)
Imperfect (action at the same time or after the main
verb)
8
Pluperfect (action prior to main verb)
Purpose Clauses in Secondary Sequence
A purpose clause has a present subjunctive if the main verb is in primary sequence and an imperfect subjunctive if the
main verb is in secondary sequence.
Venibam ut audrem.
Fgeram n vidrer.
vit ut pcem peteret.
I was coming to hear (in order that I might hear, so that I might hear, in
order to hear, so as to hear).
I had fled lest I be seen (in order that I might not be seen, so that I might
not be seen, in order not to be seen, so as to not be seen).
He went to seek peace.
9
Vocabulary III
1st Declension Feminine Nouns
amcitia,-ae, f., friendship
insula,-ae, f.,
island
littera,-ae, f.,
letter (of the alphabet),
pl. letter, literature
pecnia,-ae, f., money
prvincia,-ae, f., province
sententia,-ae, f., opinion
pax, pacis, f.,
peace
1st Conjugation Verbs
compar (1) ,
achieve, gather, prepare
spr (1),
hope
3rd Conjugation Verbs
animadvert, -ere, animadvert, animadversum, notice, pay
attention to
dlig, -ere, dlg, dlectum, choose
incend, -ere, incend, incensum, burn, outrage, set fire to
intelleg, -ere, intellg, intellectum,
understand
Adverb
undique, everywhere, from all sides, on all sides
Exercise III
A.
1.
Pecniam comparvit ut potesttem suam sustinret.
2.
Litters ms n ex provinci excders.
3.
r incendor quod m nn dfendbs.
4.
In ill loc manbat ut in urbem clam incderet.
5.
Gall in insul dus nocts constitrunt ut urbem prm lce capere comparrent.
6.
Sprvit s causs bell intellegere posse ut pacem comparret.
7.
Pater fliam dcere vetuit ut iussa mtris animadverteret.
8.
Mlits difficultts fugae verit ex castrs excessrunt ut aquam equsque ab hostibus caperent.
9.
Litterae rgum sententis d cvitte qus legere nn perferre possum continurunt.
10.
Animadvert enim et doctus sum ex tus litters t omnibus in rbus habuisse bonam causam.
11.
Ducs in prvincis pcem cvittis et amcitiam proximrum gentium sustinurunt ut potesttem suam
confrmrent.
B.
1.
He gathered his friends in order to sustain his magistracy.
2.
The king hoped that our friendship would preserve the peace on all sides.
3.
I have come to the city in order to prepare the boys before their father dies.
4.
The Romans decided to burn the city lest the people test the power of their authority.
5.
He hoped that he would lose the desire of money so that he might not also lose his friends.
6.
I understand that a prudent man has been chosen to speak to the magistrates on behalf of the citizenry.
7.
The girls hoped that the day would be beautiful so that they could lead their friends almost to the sea.
8.
The pirates held the sailors in secret for many days so that money would be given for their lives.
9.
He hoped that he would receive the best province so that he could bring back as much money as possible.
10.
His opinions show that he understands nothing about literature.
10
11
Lesson IV
PERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE
The perfect subjunctive active is formed by adding –er plus the active personal endings to the perfect active stem of
the verb.
singular
1st
person
2nd
person
3rd
person
plural
1st
person
2nd
person
3rd
person
First
Third -stem
Second
Third
amverim
monuerim
dxerim
cperim
audverim
Fourth
amvers
monuers
dxers
cpers
audvers
amverit
monuerit
dxerit
cperit
audverit
amvermus monuermus dxermus cpermus audvermus
amvertis
monuertis
dxertis
cpertis
audvertis
amverint
monuerint
dxerint
cperint
audverint
The perfect subjunctive passive is formed with the perfect passive participle, declined to agree with the subject,
followed by the appropriate form of the present subjunctive of sum.
First
Second
Third
Third I-stem
Fourth
amtus,-a sim
amtus,-a ss
amtus,-a,-um sit
monitus,-a sim
monitus,-a ss
monitus,-a,-um sit
ductus,-a sim
ductus,-a ss
ductus,-a,-um sit
captus,-a sim
captus,-a ss
captus,-a,-um sit
audtus,-a sim
audtus, -a ss
audtus,-a,-um
sit
amt,-ae
smus
amt,-ae stis
monit,-ae
smus
monit,-ae stis
duct,-ae
smus
duct,-ae stis
capt,-ae
smus
capt,-ae stis
amt,-ae,-a sint
monit,-ae,-a sint
duct,-ae,-a sint
capt,-ae,-a sint
audt,-ae
smus
audt,-ae
stis
audt,-ae,-a
sint
Singular
Plural
Result Clauses
A RESULT CLAUSE is a subordinate clause which explains the outcome of an action or situation. It is introduced by the
subordinating conjunction ut and has its verb in the subjunctive. A negative result is introduced by ut and a negative
adverb, pronoun or adjective (nn, nm, nihil, numquam, etc.). The sentence which introduces a result clause
often contains one of the following adjectives or adverbs, which anticipates and points to the result clause.
Adjectives
Adverbs
tantus, -a, -um so large, so much, so great (showing
quantity)
ade so, to such an extent
ita so
tlis, -e such, of such a sort (showing quality)
sc so, in such a way (modifies verbs only)
tot (indeclinable) so many
tam so, such (modifies adj. and other adv. only)
12
Rx tam rtus est ut flius eum timeat.
The king is so angry that (his) son fears him.
Rx ita dcbat ut rgna prope eum nn stret.
The king was speaking in such a way
that the queen did not stand near him.
Result clauses do not follow the sequence of tenses. The perfect subjunctive is commonly used after a main verb in
secondary/historical sequence.
Rmnus exercitus tantus erat ut nm eum vcerit. The Roman army was so large that no
one defeated it.
13
Vocabulary IV
Adverbs
ade,
ita,
item,
sc,
tam,
so, to such an extent
so, thus
likewise
so, thus (only modifies verbs)
so (only modifies adjectives and
adverbs)
Adjectives
firmus,-a,-um, firm, resolute, strong
tantus,-a,-um, so great
tlis,-e,
such
tot,
so many (indeclinable)
3rd Declension -io Verbs
excipi, -ere, excp, exceptum, greet, receive
praecipi, -ere, praecp, praeceptum,
advise, direct, order
recipi, -ere, recp, receptum,
accept, receive
s recipere,
retreat
suscipi, -ere, suscp, susceptum, support, take up, undertake
2nd Declension Masculine Nouns
numerus,-, m.,
number
populus,-, m., people
vcus,-, m., village
Exercise IV
A.
1.
Vcus ita parvus erat ut ibi cnsistere nllent.
2.
Tant r incensus est ut s nn retinre potuerit/posset.
3.
Tanta erat potests in eius magistrt, ut cvs eum rtinre nllent.
4.
Verbs rts nihil facilius mittitur, nihil celerius excipitur.
5.
Iter mihi per tuam prvinciam tle erat, ut illum vcum ante tertium diem nn vderim.
6.
Amcs tam male dlgist ut in tant numer turum neque audis virum bonum neque num vides.
7.
Sallustius scrpsit Catilnam tam ardentem in cupiditte esse ut rem pblicam dlre temptverit.
8.
Ego semper docu, monu, bene praecp omnia quae possum.
9.
Praecepta derum ade secutus est, ut nocte ad Italiam cum socis nvibusque fgerit.
10.
Tot sunt fructs labrum eius ut flcissimus ab omnibus habetur.
B.
1.
There were so many ships in the sea that they could not see the water.
2.
He was a man of such a sort that he undertook any task.
3.
He stood so firmly on the wall that he could not be moved.
4.
The consul is so firm in his opinions that no one is able to move him.
5.
So great was the authority in that man that very many (people) wished to follow him.
6.
Then night so dark received us that the stars in the sky were scarcely able to be seen.
7.
He received so many very bad men into his trust that we all heard about his evil deeds.
8.
Your letter reported so many bad (things) to me that I withdrew immediately from my province.
9.
The population is likewise so wretched that no one wishes to get hold of the city.
10.
He will make the journey in such a way that he comes before night.
11.
The rage of the goddess was so great that she wished to destroy the man, his weapons and all his ships.
14
Lesson V
PLUPERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE
The pluperfect subjunctive active is formed by adding –iss- plus the active personal endings to the perfect active stem
of a verb.
singular
1st
person
2nd
person
3rd
person
plural
1st
person
2nd
person
3rd
person
First
Second
Third
Third -stem
Fourth
amvissem
monuissem
dxissem
cpissem
audvissem
amvisss
monuisss
dxisss
cpisss
audvisss
amvisset
monuisset
dxisset
cpisset
audvisset
amvissmus monuissmus dxissmus cpissmus audvissmus
amvisstis
monuisstis
dxisstis
cpisstis
audvisstis
amvissent
monuissent
dxissent
cpissent
audvissent
The pluperfect subjunctive passive is formed with the perfect passive participle, declined to agree with the subject,
followed by the appropriate form of sum.
First
Second
Third
Third I-stem
monitus,-a essem
monitus,-a esss
monitus,-a,-um esset
ductus,-a essem
ductus,-a esss
ductus,-a,-um esset
captus,-a essem
captus,-a esss
captus,-a,-um esset
monit,-ae
essmus
monit,-ae esstis
duct,-ae
essmus
duct,-ae esstis
capt,-ae
essmus
capt,-ae esstis
monit,-ae,-a essent
duct,-ae,-a essent
Fourth
singular
amtus,-a essem
amtus,-a esss
amtus,-a,-um
esset
audtus,-a essem
audtus,-a esss
audtus,-a,-um
esset
plural
amt,-ae
essmus
amt,-ae
esstis
amt,-ae,-a
essent
audt,-ae
essmus
audt,-ae
esstis
capt,-ae,-a essent audt,-ae,-a
essent
Cum Clauses
Cum, in addition to being a preposition meaning with, can also be a subordinating conjunction meaning when, after,
since, or although.
In a TEMPORAL CLAUSE, (where cum means when or after,) the verb is indicative if the main verb is in primary sequence
and subjunctive if the main verb is in secondary sequence.
Cum librum habe, leg.
When(ever) I have a book, I read.
Cum haec dxisset, signum dedit.
When he had said this, he gave the signal.
In a CAUSAL CLAUSE, (where cum means since,) the verb must be subjunctive and follows the sequence of tenses.
Cum hosts videmus, currimus.
Since we see the enemy, we run.
Cum hosts vdissmus, cucurrimus. Since we had seen enemy, we ran.
In a CONCESSIVE CLAUSE, (where cum means although,) the verb is subjunctive and follows the sequence of tenses.
Tamen, nevertheless, is often found in the main clause of such a sentence.
15
Cum hosts nn videmus, tamen currimus.
Although we do not see the enemy,
nevertheless we are running.
Cum hosts nn vdissmus, tamen currbmus.
Although we had not seen the
enemy, nevertheless we were running.
16
Vocabulary V
1st and 2nd Declension Adjectives
angustus,-a,-um,
narrow
dignus,-a,-um,
worthy (+ ablative)
propinquus,-a,-um, near, neighboring
reliquus,-a,-um,
remaining, rest
2nd Declension Neuter Nouns
forum,-, n., forum.,
impedmentum,-,
perculum,-, n.,
praesidium,-, n.,
signum,-, n.,
vinculum,-, n.,
proelium, -ī n.
3rd Declension Nouns
honor, honris, m., esteem, office
ms, mris, m.,
custom, pl. behavior, character
ms mairs,
tradition
1st Conjugation Verb
incit (1),
arouse, urge on
marketplace
m.,
hindrance., pl. baggage
danger, peril
assistance, defense, protection
sign, signal, standard
chain, fetter
battle
3rd Declension -io Verbs
ripi, -ere, ripu, reptum, rescue, snatch
s ripere,
escape
aggredior, aggred, aggressus sum, approach, attack
gredior, gred, gressus sum, go out, leave
Exercise V
A.
1.
Cum hoc signum vidre velimus, puells quae id accipiant mittimus.
2.
Cum adessem, tamen verbum dcere territus sum.
3.
Nihil d proxim nocte dcam, cum semper amcus mihi fuers.
4.
Cum ms mirum mlits digns don agrrum esse habeat, tamen consul nn dat.
5.
Cum pecnia d manibus repta esset, dominus equs per propinqus vis incitvit ut mals agricols
caperet.
6.
Cum clarissimum sdus trs virs in vcum dxisset, paucs dis mansērunt ut fns vidrent.
7.
Cum hostis tlum de eius man riperet, cum celeritte saxum propinquum cpit ut s dfenderet.
8.
Cum haec virs dcta essent et clam  castrs excessissent, ad campum gred parvimus.
9.
Cum nm aut auxilium aut praesidium popul ferret, angustum per iter excessrunt ut impetum in hosts
facerent.
10.
Cum mrs huius gentis tam simils illus sint, duae haud inter s differunt.
B.
1.
When the enemy will be in our camp for a long time, we order them to be held in chains.
2.
Since the leader had found the narrow way through the mountains, he ordered the army to march through it.
3.
Since part of the camp had been destroyed by the storm, the remaining part was moved to guard the baggage.
4.
Although the allies were gravely wounded in the battle, yet the remaining soldiers fought bravely to night.
5.
Since the little boy had approached the messenger to lead him to the forum, he was held in the highest honor by
his friends.
6.
Although the task was undertaken by very many people, nevertheless the senate was unwilling to ask for money
from the consuls.
7.
Since the dangers of the city frighten mothers, they cannot bear their daughters to go out of their own houses or
into the forum.
17
8.
Although the Roman people undertook great works in their city, those works have nevertheless collapsed due to
age.
Lesson VI
REVIEW: LESSONS I – V
Overview of the Subjunctive Mood
Pres.
Active
Formula
Present stem + vowel +
active personal endings
Passive
Examples
amem
moneam
dcam
capiam
audiam
Formula
Present stem + vowel +
passive personal endings
Examples
amer
monear
dcar
capiar
audiar
Impf.
Present active
infinitive + personal
endings
amrem
monrem
dcerem
caperem
audrem
Present active infinitive +
passive personal endings
amrer
monrer
dcerer
caperer
audrer
Perf.
Perfect stem + -eri- +
personal endings
amverim
monurim
dxerim
cperim
audverim
Perfect passive participle
(-us, -a,-um) + present
subjunctive of sum
amtus,-a sim
monitus,-a sim
ductus,-a sim
captus,-a sim
audtus,-a sim
Perfect stem + -isse- +
amvissem
Perfect passive participle
amtus,-a essem
personal endings
monuissem
(-us, -a, -um) + imperfect
monitus,-a essem
OR
dxissem
subjunctive of sum
ductus,-a essem
Perfect active infinitive cpissem
captus,-a essem
+ personal endings
audvissem
audtus, -a essem
Remember that sum, possum, vol, nl, and ml have irregular forms and must be memorized.
Plup.
Uses of the Subjunctive
Independent Use
Hortatory / Jussive
-main verb is present subjunctive
Subordinate Uses
Purpose Clause
-ut/n + subjunctive verb
Relative Clause of Purpose
- relative pronoun + subjunctive verb
Moneam regem. Let me warn the king.
Moneant regem. May they warn the king.
Veni ut audiam. I come to listen.
Virum ms qu pcem peteret.
I sent a man to ask for peace.
Result Clause
- ut or ut … nn + subjunctive verb
-main clause often contains tantus,-a,
-um, talis,-e, tot, ade, ita, sc, tam
Cum Clauses
-Temporal: when; after (primary
sequence uses indicative, secondary
sequence uses subjunctive)
-Causal: since (subjunctive)
Sc virum vocv ut constterit.
I called the man in such a way that he stopped.
Cum librum habet, legit.
When he has a book, he reads.
Cum hosts vderit, currit.
Since he has seen the enemy, he is running.
Cum amcum videret, tamen fgit.
-Concessive: although (subjunctive)
Although he saw a friend, (nevertheless) he ran away.
18
Exercise VI
A.
1.
Celeriter emus ut amcs nostrs  vinculs ripimus.
2.
Ns tam amc excipibat ut perculum nn animadvertermus.
3.
Hanc urbem dlre nlint!
4.
Plrims labrs passa est ut obtinret id quod habuit.
5.
Intellegmus potentissims prdentissimsque inter s differre.
6.
Sc omnia clam parvist ut mihi nihil aut  t ips aut ab ull ali d tu advent scrptum sit.
7.
In conspect paen ttius urbis domus est mea, ut nm m vocre nn possit.
8.
Cum reliqu mlits perculum excipere malint quam  proeli rip, ns signum magn cum virtte
suscipimus.
9.
Magistrtus prdns nulls difficultts habbit cum sententis popul intellegat et ira cvium
sustineat.
10.
Anim servrum inter spem et metum sc capt sunt, ut auctritte consulis modo dxerint.
11.
Sps lberttis servs ade git ut magn cum dligenti labrrent.
12.
Sensit s in tant percul esse ut null vi rip posset.
B.
1.
We will hold back our anger in order to become your friends.
2.
He loved her to such an extent that he did not leave her alone.
3.
Since we had left the forum, we were unable to undertake the remaining tasks.
4.
May you be careful and sensible in all your deeds.
5.
I am unable to punish him in such a way that he wishes always to be away from the city.
6.
It is the custom of that man always to seek peace and friendship so that he may avoid fear and envy.
7.
He carried himself so bravely that he strengthened their slipping spirits for all things.
8.
In the sight of all, this wicked (man) so stirred up the people that they were not able to restrain themselves.
9.
Let us secretly select a worthy man who should direct our sons in the customs of our ancestors.
10.
Such great hatred followed him that he was killed in the sight of gods and men in (his) most sacred magistracy.
11.
Let another, more worthy of these chains, stand before you so that I may sit among you, free.
12.
When I had read your first letter, I thought about all the disasters which you and I have suffered.
19
Lesson VII
CORRELATIVES
CORRELATIVES are paired words which express or imply a comparison. Commonly used correlatives include the
following:
Adverbs (indeclinable)
tam . . . quam as . . . as
tantum . . . quantum
as much . . . as
tant . . . quant
the . . . the
(by how much . . . by so much)
Adjectives
talis . . . qualis
alius . . . alius
ali . . . ali
alter . . . alter
tantus . . . quantus
tot . . . quot (indeclinable)
such . . . as
one . . . another
some . . . others
the one . . . the other
as great . . . as
as many . . . as
Nihil est tam turpe quam hoc scelus.
Nothing is as disgraceful as this crime.
Quant avidius loquitur, tant minus animadvert.
The more eagerly he speaks, the less I pay attention.
Tale est tuum carmen nbis qualis somnus fesss. Such is your song to us as sleep (is) to the weary.
Names of Towns, Small Islands, domus, and rs
For the names of towns, small island, domus, and rs, no preposition is used to express place where, place to which,
and place from which.
Place where is expressed by the LOCATIVE CASE. The locative case is the same as the genitive for singular nouns of
the first and second declensions. For all other declensions and all plural nouns, the locative case is the same as the
ablative.
1st declension singular
2nd declension singular
Genitive form
Genitive form
3rd declension and plurals
Ablative form
Romae at or in Rome
Corinth at or in Corinth
dom
at or in the home
Athens at or in Athens
rr
at or in the country
A noun in apposition with a locative must be in the ablative case, with or without a preposition.
Romae, pulcherrim urbe, manre vult. He wants to stay in Rome, a very beautiful city.
Place to which is expressed by the accusative case.
Domum bimus.
Romam emus. Let us go to Rome.
We will go home.
Place from which is expressed by the ablative case.
Exercitus Rom Brundisium contendit. The army marched from Rome to Brundisium.
Irregular Noun: vs, vs, f.
Vs, vs, f. is an irregular noun and declines in the following way. The genitive singular and dative singular are rare.
Nom.
Gen.
Dat.
Acc.
Abl.
Singular: force; violence
Plural: strength
vs
(vs)
(v)
vim
v
vrs
vrium
vribus
vrs (-s)
vribus
Do not confuse vs with vir, vir, m., man, a noun of the second declension.
20
Vocabulary VII
1st and 2nd Declension Adjectives
avidus,-a,-um,
eager, greedy
certus,-a,-um,
certain, set
inimcus,-a,-um,
hostile, unfriendly
invtus,-a,-um,
unwilling
vvus,-a,-um,
alive
Adverb
umquam,
ever
3rd Conjugation Deponent Verbs
colloquor, colloqu, colloctus sum, converse
loquor, loqui, loctus sum,
speak, talk
nanciscor, nancisc, nactus sum,
get, obtain
nascor, nasc, ntus sum,
be born
proficiscor, proficisc, profectus sum, set out
3rd Declension Nouns
rs, rris, n.,
country, countryside
vs, vs, f. (pl. vrs, vrium), force, violence, (pl.)
strength
Exercise VII
A.
1.
Semper tlis cvis sit, qulis hodi est.
2.
Quot homins, tot sententiae sunt.
3.
Nemo tam avid in for loquitur quam ille.
4.
Quant liber longior est, tant etiam peior est.
5.
Tempus habs tle qule nm habuit umquam. (Cic. Philippics 7.27)
6.
Ms erum erat esse tam laets cum propinqus Rmae, quam sls rr.
7.
Cum nbscum rs profectus esset, tamen semper Rmae esse volbat.
8.
Ego m tantum numerum inimcrum nactum esse vide, quantus est hominum in urbe.
9.
Consul dxit, “Tlis tum fortuna huius urbis ac Rmn imperi erit, qulis nostra vs fuerit.”
10.
Invidiam erum ade aegr tulit, ut s rs clam moverit et ibi mults anns manret.
B.
1.
He is such a man as his father was.
2.
There are as many enemies as friends among you.
3.
Setting out for home from Rome, he spoke with his friend about all that had been done in the senate.
4.
I have acquired these things so that you love me as much as I wish (to be loved).
5.
He gave as great thanks to the dead man as he has ever given to a living one.
6.
He acquired his magistracy as much by friendship as by hatred.
7.
By how much more avidly you will have sought peace, by so much will war be more bitter.
8.
Although you were conversing avidly and happily, they thought that you were speaking with them unwillingly.
9.
She has acquired so many enemies in the city that she prefers to live her life in the country rather than in Rome.
10.
The senate and the Roman people not only allow but even want the authority of Cicero to be as great as one man’s
authority can be in a free state.
21
Lesson VIII
DIRECT QUESTIONS
A DIRECT QUESTION is an interrogative sentence that gives the exact words of the speaker. A direct question may begin
with an INTERROGATIVE PRONOUN, ADJECTIVE, ADVERB, or PARTICLE.
Interrogative pronoun: quis, quid, who, what (the plural of this word is the same as the plural of the relative pronoun):
Nom.
Gen.
Dat.
Acc.
Abl.
Masculine
Singular
Feminine
quis
cuius
cui
quem
qu
quis
cuius
cui
quem
qu
Quis haec dxit?
Cuius liber est ille?
Qus vocvist?
Quid vs?
Neuter
quid
cuius
cui
quid
qu
Masculine
Plural
Feminine
qu
qurum
quibus
qus
quibus
quae
qurum
quibus
qus
quibus
Neuter
quae
qurum
quibus
quae
quibus
Who said this?
Whose book is that?
Whom did you invite?
What do you want?
An interrogative adjective agrees with the noun it modifies in case, number, and gender.
Quantus et qualis est exercitus hostium? How large and of what sort is the enemy’s army?
Utram sententiam sequar?
Which opinion (of the two) shall I follow?
The interrogative adjective qui, quae, quod is declined like the relative pronoun.
Qu vir sunt in vc?
Which men are in the village?
Quam prvinciam dlgit? What province did he choose?
Interrogative adverbs, as in English, stand at the beginning of the sentence.
Quando ex urbe grediris? When will you leave the city?
Qu tantam spem nactus est? From where did he acquire such great hope?
Interrogative Particles
When question is not introduced by an interrogative pronoun, adjective or adverb, one of the following particles may be
used.
The enclitic –ne is attached to the first word of an open question (expecting a yes or no answer). There is no
corresponding English translation.
Curruntne equ?
Are the horses running?
A question expecting the answer yes begins with nnne (nn+n).
Nnne omns adsunt? Aren’t they all here? They are all here, aren’t they? Surely they are all here?
A question expecting the answer no begins with num.
Num id verris?
You aren’t afraid of that, are you? Surely you are not afraid of that?
Alternative questions begin with the word utrum and use an or annn to express the alternative.
Utrum opus facere potes, annn? Can you do the work, or not?
Utrum mter tua ea dxit an pater? Did your mother say that or your father?
22
Vocabulary VIII
Interrogative Pronoun
quis, quid
who?, what?
Adjectives
finitimus,-a,-um,
quantus,-a,-um,
fidlis,-e,
nbilis,-e,
qulis,-e,
quot
neighboring
how great?, how much?
faithful, loyal
noble
what kind of?, what sort of?
how many? (indeclinable)
2nd Declension Nouns
cibus,-, m.,
lgtus,-, m.,
tribnus,-, m.,
food
envoy, legate
tribune
3rd Conjugation Verb
incol, -ere, incolu, ─,
inhabit
Adverbs
cr,
why?
omnn,
altogether
quamdi,
how long?
quand,
when?
qu,
to where?, whither?
quotins,
how often?
unde,
from where, whence
utrum...annn,
whether…or not
utrum…an, whether…or
-ne,
(introduces a question)
nnne,
surely (expects a “yes” answer)
num,
surely…not (expects a “no”answer)
Exercise VIII
A.
1.
Quis cibum mlitibus msit?
2.
Quam partem terrae incolunt ill Gall, quibuscum bellum gerere saep volbmus?
3.
Tune fli fliaeque litters rgis legunt?
4.
Quamdi tribnus mlitum iussa consulis verbtur?
5.
Nnne fidlis servus auxilium rgnae nbil feret?
6.
Utrum Caesarem ipsum di ill dcentem audvist, annn?
7.
Num iam nocte ex urbe grederis ?
8.
Unde nntius fidlis epistulam tulit quae mortem patris nntivit?
9.
Utrum ipse rem pblicam servbit, an alis dlre patitur?
10.
Uter consul in urbe aderit et uter in provincis aberit?
11.
Cum servus esset omnn invtus impedimenta domin portre, confestim alis vocvit qu onera
ferrent.
B.
1.
What tribes inhabit this land?
2.
Where will the queen wish to go to, when we undertake (fut. perf) the war?
3.
How many men will be sent to seek food in the night?
4.
With what sort of books will you teach literature?
5.
What gifts does fortune give to the faithful, and when?
6.
Where did the envoys set out to and when will they return?
7.
How often has the envoy been sent into Gaul to seek peace?
8.
How great a fire did the soldiers make when they destroyed the farmer’s fields?
9.
Why do the students not listen to every word of the teacher, who has terrified them?
23
10.
As often as the nobles snatched them from danger, so often did the citizenry give thanks to the gods.
24
Lesson IX
THE IMPERATIVE MOOD
The IMPERATIVE MOOD is commonly used to express commands or entreaties.
The present imperative active singular is the same as the present stem (+ -e for the 3rd conjugation).
The present imperative active plural is formed by adding –te to the present stem (+-ite for the 3rd conjugation).
Imperative Active
Singular
Plural
First
Second
Third
Third I-stem
Fourth
am
amte
mon
monte
tege
tegite
cape
capite
aud
audte
Love!
Warn!
Cover!
Take!
Hear!
Imperative Passive
The present imperative passive singular is formed by adding –re to the present stem of the verb (-ere for the 3rd
conjugation). The present imperative passive plural is formed by adding -min (-imin for the 3rd conjugation).
Passive forms are most commonly used with deponent verbs.
First
Singular
Plural
Second
Third
Third stem
Fourth
conre
verre
sequere
patere
mentre
conmin vermin sequimin patimin mentmin
Try!
Be afraid!
Follow!
Endure!
Lie!
Irregular Imperatives
The four verbs, dc, dc, faci, and fer, have irregular singular forms in the present imperative active: dc,
dc, fac, fer. Fer has an irregular plural present imperative active: ferte.
Negative Commands
Latin does not use the word nn to express a negative command. A negative command may be expressed two ways:
Nl (singular) and nlte (plural) with the present infinitive:
Don’t punish me!
Don’t punish me!
Nl m pnre!
Nlte m punre!
N with the 2nd person perfect subjunctive:
N eum cpertis!
Don’t seize him!
The Vocative Case
The VOCATIVE CASE is used for direct address and is often offset by commas in English. It has the same form as the
nominative except in the second declension, where nouns and adjectives ending in –us have the vocative singular
ending –e. Nouns and adjectives ending in -ius and the adjective meus in the masculine singular have the vocative
ending -. The plural vocatives of nouns and adjectives are generally the same as the nominative.
dominus – domine
Marcus - Marce
Lclius - Lcl
flius - fl
Ven domum, m fl!
O rgna, aud mea carmina!
meus - m
nntius - nnt
Come home, my son!
O queen, listen to my songs!
25
Vocabulary IX
Third Declension Nouns
facti, factinis, f.,
faction
multitd, multitdinis, f., crowd, multitude
rti, rtinis, f.,
speech
rtinem habre,
give a speech
rati, ratinis, f.,
reason, theory
servits, servittis, f.,
slavery
sollicitd, sollicitdinis, f.,
care, worry
virts, virttis, f.,
excellence, strength, virtue
clmor, clmris, m.,
noise, shout
Third Conjugation Verbs
accd, -ere, access, accessum,
go towards
admitt, -ere, adms, admissum, admit, allow
mitt, -ere, ms, missum, lose, send away
cd, -ere, cess, cessum,
go, yield
committ, -ere, comms, commissum, engage,
entrust
concd, -ere, concess, concessum,
dmitt, -ere, dms, dmissum,
grant, yield
dismiss, send
away
remitt, -ere, rems, remissum,
send back
Exercise IX
A.
1.
Audte clmrs mlitum!
2.
Nl, m Marce, id facere quod ego fc.
3.
Factinem parv, Anton, ut mihi magistrtum concds.
4.
N clmr multitdinis cessers; patere istum virum dcere.
5.
Quant met sentus  t incittus est, quant sollicitdine cvits!
6.
Cnsul vim multitdinis timns et r mtus, ratinem tilissimam re pblicae habuit.
7.
Dcite quod vultis dcere; nolte facere quod facere nn vultis. Omnia ista vbs concdam et remittam.
8.
Lgtus nntivit metum exercits tantum esse ut mlits angustam viam animadvertere nn possent.
9.
msit vtam, sed fmam nactus est; dedit vtam, patriam accpit.
10.
Populus erat tam incnsus ut mult in urbem tot factinibus incittam admitt nn possent.
11.
Mter post id factum neque domum ad s venre flium passa est neque in conspectum.
B.
1.
Send away your worry!
2.
Lead them into slavery!
3.
Say nothing about this matter to my enemies!
4.
Approach, my son, stop and look upon the wretched body of your father!
5.
Do not, my Brutus, send your Cicero away from you, but lead him with you.
6.
The wisest say that virtue alone makes a life happy. Let us concede this to them.
7.
I am sending back this gift for the same reason for which I sent back those others.
8.
Although he was almost dead, still he did not wish to be sent back into slavery.
9.
Let us concede that virtue without reason is not able to be in a human being.
10.
Do not commit yourself to the trust of those men.
11.
Worry becomes slavery for the mind; let reason admit courage into the heart.
12.
Do not say that this man did the same thing which his friend did.
26
Lesson X
IRREGULAR VERB: F
f, fer, factus sum be made, be done, become, happen
F is used as the passive of the verb faci. F and faci have no passive endings in the present, imperfect, and
future.
INDICATIVE
Active
pres.
impf.
fut.
perf.
plup.
fut. p.
faci
facis
facit
facimus
facitis
faciunt
facibam
faciam
fc
fceram
fcer
Passive
f
I am made, become
fs
you are made, become
fit
he is made, becomes (it is done)
fmus
we are made, become
ftis
you are made, become
funt
they are made, become, are done
fbam
I was being made, was becoming
fam
I will be made, will become
factus,-a sum I have been made, have become
factus,-a eram I had been made, had become
factus,-a er I will have been made, will have become
SUBJUNCTIVE
Pres.
Impf.
perf.
plup.
faciam
facerem
fcerim
fcissem
fam
ferem
factus,-a sim
factus,-a essem
PARTICIPLES
pres.
perf.
fut.
faciens, facientis
-------factrus, -a,-um
INFINITIVES
-------factus,-a,-um
--------
pres.
perf.
fut.
facere
fcisse
factrus,-a,-um
esse
fer
factus,-a,-um esse
factum r
IMPERATIVES
singular
plural
fac
facite
f
fte
certirem facere, to inform; certior fier, to be informed
Certior modifies the direct object of faci or the subject of fi.
T certirem faciam.
Es certirs fcit.
I will inform you. (I will make you more certain)
He informed them. (He made them more certain)
F is used to express the passive, to be informed.
Rx certior d consili fit.
The king is being informed about the plan.
27
Vocabulary X
Verbs
fi, fir, factus sum, be made, become, happen
cre (1),
create, elect
impetr (1),
obtain (by asking)
auge, -re, aux, auctum, increase
addc, -ere, addx, adductum, influence,
Adverbs
itaque, and so
spont, of one’s own accord, voluntarily
Nouns
celerits, celerittis, f.,
speed, swiftness
facults, faculttis f.,
ability, opportunity,
skill
lead to
Preposition
ddc, -ere, ddx, dductum, draw (a
weapon),
apud (+acc.), among, at the house of, in the presence of
lead away, remove
Exercise X
A.
1.
Mter d fli certior fit.
2.
Scrba fis, ego magister.
3.
Nl umquam inimcus fier.
4.
Spont su Camilla in bell in Trins pugnvit.
5.
Cum discipul d operibus Cicernis certirs firent, maxim cum cr audvrunt.
6.
Quotins ab perculs clamribusque for t pacem mentis petentem ripuist?
7.
Serv intellxrunt esse faculttem lberttis; itaque consilium vid temptre comparvrunt.
8.
Cum legtus exerctum d celeritte hostium certirem vce auct fcerit, ducem ex castrs sequ
contendunt.
9.
Cum neque cibum neque pecuniam itiner habrem, apud Crassum constit, ubi impetrv.
10.
Postquam opera P. Ovidi Nsnis lgerant, discipul ptbant s omnia d amantibus intellegere.
11.
Mre mairum vir in vinculs positus est, cum mlits in urbem dxisset.
12.
Quibus mals ade Pon perterrit (sunt), ut etiam auxilia ab Rmns petverint eaque impetrverint.
(Cornelius Nepos, Hamilcar 2.3)
B.
1.
Your slave will become free tomorrow.
2.
A way can be made by force.
3.
They became most careful in all matters.
4.
He informs the pirates about the arrival of the ships and their leader.
5.
Contend with your enemies with great virtue and defeat them!
6.
Elect Cicero consul, so that he may be able to preserve the city in bad times.
7.
Do not abandon the city of your own accord! Wait in order to be informed by your leaders.
8.
Don’t draw your weapons in the sight of your mother!
9.
Since the water was led to the town, the leaders obtained power over the resources of the people.
10.
Become greater than your father was since you have had greater opportunity.
11.
The maiden will be made queen when her father, the king, dies.
12.
The leader was informed that the enemy had obtained food from their neighbors.
28
Lesson XI
REVIEW: LESSONS VI – X
Correlatives: paired words that show or imply comparison.
Locative Case: With the names of cities, small islands, towns, and domus and rs, the locative case is used to express
place where.
1st declension singular
2nd declension singular
Genitive form
Genitive form
3rd declension and plurals
Ablative form
Rmae
at or in Rome
Corinth
at or in Corinth
dom at or in the home
rr in the country
Athens
at or in Athens
Note that these same nouns are used in the ablative to show motion away from and the accusative to show motion
towards without any preposition.
Direct Questions: Questions can be introduced by an interrogative pronoun, adjective or adverb. A question expecting a
yes or no answer is introduced by an interrogative particle.
open question
expecting a yes
expecting a no answer
-ne is attached to first word
nnne introduces the question
num introduces the question
Statne puer?
Is the boy standing?
Nnne puer stat? Surely the boy is standing?
Num puer stat?
The boy isn’t standing, is he?
Imperative Mood: The formation of the imperative mood of a verb is as follows:
Present imperative active singular
active plural
passive singular
passive plural
= present stem;
= present stem + -te;
= present stem + -re;
= present stem +-min;
third conjugation = present stem +
third conjugation = present stem +
third conjugation = present stem +
third conjugation = present stem +
-e
-ite
-ere
-imin
Four verbs have irregular forms in the present imperative active:
dc, dc, fac, fer/ ferte (plural)
Negative imperatives are formed in two ways:
(1) nl or nlte + present infinitive
(2) n + 2nd person perfect subjunctive
Vocative: The vocative case is used for direct address. It has the same form as the nominative except in the following:
2nd declension masculine nouns ending in –us
-e
words ending in –ius
-
meus
-
Marc Marcus! domin
master!
nnt messenger!
Vergil Vergil!
m fl
my son!
F is used as the passive form of faci and has only passive meanings.
The idiom certiorem facere means to inform:
Nntius eum certirem faciet. The messenger will inform him.
The passive uses the nominative case with fi:
Magister d discipul certior fit. The teacher is being informed about the student.
29
Exercise XI
A.
1.
Librs quantum sine r tantum sine invidi scrpsit.
2.
Percula bell praesidi pcis concdant.
3.
Fac ut prvinciam retines in potestte re pblicae.
4.
Arma, vir, ferte arma; vocat lx ultima (final) victs. (Vergil, Aeneid 2.668)
5.
H duo ad cnsulem aggrd cnt ut eum interficerent, ab eius dom* celeriter miss sunt.
6.
Cum confestim Brundisium profectus esset, suam prvinciam ditius obtinre nn poterat.
7.
Decem nvs, nn prtrum advent, nn v tempesttis, sed scelere socirum missae sunt.
8.
D maris et terrae tempesttumque potents, ferte uiam uent facilem. (Vergil, Aeneid 3.528)
9.
Maluit dom adesse quam long ab urbe.
10.
Utrum mcum dom manbis, an in sentum bis ut cum alis sententiam ds?
11.
Amciti omnium optimrum ade sustentus eram ut undique dfenderer.
B.
1.
Stay at home!
2.
Do not send them back into slavery!
3.
Set out for Rome at once!
4.
By whom was the course of your honors held back?
5.
The law forbids him to give a speech in front of the people.
6.
A shout is made through the house.
7.
He prudently remained in secret at Rome for many days before he undertook his magistracy.
8.
Because of his greed he undertook such great crimes that he sent all virtue from himself.
9.
Although he often speaks with his enemies, they receive him into their camp unwillingly.
10.
These two men, having approached the consul in order to speak with him, were admitted immediately into his
house.
11.
Although he set out from Rome at once, surely he wished to stay longer among us?
12.
Hasn’t Caesar been informed that the Helvetians want to make a journey through the province?
13.
We will approach danger on behalf of the state so that our virtue will increase.
30
Lesson XII
INDIRECT QUESTIONS
An INDIRECT QUESTION begins with an interrogative pronoun, adjective, or particle and has a subjunctive verb.
It is often introduced by a main verb of questioning, but can also follow verbs of knowing, telling, perceiving, or
showing and follows the sequence of tenses.
Direct Question
Translation
Indirect Question
Translation
Quis es?
Quid facibat?
Who are you?
I know who you are.
Quand
discdere voluit?
When did he want to
Sci quis ss.
Rogvist quid
faceret.
Mihi dxit
quand discdere
voluerit.
Nescv qur
illud scrpsisset.
What was he doing?
leave?
Cur illud scrpsit? Why did he write that?
You asked what he was doing.
He has told me when he wanted
to leave.
I didn’t know why he had written
that.
When a future tense is required in the subordinate clause, the future active participle with the present subjunctive of
sum is used in primary sequence, the future active participle and the imperfect subjunctive of sum in secondary
sequence.
Dc mihi quid pater dctrus sit.
Scvit quae puellae canttrae essent.
Sciunt, scient
They know, will know
Scivrunt, scibant
They knew, used to know
quid faciat.
quid fcerit.
quid factrus sit.
Tell me what the father will say.
He knew which girls would sing.
what he is doing.
what he did.
what he will do.
quid faceret.
what he was doing.
quid fcisset.
what he had done.
quid factrus esset. what he would do.
Indirect open questions are usually introduced by num, which does not imply a negative expectation in this use.
Rogv num illud vdisss.
I asked whether you had seen that.
Both direct and indirect questions use utrum, but annn is usually replaced by necne.
Nesci utrum adsit an absit.
I don’t know whether he is present or absent.
Nesci utrum adsit necne.
I don’t know whether he is present or not.
31
Vocabulary XII
Verbs
Nouns
narr (1),
relate, tell
indc, -ere, indx, inductum, influence, lead in
trdc, -ere, trdux, trductum,
lead across
conveni, re, convn, conventum,
come together,
convene, meet
inveni, -re, invn, inventum, come upon, find
nesci, -re, nescv/nesci, nesctum,
not know
perveni, -re, pervn, perventum,
arrive, come to
arbor, arbris, f., tree
amor, amris, m., love
rmor, rmris, m., rumor
Adjective
vrus,-a,-um, true
Preposition
praeter (+acc.), along, by, in front of, past
Exercise XII
A.
1.
Sci quand pervneris, sed nsci quamdi mansrus sis.
2.
Nescibam quis ea verba dxisset.
3.
Rogvit quem ad modum cnsul creretur.
4.
Pater nescvit quals arbors essent in agr.
5.
Scsne qu nvis nvigverit, quae Brundisium her pervnerat?
6.
Nsci qur cnsul mlits trns camps ad castra hostium trdxerit.
7.
Cnsul invenre voluit qur Caesar Galliam relquisset, cum perculum copis auctum esset.
8.
Mea puella amrem suum esse mairem quam meum nntivit.
9.
Rx Priamus et fili convnrunt ut consilium celeriter caperent.
10.
Dc mihi unde iter fcers.
11.
Nesci utrum pater percula bell nbs prhibuerit necne.
12.
Domum pervnit invnitque mtrem, patrem, et equs trns flmen traducts esse.
13.
Quotins invenmus rmrs d nbs ab nostrs inimcs incepts esse?
B.
1.
I understand why you are present; I understood why they were away.
2.
I know who met with you yesterday; I knew what reason you had given.
3.
He showed me which kinds of trees he had placed around his house.
4.
The father did not know whether his son was present.
5.
The mother asked whether the gossip about her daughter was true.
6.
The master asked where the horses had been led during the storm.
7.
By the sight of the trees, the farmer knows when a storm will arrive in the fields.
8.
He said that he was unable to report whether our men had defeated the enemy or not.
9.
The people went out of the city so that they might see the punishment of the pirates, who had destroyed the
bridges.
10.
Having been asked how great the winds would be after they went out from the sheltered water, the sailor said that
he did not know.
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Lesson XIII
THE ABLATIVE CASE
Ablative with Special Verbs
The following verbs and their compounds take an ablative rather than a direct object.
fungor
fruor
potior
tor
vscor
perform
enjoy
gain possession of
Pce frumur.
Let us enjoy peace.
captured.
Officis fungitur. He performs his duties.
Capts pottur.
use
eat, live on
He gains possession of the
Consili eius tbtur. He made use of his
advice.
Ablative of Separation
The ABLATIVE OF SEPARATION is used with verbs of preventing, depriving, removing, freeing, lacking, etc. Sometimes
a preposition, /ab or /ex, is used. Note that the Ablative of Place From Which, in contrast, must have a verb of
motion.
cvs cib intercludere
to cut off the citizens from food
Caesar hosts  nostrs fnibus prohibet.
Caesar keeps the enemy from our borders
Rx cvs percul lbervrunt.
The king freed the citizens from danger.
Ablative of Specification
The ABLATIVE OF SPECIFICATION is commonly found with nmine, by name, and certain adjectives, such as dgnus.
Rx, Rmulus nmine, Rmam condidit. The king, Romulus by name, founded Rome.
Puer similis patr fde est.
The boy is like his father in loyalty.
Corpore senex est, anim numquam.
He is an old man in body, (but) never in spirit.
Ablative of Description
The ABLATIVE OF DESCRIPTION must be modified by an adjective.
Vir magn virtte est.
He is a man of great courage.
Virg haud credibil pulchritdine est. She is a maiden of unbelievable beauty.
Fac ut bon ss anim.
Be of good cheer.
Ablative Uses in New First Steps and New Second Steps
Accompaniment
Cause
Comparison
Degree of Difference
Manner
Means or Instrument
Place From Which
Personal Agent
Place Where or In Which
Cum exercit vnit.
Facts laudtus est.
Epistula brevior libr est.
Flmen altius quinque pedibus est.
Magn cum virtte rxit.
Tl vulnertus est.
Animalia ex umbrs vnrunt.
Flius  mtre amtus est.
Formcae sub terr vivunt.
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He came with an army.
He was praised for his deeds.
A letter is shorter than a book.
The river is five feet deeper.
He ruled with great courage.
He was wounded with a weapon.
Animals came out of the shadows.
The son was loved by his mother.
Ants live under the ground.
Time When
from sleep.
Prim lce somn excitta est.
At dawn she was awakened
Vocabulary XIII
Deponent Verbs with the Ablative
potior, -r, pottus sum (+abl.), gain
Verbs
possession of
fruor, fru, fructus sum (+abl.), enjoy, profit from
fungor, fung, functus sum (+abl.), perform
tor, t, sus sum (+abl.),
enjoy,
experience, use
vescor, vesc, ---- (+abl.),
eat, feed on
Third Declension Nouns
aes, aeris, n., bronze
aes alinum, debt
arx, arcis,f., citadel
ops, opis f., power, (pl.) resources
sl, slis, m., sun
lber (1),
free, liberate
super (1),
surpass
prohibe, -re, prohibu, prohibitum,
keep off,
prevent
cond, -ere, condid, conditum, bury, found (a city)
conscrb, -ere, conscrps, conscrptum, enlist,
enroll
expn, -ere, exposu, expositum,
explain,
expose
intercld, -ere, intercls, interclsum, block, shut
off
Second Declension Neuter Nouns
negtium,- n., business
officium,- n., duty, office
Exercise XIII
A.
1.
Bene libertte su usus est.
2.
Hosts mox omn hc terr potientur.
3.
Multae cvitts omn aer alin libertae sunt.
4.
Nve et copis, qus affert, intercludmin.
5.
Mlits ab domibus cvium prohibbantur.
6.
Rmn opibus prvincirum s sunt ut potesttem in ill regine confirmrent.
7.
Cum hosts castrs pott sint, ibi nocte manre nn possumus; itaque iter ad proximam urbem facimus.
8.
Arx templa Jnnis Monetae, Jovis Statris et Concordiae continuit.
9.
Discipulus paucs cum magistr hrs et librs, qus iussit m legere, fructus sum.
10.
Ascanius nvam urbem, Albam Longam, condidit ut sus cvs  perculs lberret.
11.
Hic populus omns fde, virtte, et numer hominum superat.
12.
Cnsul, quem crevist, negtis r pblicae magn cum virtte fungtur.
B.
1.
We will soon be freed from our debt.
2.
You have profited from his friendship.
3.
The soldiers, who have been fighting with Caesar’s troops, eat all the food which they can find in the forest.
4.
The farmers were enrolled in the army in order to fortify the bridges and gates of the city.
5.
Gaius Julius is said to have performed well the duties of the Pontifex Maximus.
6.
You have explained well the fortunes of that small city founded by the son of Aeneas (Aenae).
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7.
The works of the two consuls, men of the greatest resources, freed the people of Rome from the very serious
dangers of wars.
8.
Among those tribes, he surpassed all in skill and resources.
9.
At Rome, the consuls explained the new business of the senate to the legates of the Gauls.
10.
Hearing about the Gorgons with (their) hands (out) of bronze, I used to have great fear which kept me from sleep.
35
Lesson XIV
ABLATIVE ABSOLUTE
The ABLATIVE ABSOLUTE is a Latin phrase describing circumstances surrounding the action of the main clause. It
consists of at least two words in the ablative case, usually a noun and a participle. The noun in the ablative absolute
cannot be the same as the subject or direct object of the main clause.
Participle modifying subject
Dux vulnertus fgit.
Ablative Absolute
Duce vulnert, mlits fgrunt.
The leader, having been wounded, fled.
The leader having been wounded, the soldiers fled.
It is preferable to use a temporal, causal, or concessive clause as a translation for the ablative absolute. Appropriate
translations may include when, since, although, after, if, and similar words.
The “absolute translation” (e.g. “the leader having been wounded”) should be a last resort in translating.
Duce vulnert, mlits fgrunt.
Since the leader was wounded, the soldiers fled.
Both the noun and the participle in an ablative absolute can be modified.
Duce graviter vulnert, mlits fgrunt. Since the leader was badly wounded, the
soldiers fled.
Duce nostr vulnert, mlits fgrunt. Since our leader was wounded, the soldiers fled.
Most perfect participles are passive in meaning; only deponent verbs can express a perfect active participle.
Duce loct, impetum fcrunt.
After the leader had spoken (lit. the leader having
spoken), they made an attack.
A present participle is sometimes used.
Nbs audientibus, haec dxit. With us listening, he said these things.
De volente, hosts vincmus. If God is willing, we will conquer the enemy.
Since esse has no present participle, two nouns, a noun and a pronoun, or a noun and an adjective may form an ablative
absolute.
Caesare duce
Caesar being leader (or with Caesar as a leader)
Caesare et Lentul consulibus
in the consulship of Lentulus and Caesar
hc loc castrs idne
this place being suitable for camp
36
Vocabulary XIV
Adjectives
commnis,-e, common, general, shared
incolumis,-e,
safe, unharmed
insignis,-e,
distinguished, prominent
satis (indeclinable), enough
turpis,-e,
disgraceful, shameful
quisque, quaeque, quidque, each
Adverbs
interim,
praesertim,
n,
meanwhile
Third Conjugation Verbs
cog, -ere, cog, coactum, collect, force, gather
rump, -ere, rp, ruptum, break out, burst out
exig, -ere, exg, exactum,
collect, demand, drive out, finish
(a life)
revert, -ere, revert, ―
return, turn back (deponent in present)
solv, -ere, solv, soltum, loosen, untie
sm, -ere, smps, smpsum, take up
Third Declension Nouns
eques, equitis m., horseman, (pl.) cavalry
especially
together
Exercise XIV
A.
1.
Vt eius miser exact, corpus in terr conditum est.
2.
Aere alin solt, sollicitdine omn libertus est.
3.
Cap Rma m consule potuit? (Livy, Ab Urbe Condit, 3.67.3)
4.
Coacts in unum locum omnibus mlitibus ducibusque, magnam pecuniam es dedit.
5.
Regs tandem  popul exact revertere ad urbem volurunt.
6.
Sperbam onus meum futrum esse commune vbscum.
7.
Vinculs solts, Perseus Andromedam patr dare poterat.
8.
rtine graviter habit, animus cuiusque acriter incttus est.
9.
Hostibus celeriter superts, quisque dux in Italiam cum equitibus contendit.
10.
Hs gentibus victs, Caesar iterum in Germniam gressus est, nullsque hostibus ibi invents incolumis
revertit.
11.
Vestr auctritte satis confirmt, facilius et reliquam pecuniam exigere et exactam servre poterimus.
12.
Nminibus hrum equitum tot atque tantrum exposits, s illrum praecepta sequ dxrunt.
13.
Marcum Catnem ut insignem habmus, qu Marci et Manilio cnsulibus mortuus est, anns LXXXVI
ipss (exactly) ante Cicernem cnsulem.
B.
1.
While those men were consuls, Rome did not fear.
2.
After the city was founded, the strength of the citizens increased.
3.
When the camp also had been lost, he fled most disgracefully, alone and conquered.
4.
After these things were said, Caesar led his men across the mountains to subdue the Gauls.
5.
The Romans, driving the kings from the city, said that they could not accept peace with slavery.
6.
Since those people have been informed about these things, I scarcely know what you want me to write.
7.
I do not know what each person said in the senate of their own state or in the common plans of the their people.
8.
Let us loose those chains so that our anger, for a long time restrained, may be able to break out against our
common enemy.
37
9.
10.
After all who have taken up arms against us have been gathered in one place, let us set out towards the city.
Although the republic was saved from these dangers by my courage, nevertheless I was punished for my deeds.
Lesson XV
THE DATIVE CASE
Dative of Interest with Special Verbs
crd
fave
ignosc
noce
believe, entrust
support, favor
forgive
harm
parc
pare
place
stude
spare
obey
please
be eager, be devoted
Fli matribus parurunt. The sons obeyed (their) mothers.
Dative of Possession
The DATIVE OF POSSESSION uses the verb sum to show possession and dsum to show lack. The possessor is in the
dative; the possession is in the nominative.
Vbs sunt libr. You have the books.
Libr mihi dsunt. I have no books.
(lit: The books are to you.)
(lit. Books are lacking to me.)
Dative of Purpose
The DATIVE OF PURPOSE is used to express why or for what purpose something is done.
Quis erit praesidi? Who will be a defense? (literally, for a defense)
Sentus erat et erit magnae crae. The senate was and will be a great care.
Dative of Reference
The DATIVE OF REFERENCE shows the person affected by the action or service rendered.
Hoc mihi fcit. He did this for me.
Double Dative
The DOUBLE DATIVE pairs the Dative of Purpose and the Dative of Reference in the same clause.
Hoc auxili mihi fcit. He did this as a help to me.
Cupiditts impediment tibi furunt. Their desires were a hindrance to you.
Dative Uses in New First Steps and New Second Steps
Indirect Object:
Puer librum ded.
I gave the boy a book.
With Certain Adjectives: Puella mtr similis est.
The girl is like (her) mother.
38
Vocabulary XV
Third Conjugation Verbs
crd, -ere, crdid, crditum (+dat.),
believe,
entrust
ignosc, -ere, ignv, igntum (+dat.), forgive
ostend, -ere, ostend, ostentum, display, show
parc, -ere, peperc,---- (+dat.),
spare
Second Conjugation Verbs
fave, -re, fv, fautum (+dat.), favor, support
noce, -re, nocu, nocitum (+dat.),
harm
pre, -re, pru, pritum (+dat),
obey
place, -re, placu, placitum (+dat.),
be
pleasing
stude, -re, studu, ― (+dat.), be eager for, desire
More Verbs
appropinqu, (1), approach
dsum, desse, dfu, dfutrus (+dat.), be
First and Second Declension Adjectives
pertus,-a,-um, experienced, skilled
summus,-a,-um, highest, top of
lacking, fail
First Declension Noun
ntra,-ae f., character, nature
Exercise XV
A.
1.
Ignosce timr nostr. (Cicero, Epistulae Ad Familirs 6.7.1)
2.
Rmn Galls suam saltem crdidrunt.
3.
Qumodo pater sus flibus nocre potest?
4.
Libertt tempora sunt impediment. (Cicero, Pro Rosci Amerin 9)
5.
Cnsul dcibus exercits ignvit, postquam ad urbem redirant.
6.
Dominus dicbat opera discipulrum sibi placre, sed posse melira esse.
7.
Rx aurum et aes et ferrum impetrta cvibus ostendit ut scrent quants ops essent Galls.
8.
D minribus autem erat C. Sulpicius Gallus, qu maxim omnium nobilium Graecs litters studuit.
(Cicero,
9.
10.
Brutus 78 )
In r public quid agatur, crd t ex erum litters cognoscere. (Cicero, Epistulae ad Familiares 12.28.3)
Vbs popul Rmn praesidia nn desunt; vs popul Rmn n dsitis.
B.
1.
Your life is a great concern to me.
2.
In those days my reputation was a glory to me.
3.
The gods do not favor the works of men, nor men (the works) of the gods.
4.
You will lack neither good fortune nor money; all these things will be as a gift for you.
5.
The king spared the life of the enemy, who had approached with a weapon so that he might kill him.
6.
The teacher asked which poet, expert in the use of words, was devoted to the works of Ovid.
7.
The pirate injured the shoulder of the captured sailor so seriously that his life could not be preserved.
8.
Since we have spoken about all the dead, tell me the reason for which you particularly wish to speak nothing
about the living.
9.
10.
A man of highest virtue will spare his enemies, but not always favor his friends.
He was so eager for the worst factions in the state that no one trusted him.
39
Lesson XVI
REVIEW: LESSONS XII – XV
Indirect Questions:
Main verb + interrogative /num/utrum + subjunctive
Ablative Uses: Verbs with Ablative of Instrument: fungor, fruor, potior, tor, vscor
Description(Quality)
Separation
Specification
with adjective
verb of separation or
/ab or /ex
w/ noun or adjective
vir magn virtte
percul liberre
 fnibus prohibr
puer, Marcus nominee
a man of great courage
to free from danger
to be kept from the territory
a boy, by the name of Marcus
Ablative Absolute: An ablative absolute describes the circumstances of the main clause, but is not connected
grammatically to the main clause.
(1) noun + participle – both in the ablative case.
(2) noun + participle with modifiers or direct object – noun and participle in ablative, modifiers and direct object in
appropriate cases
(3) noun + noun or adjective (with a present participle of sum understood) – both words in the ablative case
The ablative absolute should be translated using when, since, although, after, if, etc.
Dative Case: The following verbs take the dative case:
crd trust, believe
fave show favor to
ignosc forgive
noce harm
parc spare
pare obey
place please
praecipi instruct
stude
desire; be eager for
Dative Uses:
Possession
Purpose
Reference
Double Dative
sum or dsum
purpose and reference
Flius mihi est.
Hoc auxili fcit.
Hoc mihi fcit.
Subsidi tibi er.
40
I have a son.
He did this as a help.
He did this for me.
I will be a support for you.
Exercise XVI
A.
1.
Sunt nbs tot amc ut nulla metus mihi sit.
2.
Equits equs sus vescbantur, cum cibus sibi desset.
3.
Mlits rogvrunt num rumor d hostibus vrus esset.
4.
Num scelera hostium tam turpia erant? Nnne nostrs flis flibusque parcurunt?
5.
Natr loc cpis exposit, dux rogvit qu arma sumptr essent et iter n factr essent.
6.
Fli patribus di parent ut, patribus mortus, agrs potiantur.
7.
Est vir summ virtte, magn r publicae amre, multque auctoritte apud mlits.
8.
Praesidiis hostium superts, tamen certam pacem facere aut populum sollicitdine liberre nn
potermus.
9.
10.
Nsci cur mihi aut parcueris aut ignoveris.
Nbs exposuit quot bon studuissent ill homin pessim.
B.
1.
Those who are most experienced in the course of the stars have shown that the sun cannot be moved.
2.
In those places huge trees keep off the light the sun from the inhabitants.
3.
Surely the truest and most noble man will be elected consul?
4.
The crowd used their weapons as aid for the brave men.
5.
Since they had been enrolled before the war, the Romans fought bravely and with great courage against the
Germans.
6.
He asked how I had performed my duties so well.
7.
We enjoyed both his virtue and his friendship for many years.
8.
Let us loosen the chains from the captives and return as quickly as possible to the city.
9.
Each skilled (person) is able to tell how he acquired his ability.
10.
We thought that he would be a hindrance to us
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Lesson XVII
CONDITIONS
A CONDITIONAL SENTENCE has at least two clauses: the PROTASIS is a subordinate clause stating the condition; the
APODOSIS is the main clause stating the conclusion. The protasis is generally introduced by s (if) or one of its
compounds. Most conditional sentences fall into one of three categories: simple or general conditions, future
conditions, or contrary-to-fact conditions.
Simple Conditions
SIMPLE CONDITIONS use an indicative verb in both the protasis and the apodosis. They can be either present or past.
Simple Present
S cantat, laetus est.
If (whenever) he sings, he is happy.
Simple past
S cantbat, laetus erat. If (whenever) he was singing, he was happy.
S cantvit, laetus fuit.
If (whenever) he sang, he was happy.
Future Conditions
There are two kinds of FUTURE CONDITIONS:
FUTURE MORE VIVID CONDITIONS use the future or future perfect indicative in the protasis and the future indicative in the
apodosis.
S cantbit, laetus erit.
If he sings, he will be happy.
The future perfect in the protasis emphasizes completion of the condition before the conclusion takes effect.
S hosts vict erunt, impertor laudbitur. If the enemy is (will be, will have been)
conquered, the
general will be praised.
FUTURE LESS VIVID CONDITIONS use the present subjunctive in both the protasis and the apodosis. To translate, follow
the pattern of the example.
S cantet, laetus sit.
If he should sing, he would be happy. (or Should he sing, he would be
happy.)
Contrary-to-Fact Conditions
CONTRARY-TO-FACT CONDITIONS may be present or past. Contrary to fact conditions are hypothetical.
Present contrary-to-fact conditions use the imperfect subjunctive in both the protasis and the apodosis. To translate,
follow the pattern of the example.
S cantret, laetus esset. If he were singing, he would be happy.
Past contrary-to-fact conditions use the pluperfect subjunctive in both the protasis and the apodosis. To translate, follow
the pattern of the example.
S cantvisset, laetus fuisset.
If he had sung, he would have been happy.
42
Vocabulary XVII
First Declension Nouns
Third Declension Nouns
abundance, supply, (pl.). provisions, troops decus, decoris n.,
dignity, glory, honor
family, household slaves
laus, laudis f.,
praise
form
ord, ordinis m.,
order, rank
fame, glory
plebs, plebis f.,
common people, plebs
princeps, principis m., chief, leader
lack
cpia, cpiae f.,
familia, familiae f.,
forma, formae f.,
gloria, gloriae f.,
inopia, inopiae f.,
memoria, memoriae f., memory
Third Conjugation Verbs
discd, -ere, discess, discessum,
withdraw
cnsequor, cnsequ, cnsectus sum, follow, gain,
Preposition
contr (+acc.)
opposite,
toward
Pronoun
pursue
confd, -ere, confsus sum, (semi-deponent),
trust
aliquis, aliquid,
anything
Exercise XVII
A.
1.
E nn pepercissem, nisi eius virtt confsus essem.
2.
S cpia cib nbs esset, statim revertermus.
3.
Nis ill studemus, nn eum consequmur.
4.
Aliquid insigne et dignum memori laudeque facere voluit.
5.
Nisi sibi magnopere confsa esset, nn tantam auctorittem consecta esset.
6.
Si illa hostibus nntientur, ab hs locs discdant; s hosts d Rmns talia dcerent, ab hs locs
discderent.
7.
Et facere et pati fortia Romanum est. Nec nus in t ego hs anims gess; longus post m ord est
idem petentium decus. (Livy 2.12.10 Mucius to Porsenna)
8.
S ists nullum corpus cvittis, nec sentum, nec plbem, nec magistrts esse patimur, aliquis sps
pcis popul Rmn sit.
9.
10.
M nminem form pulchrirem vdisse aut vce suavirem audvisse quam t put.
Ill autem, quibus haec a natr minra data sunt, tamen es ita ut possunt, ut laudemque decusque
cnsequantur.
11.
Nisi Pompeius, qu princeps in r public erat, hanc potesttem et glriam maxims rbus gests
consectus esset, nn in eius partem e tempore accessissem.
B.
1.
If you were wise, you would yield to his authority.
2.
If you should trust them, you would spare (them).
3.
If you had a larger supply of words, you would be able to make a better speech.
4.
If our order (use ord) had not been so hard on the Roman plebs, they would have yielded to us.
5.
If we wished to be the best, we would seek nothing more than dignity, glory and praise.
6.
Through anxiety and lack of money the whole family was brought to destruction.
7.
Zopyrus said that he was able to understand anyone’s nature from (ex) the form of his body, eyes and other things.
43
8.
If he were not so trusting in himself, he would not be able to deal with that very serious matter.
9.
I bore the death of your daughter heavily and as a shared calamity. If I had been present, would not have been
lacking to you.
44
Lesson XVIII
GERUNDS
The GERUND is a verbal noun. The English translation always ends in –ing. The Latin gerund is formed by adding
-nd- (or -end- in third and fourth conjugation verbs) to the present stem with the second declension neuter singular
endings of only the oblique cases (i.e. genitive, dative, accusative, and ablative).
The gerund of e is irregular.
Nom.
Gen.
Dat.
Acc.
Abl.
first
second
Third
third I-stem
fourth
----amand
amand
amandum
amand
----monend
monend
monendum
monend
----ducend
ducend
ducendum
ducend
----capiend
capiend
capiendum
capiend
-----audiend
audiend
audiendum
audiend
e
----eund
eund
eundum
eund
Other irregular verbs and deponents form their gerunds regularly.
The verbs sum and fi do not have gerunds.
The gerund functions like a noun in its respective cases. As a verb it can have an object and can be modified by an
adverb or prepositional phrase. The object of a gerund will be in the accusative case unless the verb normally takes
another case; e.g. tor takes the ablative.
The genitive of a gerund can depend on either a noun or an adjective. It can also precede the words caus or grati to
show purpose.
Cupidus bellum gerend est.
He is desirous of waging war.
Spem hosts vincend dposuit. He has put aside hope of defeating the enemy.
Legend caus venit.
He comes for the sake of reading.
The dative of a gerund is used infrequently.
The accusative of a gerund is used with ad with certain adjectives, such as partus, idneus, aptus, and tilis, or to
show purpose.
Ad librs legendum venit.
Equus fortis est aptus ad fugiendum.
He comes to read books.
A strong horse is useful for escaping.
The ablative of a gerund is often used to express means or cause. It also follows the prepositions /ab, d, /ex, or
in.
Legend discimus.
Legend laet sumus.
De pugnand loquuntur.
We learn by reading.
We are happy because of reading.
They talk about fighting.
When a gerund is needed as the subject, predicate nominative, or direct object, Latin uses the infinitive.
Nominative:
Accusative:
Legere est difficile.
Legere amat.
To read (or reading ) is difficult.
He loves to read.
45
Vocabulary XVIII
Verbs
conspici, -ere, conspex, conspectum,
catch sight of, observe, spot
dlber (1),
consider, deliberate
disc, -ere, didic,----,
learn
despici, -ere, despex, despectum,
look down on
perspici, -ere, perspex, perspectum,
examine, observe
toll, tollere, sustul, subltum,
lift, raise
Nouns
vespera,-ae f.,
vesper, vesperis m.,
iuvenis,-is m.,
hiems, hiemis f.,
evening
evening
young man, youth
winter
First and Second Declension Adjectives
bellus,-a,-um,
fine, handsome, nice, pretty
cupidus,-a,-um,
eager, greedy, longing
mus,-a,-um,
at the bottom of, deepest, lowest
integer, integra, integrum, untouched, whole
studisus,-a,-um,
devoted, eager, zealous
tardus,-a,-um,
late, slow
ttus,-a,-um,
safe
Exercise XVIII
A.
1.
Parte vs ad discendum!
2.
In hc terr novs mrs et alis vis etiam pugnand invnimus.
3.
Iuvens sunt cupid pugnand; itaque signum tolltur et acis consistat!
4.
Studis n colloquend, vesper sedbmus cibumque sumbmus.
5.
Num impedimenta fgiend grti relinquimus?
6.
Erum ms erat ibi cnsistere loquend caus.
7.
Cicer dxit patriam fortiter pugnand servr posse.
8.
Plrima d rrum natr avidissim legend discmus.
9.
Ali fortiter vincend grati pugnant, ali propter amrem pugnand.
10.
Iv maria, terrs, litora, regna, populs de cael despicient omnia sunt crae.
B.
1.
He is a handsome man, and eager for learning.
2.
Since winter had come we were eager for departing.
3.
They often held the hope of conquering.
4.
He lifted fear from all by sparing many.
5.
The soldiers were so desirous of fighting that they were contained with great difficulty.
6.
The girls were so slow to depart that they did not arrive in the city before evening.
7.
The beautiful maidens have come to the forum this evening to find the youths.
8.
We shall surpass the enemy in thinking, not in talking.
9.
If anyone has gained glory by harming others, I do not know his name.
10.
We convened at the foot of the untouched mountain in order to begin to climb to the top together.
46
Lesson XIX
GERUNDIVES
The GERUNDIVE is a verbal adjective belonging to the 1st/2nd declension. It is always passive in meaning. It is formed
like the gerund but has all the endings of an adjective. The gerundive agrees with the noun it modifies in case, number
and gender.
singular
F
M
nom.
gen.
dat.
acc.
abl.
amandus
amand
amand
amandum
amand
amanda
amandae
amandae
amandam
amand
M
plural
F
N
amand
amandrum
amands
amands
amands
amandae
amandrum
amands
amands
amands
amanda
amandrum
amands
amanda
amands
N
amandum
amand
amand
amandum
amand
It is very common to use a noun modified by a gerundive instead of a gerund with an object. Both expressions can be
translated the same way.
gerund + object
librs legend
by reading books
noun + gerundive
librs
legends
by reading books (lit. by books being read)
The uses of the gerundive are very similar to those of the gerund.
Genitive:
Cupidus bell gerend est.
Libr legend caus venit.
He is desirous of waging war (lit. of war being waged).
He comes for the sake of reading the book (lit.of the book being
read).
Accusative:
Ad librs legends venit. He comes to read books (lit. for books being read).
Equus fortis est ad hosts fugiends aptus. A strong horse is useful for fleeing the enemy.
Ablative:
Librs legends discimus.
Libr legend flics sumus.
De bell gerend loquuntur.
We learn by reading books (lit. by books being read).
We are happy because of reading the book.
They talk about waging the war (lit. about the war being waged).
47
Vocabulary XIX
Nouns
loquentia,-ae f.,
eloquence
ingenium,- n., character, talent
senex, senis m., old man
Pronoun
qudam, quaedam, quoddam,
Verbs
reperi, -re, repper, repertum, discover, find (by looking)
iuv, -re, iv, itum,
help
confici, -ere, confc, confectum,
accomplish, finish,
make ready
refer, referre, rettul, reltum, bring back, carry back, relate
certain
Exercise XIX
A.
1.
mrs optims amand; mribus optims amands; mrs optims amand grati; mrium
optimrum amandrum grti; ad natram mrsque perspiciendum; ad natram mrsque
perspiciends.
2.
comparand amcitiam; comparand amciti; comparand amcitiam caus; comparandae amcitiae
caus;ad amcitiam comparandum; ad amcitiam comparandam.
3.
Iam ad certs rs conficiends qusdam homins dlects habbat.
4.
Omnibus ills rbus iam confects, cnsuls ad sentum referunt num ad socis iuvands exitr
essent.
5.
Ill dxrunt s nn ex acie discessrs esse nisi tl reperiend aut sumend caus, aut cvis
servand.
6.
Ipsum consulem Rmae manre ad conscribends omns qu arma ferre possent optimum vsum est. (Livy
3.4.10)
7.
Nisi tam breve tempus e ad ingenium monstrandum et loquentiam augendam fuisset, num rogrmus
quanta vs loquend e  natr data esset?
8.
Intellegite alis qusdam vis ad consequendam loquentiam esse melirs
9.
Sciunt eadem cnsilia bells dmittends sumendsque nn esse omnibus.
B.
1.
by helping the old men; for the sake of helping the old men; in order to help the old men (translate two ways)
2.
by examining his true character; for the sake of examining his true character; in order to examine his true character
3.
The old man was able to help his own (people) by examining the talents and customs of men, and their reasons.
4.
Since everyone is asking for these things from me, I have been led to write to you for the sake of explaining the
reason for war with this letter.
5.
If anyone should kill a man, let there be for the Roman people the power of exacting punishment.
6.
He was so influenced by certain friends that he undertook everything for accomplishing so great a crime.
7.
The Romans, led farther from their camp in order to help the cities of their allies, were able to be captured.
8.
I will not become tired by relating the deeds of that man again.
9.
They knew that they wished to remain only for acquiring glory.
10.
Led on by the desire of finishing the war quickly, he became a danger to himself and to others.
48
Lesson XX
PASSIVE PERIPHRASTIC
The gerundive with a form of sum shows necessity or obligation. The gerundive is declined to agree with its subject in
case, number, and gender. This is called the P ASSIVE PERIPHRASTIC.
Dcendus sum.
I must be led (literally, I am to be led)
Haec conficienda erunt.
These things will have to be done (literally, These things will be to be done.)
Rati eius exponenda erat. His reason had to be laid out. (literally, His reason was to be laid out.)
There are many possible translations for the different tenses:
Hoc faciendum est.
This must be done.
This should be done.
This has to be done.
This ought to be done.
This is to be done.
Hoc faciendum erat.
This had to be done.
This was to be done.
Hoc faciendum erit.
This will have to be done
DATIVE OF AGENT (with no preposition) is used with the passive periphrastic. The passive translation may be converted
to the active voice in English:
Nbs id faciendum erat.
It had to be done by us.
We had to
do it.
Tibi dcendus sum.
I must be led by you.
You must lead me.
Px nbs petenda erit. Peace will have to be sought by us. We will have to seek peace.
IMPERSONAL CONSTRUCTION: The passive periphrastic of an intransitive verb, which takes no direct object, or of a
transitive verb without an object, must be translated in the active voice. In this construction, the gerundive is in the
neuter nominative singular form.
Tibi eundum est.
Nvibus nvigandum erat.
Nbs proficiscendum erit.
You must go (lit. It must be gone by you).
The ships had to sail (lit. It had to be sailed by the ships).
We will have to set out.
49
Vocabulary XX
Verbs
abe, abre, abi (-v), abtum, go away
ade, adre, adi (-v), adtum, go to
exe, -re, exv/exi, extum,
go out, withdraw
ine, -re, inv/ini, initum,
adopt (plan), enter
praetere, -re, praeteriv/-i, praeteritum,
go past, skip
1st and 2nd Declension Adjectives
aequus, -a, -um, even, fair, flat, level
alinus,-a,-um, foreign, unrelated
aptus,-a,-um,
appropriate
inquus,-a,-um, uneven, unfair
Adverbs
frustr, adv.,
hc, adv.,
hinc, adv.,
hc, adv.,
in vain
here
from here, from this place
to this place
Exercise XX
A.
1.
Mihi huic re apta sententia reperienda est.
2.
Exercitus saepe magn pecuni nbs confirmandus erat.
3.
Haec celeriter  nbs facienda sunt; hoc tibi nunc suscipiendum erit.
4.
Catilna mults amcs aere alin erum semper suscipiend nactus est.
5.
Caesar intellxit pontem delendum esse n Helveti in prvinciam incderent.
6.
Ulla percula adeunda sunt;  sprt glri urbis condendae numquam discdendum est.
7.
Rmrs inqu d me puell omnibus praetereundi sunt.
8.
S sentus pr m grtis agends esse putet, grtis mihi ips esse referends nn putem?
9.
Praetere illa quae nn praetereunda sunt; dcam hunc esse hominem magn ingeni, insignis loquentiae,
summae fide.
10.
Plinius dxit Slium Italicum carmina maire cr quam ingeni scrpsisse.
11.
Quis est tam patins huius malae urbis ut putet ram suam tenendam esse?
B.
1.
I must do these things; you had to follow your desires; we ought to find them.
2.
He must be considered unrelated to our family.
3.
A camp most appropriate for waging war must be found here by us.
4.
They asked whether they had to come to Rome in order to keep the state from calamity.
5.
They have a town in an appropriate place, to which (= where to) people often must go with ships.
6.
Sallust says that virtue is always foreign to kings.
7.
We must preserve a level mind in difficult and good times.
8.
Some must go out into battle; others must protect the camp.
9.
I pass over many things which in those times had to be found or completed by us.
10.
If they did not trust you, you should not have been spared.
50
Lesson XXI
REVIEW: LESSONS XVII – XX
Conditions:
Type of condition
Simple Present
Simple Past
Future More Vivid
Latin
present indicative in both clauses
S cantat, laetus est.
past indicative (imperfect or perfect) in both
clauses
past in both clauses
S cantbat, laetus erat.
If (whenever) he was singing, he was
happy.
S cantvit, laetus fuit.
If (whenever) he sang, he was happy.
future indicative in both clauses
or future perfect in the protasis
present in the protasis, future in the
apodosis
If he sings, he will be happy.
S cantbit, laetus erit.
S vcerit, laetus erit.
present subjunctive in both clauses
Future Less Vivid
S cantet, laetus sit.
imperfect subjunctive in both clauses
Present Contrary-to-Fact
S cantret, laetus esset.
pluperfect subjunctive in both clauses
Past Contrary-to-Fact
English
present in both clauses
If (whenever) he sings, he is happy.
S cantvisset, laetus fuisset.
If he conquers (will have conquered),
he will be happy.
should…, would…
If he should sing, he would be happy.
(Should he sing, he would be happy.)
was -----ing, would …
If he were singing (but he is not), he
would be happy.
had …, would have …
If he had sung (but he has not), he
would have been happy.
Gerunds and Gerundives: Gerunds and gerundives have a very similar formation. Gerunds have only the genitive,
dative, accusative, and ablative singular neuter forms. Gerundives have all the forms of 1st/2nd declension adjectives.
Gerund formula: Present Stem + -nd- (-end- for 3rd conjugation) + -, -, -um, and -
Gerundive formula: Present Stem + -nd- (-end- for 3rd conjugation) + -us, -a, -um , etc.
The noun modified by a gerundive is more frequently used than the gerund with an object. Gerunds are generally used
without an object. Both constructions can be translated the same way.
Passive Periphrastic: The passive periphrastic is used to show obligation or necessity ( gerundive + form of sum):
Laudanda est. She should be praised.
The passive periphrastic takes a dative of agent.
Px nbs petenda est. We must seek peace. (Peace must be sought by us).
Intransitive verbs or transitive verbs without a direct object use the impersonal construction.
Mlitibus proficiscendum erit. The soldiers will have to set out.
51
Exercise XXI
A.
1.
S quis umquam rget ubi incolam, narr e m Rmae nunc di esse.
2.
Hiem urbs Rma est saepe tra inimcaque. N nbs eundum sit!
3.
Cum pater puerum parvum manibus sustulerit, flium esse sibi magn decor snsit.
4.
Nisi m d ntr bell docuisset, cum Graecs pugnns mortuus essem.
5.
S princps vrs surum copirum perspiciet, qusdam in hc corn ponet qu ordinem servent.
6.
S rgna consilia rgis moritr ineat, laudem magnam accipiat.
7.
Inte tard consilium contr vtam alicuius.
8.
Cum sentirent labrem suum  domin despectum esse, sperbant celerittem e placitram esse.
9.
Princip ad provincis adeundum erat ut pcem regin referret.
10.
Haec si fecerit, erit integra potestas nobis deliberand. (Cicero, Philippicae 7.26)
11.
Contr patriam arma pr amc sumenda nn sunt. (Aulus Gellius, Nocts Atticae 1.3.18)
B.
1.
The soldiers moved with great speed through the lands of Italy in vain, for in Helvetia they stopped almost daily
because of the nature of the mountains.
2.
Speak in such a way that not only the people listen to you, but even that they listen zealously.
3.
They must go to the city Rome before evening.
4.
If he has a need for food, he is very unhappy.
5.
If the youth, eager for learning, should have a disposition keen and suited to reading, the old man would be able to
teach him very many things well.
6.
Hoc ipsum est, quod maxime discendum est quodque ab his, qui docent, minime dicitur. (Aulus Gellius 1.3.16)
7.
The pirates worked into the evening for the sake of finishing the ship well.
8.
The soldiers must pursue the Gauls lest they influence the inhabitants of the province with their eloquence.
9.
If those who have been gathered here were pleasing to you, you would not be harming them in this way.
10.
If these matters had been announced to us, we would have departed from here before they could find us.
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Lesson XXII
INDIRECT COMMANDS
The INDIRECT COMMAND is a subordinate clause after a verb of commanding or requesting. The indirect command
begins with ut or ne and has its verb in the subjunctive, following the sequence of tenses.
Direct Command:
Indirect Command:
Mante
Remain!
D mihi pecuniam! Give me money!
Ns rogat ut manemus.
He asks us to remain
T r ut mihi pecuniam ds.
I ask you to give me
money.
Pugnte bene!
Fight well!
Es horttur ut fortiter pugnent. He urges them to fight well.
Verbs with an Accusative of Person Commanded
The following verbs use the accusative case for the person addressed:
rog
r
hortor
ask
beseech, beg
urge, encourage
mone
obsecr
advise, warn
beseech, beg
Pater magistrum rogat ut puers doceat. The father asks the teacher to teach the boys.
Verbs with a Dative of Person Commanded
The following verbs use the dative case for the person addressed:
imper command, order
praecipi direct; advise
persude persuade
Caesar mlitibus persusit ut fortiter pugnrent.
Caesar persuaded the soldiers to fight
bravely.
Verbs with /ab + Ablative of Person Commanded
The following verbs use /ab with the ablative case for the person addressed:
pet beg, ask
postul demand
Caesar postulvit  mlitibus n urbem dlvrent.
Caesar demanded that the
soldiers not destroy the city.
Verbs with an Accusative and Infinitive Construction
The following verbs use the accusative + infinitive construction:
iube order
vet forbid
vol wish
prohibe
cg
nl
prevent
compel
wish not
Mlits manre iubet. He orders the soldiers to remain.
Vet is used for the negative of iube, and nl for the negative of vol.
53
patior allow, suffer
cupi desire
Mlits manre vetat. He forbids the soldiers to remain.(He orders the soldiers not to remain.)
54
Vocabulary XXII
Verbs
Adverb
modo, adv., merely, only
imper (1), demand, order
Nouns
obsecr (1), beg, beseech
auxilium,-, n., aid, help
or (1), beg, beseech
salus, saltis f, safety (personal), well-being
postul (1), demand
hortor (1), encourage
persuade, -re, persuas, persuasum, persuade
Exercise XXII
1.
Rogvit m ut scum abrem.
2.
Persusit es n iter facerent.
3.
Pet  t n ditius quam dus dis Rmae manes.
4.
E imperandum est n contr inimcs consilium capiat.
5.
Ad m, obsecr t, ut omnia certa perscrbs. (Cicero Ad Atticum 3.12)
6.
Ns horttus est ut omnia quae perspic  nbs possunt dcmus.
7.
Hs atque alis huius mod saepe dcts, popul persudbat, ut legt ad rgem mitterentur.
8.
Praecepta sunt data, n contr eum agrum qu popul Rmn factus esset arma inferrent. (Livy 7.31.8)
9.
Legts relqus praecpit ut exrent cum castra mnta essent.
10.
Vs tribn, rmus, ut prmum omnium intellegtis potesttem istam ad populum iuvandum, nn ad
omnia dlenda compartam esse; tribns plbis vs crets, nn hosts patribus.
11.
Es praecpit ut s fde pblic Rmam dcerent, ut facilius d pce agerent.
12.
Faciam, s mihi fdem quam postul dederis.
B.
1.
They asked us to bring help.
2.
You advise me to trust no one.
3.
He ordered me to approach.
4.
He begged me to take up his cause while you were present.
5.
And so I asked the rest that they defer the whole matter for another day.
6.
I ask of you only that you write diligently to me, as your nature and our friendship demand.
7.
We hoped that he would either persuade them or would allow them to persuade him.
8.
I urged him to say the things which he knew without fear.
9.
Catiline kept on urging his allies not ever to be without a weapon.
10.
They demanded that either the matter be referred to the senate, or that the consul be a help to the citizens and the
leader (be a help to) the soldiers. (Use double dative)
11.
By your fortunes and by your children, I beseech and beg you not to do anything more serious concerning your
safety.
12.
I warn you not to adopt a plan foreign to your customs and nature.
55
Lesson XXIII
SUBJUNCTIVE RELATIVE CLAUSES
Relative Clause of Purpose
The relative clause of purpose begins with a relative pronoun instead of ut. (Lesson II)
Miss sumus qu tus capermus.
We were sent to seize your men.
If the antecedent is indefinite (men, people, someone), it is not expressed in Latin.
Caesar msit qu urbem caperent.
Caesar sent (men) to capture the city.
Relative Clause of Characteristic
The RELATIVE CLAUSE OF CHARACTERISTIC describes a quality or characteristic of the antecedent. It begins with a
relative pronoun and has a verb in the subjunctive. It describes the antecedent as a member of a group, “the kind of man
who…”
Is est qu fortiter pugnet. He is one who fights bravely. /He is the kind of man who fights bravely.
Contrast with the indicative:
Is est qu fortiter pugnat. He is the man (or the one) who is fighting bravely.
The following clauses often introduce a relative clause of characteristic:
nm est qu there is no one who
nihil est quod there is nothing that
quis est qu
who is there who
quid est quod what is there that
mult sunt qu
there are many who
pauc sunt qu
there are a few who
Relative Clause of Result
The RELATIVE CLAUSE OF RESULT is a dependent clause beginning with a relative pronoun, which expresses the result of
the main clause. These results are not actual, but rather imagined or anticipated. Often the main clause will contain an
adjective or adverb which anticipates and points to the result of the main clause: tam, tlis, tantus, ita, sc, de,
etc.
Nm tam stultus est qu eum interficere temptet. No one is so foolish as to try to kill him.
56
Vocabulary XXIII
Verbs
aperi, re, aperu, apertum,
open, reveal, uncover
fini, -re, finv/fini, finitum,
define, limit
convoc (1),
call together
existim (1),
consider, regard, think
expugn (1),
storm
import (1),
bring in, carry in
dole, -re, dolu, dolitum,
grieve
exerce, -re, exercu, exercitum, train
fle, flre, flv, fltum,
weep
responde, respondre, respond, responsum, answer,
Nouns
beneficium,-, n.,
favor, kindness,
support
gaudium,- n., joy
praemium,- n., prize, reward
spatium,- n., room, space
Adverbs
aliquand,
cottdi,
forte,
anytime, sometime
daily
by chance
respond
cupi, -ere, cupv, cuptum,
desire, long for, wish
Exercise XXIII
A.
1.
Sus convocvit qu  s metum castrrum hostium expugnandrum audrent.
2.
Nm est tam credens qu existimet beneficium ab hostibus vrum esse.
3.
Nullum bellum sc pugntur  qu omns mlits incolums domum redeant.
4.
Portae aperiuntur es qu castra Drica (Greek), locsque vacus, ltora relicta vidre velint.
5.
Ille lgts msit qu hosts sequantur et impedimenta capiant.
6.
Athnienss m msrunt qu cum Rmns d bell contr prts dlberrem.
7.
Quid est quod t, Catilna, terreat magis quam h vir in hc loc sacr nobils insignsque?
8.
Quo modo lcem diemque omnibus hominibus, ita omnis terras fortibus virs natra aperuit. (Tacitus, Histories
4.64)
9.
Nvs ad Galliam equittum importvrunt qu imperium illrum gentium fnrent.
10.
Mult sunt qu s bell cottdi exerceant et pauc qu fortiter pugnent.
11.
Summa in eam cvittem studia et beneficia contulit quibus dignissimus memori vidertur.
B.
1.
Almost no one is so evil that he always commits crimes.
2.
The space in the forum is so small that the slaves were sent away.
3.
No kindness is so great that it may change the heart of the evil man.
4.
Caesar responded that the troops had been sent to seize the city and to carry back their own reward.
5.
There is no one who weeps more about the dangers of war than the mother of a soldier.
6.
Who is there who would train daily that the city may be saved from the anger of the gods?
7.
(There) are few who grieve the death of a son as you have grieved.
8.
What leader is so bold as to send his men onto a plain against the Gauls without weapons?
9.
If they had been able to sustain the attack of the cavalry, they would not have fled into the woods.
10.
Should she not have confidence in herself, she would not be able to do those things.
57
11.
Let all the trees of the forest sing for joy for the lord has come.
Lesson XXIV
SUPINES AND REVIEW OF PURPOSE CONSTRUCTIONS
Supine
The SUPINE is a verbal noun of the fourth declension and is usually formed from the fourth principal part of the verb. It
is always neuter singular, but it is used only in the accusative and ablative cases.
Accusative
Ablative
translation
first
second
third
third stem
fourth
amtum
amt
monitum
monit
ductum
duct
captum
capt
audtum
audit
to love
to warn
to lead
to capture
to hear
The accusative supine is used after verbs of motion to show purpose. It may have a direct object.
Pugntum vn.
Urbem captum proficiscitur.
I have come to fight.
He sets out to capture the city.
The ablative supine is used after certain adjectives as an ablative of specification.
mrbile dict
facile fact
Turpe vs est.
amazing to say
easy to do
It is disgraceful to see.
Review of Purpose Constructions
The following chart shows five ways to express purpose in Latin which are nearly interchangeable.
The English translation may be the same for all.
Remember that Latin never uses the infinitive to express purpose.
construction
formula
examples
purpose clause
main clause + ut /n + subjunctive verb
relative clause of purpose
main clause + relative pronoun +
subjunctive verb
Veniunt ut urbem videant.
They come to see the city.
Veniunt qu urbem videant.
They come to see the city.
Urbis videndae caus veniunt.
genitive of gerund/gerundive +
caus/grati
They come to see the city.
Vidend caus veniunt.
They come for the purpose of seeing.
Ad urbem videndum veniunt.
gerund and gerundive constructions
They come to see the city.
ad + accusative of gerund/gerundive
Ad videndum veniunt.
They come for the sake of seeing.
Urbem vsum veniunt.
supine in the accusative
verb of motion + accusative of the supine
58
They come to see the city.
Vocabulary XXIV
Adjectives
falsus,-a,-um, mistaken, untrue
midus,-a,-um,
damp, moist
mrbilis,-e, amazing, remarkable, wonderful
vetus, veteris old
Adverb
velut/velut, even as, just as
Verbs
memor (1),
bring up, mention
fing, -ere,finx, fictus,
compose, fashion, imagine, make,
make up
Noun
nefs (indecl.) n.,
evil, wrong
Exercise XXIV
A.
1.
Numquam illa pulchrior vis fuit.
2.
Quaerunt quid optimum fact sit.
3.
Dxit s rgem interfectrum esse et id facile fact futrum esse.
4.
Nox et sequentis die pars carminum fingendrum caus data est.
5.
N scrpsers ad m etiam d maxims rbus in r public gests docendum, nisi ad m ipsum
pertinbit.
6.
Ill, ut melius intellegantur, nova verba fingunt magis quam veteribus tuntur.
7.
Caesarem conditum, nn laudtum vn.
8.
Tua epistula d morte amc nostr  m accepta statim lacrims mes umida facta est et, nefs dict,
invts oculs lecta est.
9.
10.
Epistulam tibi mittam qu scis quam invtus hc slus maneam.
Victus tus beneficis, vn tibi gratis actum.
B.
1.
I have pursued those things eagerly from which true glory may be born.
2.
The words with which I may persuade you, do not fail me.
3.
They decided that this was the best to do.
4.
He informed us about his arrival so that we would not trust false rumors.
5.
When you tell about great virtue and glory of good men, many think these things are easy to accomplish.
6.
They said that the city would be captured.
7.
They said that they would come to capture the city.
8.
We have come to warn you, not to praise you.
9.
They have come to advise you, not to order you.
10.
Catiline ordered his friends, gathered together in one place, to go out in order to kill the best people.
11.
They announce that he is already present in order to cut off flight.
59
Lesson XXV
SUBORDINATE CLAUSES IN INDIRECT DISCOURSE
A subordinate clause depending upon INDIRECT DISCOURSE is called a SUBOBLIQUE CLAUSE. If the subordinate clause
was part of the original direct statement, its verb is subjunctive in indirect discourse. The tense of the subjunctive
follows the sequence of tenses based on the tense of the main verb of saying, thinking, reporting, asking, etc.
Direct Statement
Mihi librum dat quem msrunt. He is giving me the book which they sent.
The relative clause quem msrunt is a subordinate clause of the original direct statement.
Indirect Statement
Mter dcit eum mihi librum dare quem mserint. The mother says that he is giving me the
Mter dxit eum mihi
book which they sent.
librum dare quem msissent. The mother said that he was giving me
the book which they had sent.
Direct Question
Qu urbem dfendunt quam Rmn habent?
Who are defending the city that the Romans
hold?
Indirect Question
Rogat qu urbem dfendant quam Rmn habeant. He asks who are defending the city
that the Romans are holding.
He asked who were
defending the city that the Romans
were holding.
Rogvit qu urbem dfenderent quam Rmn habrent.
Direct Command
In urbe, in qu ntus es, man!
Remain in the city, in which you were
born!
Indirect Command
Iubet m in urbe manre in qu ntus sim.
Postulvit ut in urbe manrem in qu ntus essem.
60
He orders me to remain at the city in
which I was born.
He demanded that I remain in the city,
in which I was born.
Vocabulary XXV
Third -i Verbs
affici, -ere, affc, affectum, affect, treat
dfici, -ere, dfc, dfectum,
fail; fall away
effici, -ere, effc, effectum, cause, effect, bring about
perfici, -ere, perfc, perfectum, complete, finish, perfect
refici, -ere, refc, refectum, repair, restore
Adjectives
immemor, immemoris, forgetful
memor, memoris,
mindful
pr, paris,
equal, like
Adverbs
Noun
lber,-rum m.,
children (only in plural)
prope (+acc.),
near
ante,
deinde,
inde,
numquam,
nper,
nndum,
Preposition
before, formerly, previously
from there, next, then
from there, thence
never
recently
not yet
Exercise XXV
A.
1.
Dxit s numquam ante vdisse ills lbers, qu prope strent.
2.
Dx m mrs refctrum esse postquam consl cretus essem.
3.
Dcit iter, quod faciendum sit, nvibus facilius quam pede futrum esse.
4.
Dcs ab mlitibus postulvrunt ut ad ltus prgrediantur et nvs, qus ante refcissent,
exspectent.
5.
Princips mlitibus impervrunt ut n manrent ut urbem undque expugnre possent.
6.
Memor Galls numquam exercitibus Rmns bene ss esse, Caesar iussit es gents, qus in montibus
vcisset, sub iugum mitt.
7.
Nis illae insigns virttes amcitiam efficiant, quis es petends esse putet?
8.
Tandem urbe capt, ducs es msrunt qu cibum aquamque cpis reperrent.
9.
Dxrunt s nn ab amciti nostr, quae tanta beneficia comparvisset, dficere velle.
10.
Sallustius scrpsit s, quod vta, qu frumur, brevis sit, memoriam longissimam su efficere velle.
B.
1.
After that task was completed, we were affected by great care and worry.
2.
The leaders asked how the storms, about which they had recently heard, were affecting the seas.
3.
I hoped that the young men, since they had been affected by the habits of the best teachers, would forgive me
more easily.
4.
We were informed that the Romans who had gone to Britain had completed the long wall.
5.
The consul ordered the soldiers to complete the bridge, which ought to have been made in the winter.
6.
The children asked whether they would set out to Rome after the ships had been repaired.
7.
Seneca says that virtue is able to bring it about that someone not be wretched.
8.
Then he said that he would restore the state which had given him so many benefits.
9.
She announced that she was greatly affected by the deeds of the queen, who was the leader of the Carthaginians.
61
10.
He said that he had been so greatly affected by her letters that he seemed to have received a benefit from her
rather than given (a benefit) to her.
62
Lesson XXVI
REVIEW: LESSONS XXII – XXV
Indirect Commands: The indirect command is a subordinate clause after a verb indicating a command or a request.
Example
Main verb
iube, vet, vol,
prohibe, cg, nl,
patior, cupi
Formula
rog, r, hortor,
mone, obsecr
accusative + ut/ne +
subjunctive
imper, praecipi,
persuade
dative + ut/ne +
subjunctive
pet, postul
/ab + ablative +
ut/ne + subjunctive
accusative + infinitive
Iubet eam sequ.
He orders her to follow.
Eam rat ut sequtur.
He begs her to follow.
E persuadet ut sequtur.
He persuades her to follow.
Ab e postulat ut sequtur.
He demands that she follow.
Subjunctive Relative Clauses: The following three types of relative clauses use the subjunctive mood: the relative
clause of purpose, the relative clause of characteristic, and the relative clause of result.
Construction
Formula
Example
relative clause of purpose
relative pronoun + subjunctive
Missus est qu urbem
caperet.
He was sent to seize the city.
relative clause of characteristic
relative pronoun with indefinite
antecedent + subjunctive
Is est qu bene dormiat.
relative clause of result
main verb often has tam, tlis,
tantus, ita, sc, or de +
relative pronoun + subjunctive
Tlis est quem omns
laudent.
He is the kind of man who sleeps well.
He is the sort of man that all praise.
Supines: A supine is a verbal noun of the fourth declension used only in the accusative and ablative cases.
The accusative of the supine is used to show purpose with a verb of motion.
Vn urbem vsum. I came to see the city.
In the ablative the supine is used with certain adjectives as an ablative of specification.
Mrbile dict, vir factus est deus! Amazing to say, the man has become a god!
Subordinate clauses in indirect discourse: A subordinate clause within indirect discourse usually has its verb in the
subjunctive mood.
Nntius nntivit lgtum mortuum esse, qu ad pcem faciendam vnisset.
The messenger reported that the envoy who had come to make peace had died.
63
Exercise XXVI
A.
1.
Sols es qu ram exercre velint convocs.
2.
Potestne t amre, qu aliquand tib inimcus fuerit?
3.
Hae rs sunt nn slum malae fact, sed etiam malae audt.
4.
Sunt e qu Propertium malint. (Quintilian, Inst. Orat. 10.1.93)
5.
Fingmus Alexandrum, puerum tant cur dignum, nbs dar ut docemus.
6.
Existimvit sua beneficia, quae in caelum ab omnibus sublta essent, decor et praesidi sibi futra esse.
7.
Hom ibi terrtus, omn sp vtae amiss, rvit ut, antequam morertur, s csum carmine dolre
paterentur.
8.
Ipsa ntra vidtur memriam velut ducem nbs dedisse, quae ns horttur ut bona sequmur.
9.
Hortbantur fntims ut ports aperrent atque commnem patriam ab impet Rmnrum dfend
paterentur.
10.
Nn sumus quibus omnia in terrs aut mala aut bona videantur.
11.
S e maior auctrits fuisset, princeps sents dlectus esset.
12.
Ovidius  nbs rogat quis carmina Tibull ttus legere possit, aut carmina poetae cuius opus Cynthia sla
fuerit.
B.
1.
There are those who say that desire cannot be limited.
2.
Let me respond to those who do not wish to make up false rumors.
3.
He asked the consuls not to respond with a letter, but to be present themselves at once.
4.
There is no one so content that he would not desire those things.
5.
It is slavery not to speak against whom you wish and not to defend whom you wish.
6.
Since water was lacking, they came every day to seek aid.
7.
If my family were not staying at Rome, I would be with them as a help in this most wretched time.
8.
The poet asked whether anyone was able to read the songs of Tibullus safely.
9.
How many (people) can say that they will be the same tomorrow?
10.
I asked him to stay with me for three days so that he could read my speech.
64
Lesson XXVII
IMPERSONAL CONSTRUCTIONS
A verb which lacks a personal subject is said to be used impersonally.
Intransitive Verbs: The Passive Periphrastic of an intransitive verb must be impersonal.
Nbs proficiscendum est. We must set out.
Many verbs are commonly used with an infinitive or a subjunctive clause (with or without ut).
Impersonal Verbs with Accusative
necesse est
it is necessary
oportet
it is fitting
Impersonal Verbs with Dative
licet
it is permitted
placet it is pleasing
M exre necesse est.
Ut exeam necesse est.
Exeam necesse est.
It is necessary for me to leave. It is necessary that I leave.
T audre oportet.
Ut audis oportet.
Audis oportet.
It is fitting that you hear. You ought to listen.
Nbs licet loqu.
(Nbs) licet ut loqumur.
Licet loqumur.
Rg hoc dcere placet.
Rg ut hoc dicat placet.
Rg placet hoc dicat.
It is permitted that we speak. We are permitted to speak.
It pleases the king to say this. It is pleasing to the king to say this.
65
Vocabulary XXVII
Deponent Verbs
adorior, adorr, adortus sum,
attack
orior, -r, ortus sum,
appear, rise
mror (1), be amazed, be surprised, wonder at
reor, rr, ratus sum,
imagine, suppose, think
tueor, tur, tuitum,
observe, protect, scan
Nouns
mulier, mulieris f., woman
tells, tellris f., earth, ground, land
mnus, mneris n., function, task, gift (of the
gods)
custs, custdis, m., guard, guardian
Impersonal Verbs
licet, licre, licuit or licitum est, it is permitted
paul,
necesse esse,
it is necessary
poste,
oportet, oportere, oportuit,
it is fitting
rursus,
Adjectives
ducent,-ae,-a,
two hundred
dexter, dextera, dexterum,
trecent,-ae,-a, three hundred
sinister, sinistra, sinistrum,
Adverbs
a little, somewhat
afterwards
a second time, backwards
right, (as a noun) right hand
left, (as a noun) left hand
Exercise XXVII
A.
1.
Necesse est trecents mlits in Britanniam mitt ut ills gents contineant.
2.
Ut slem orientem adspicimus nbs placet.
3.
Tua sum; tua dcar oportet; Pnelop coniunx (wife) semper Ulixis er. (Ovid, Heroides 1.83-84)
4.
Qus habe, d tueantur ops! (Ovid, Heroides, 16.32)
5.
Nbs licet ut irat simus, mlitibus ns adorts et mulieribus lbersque capts.
6.
Custd licet ut interficiat qu rg appropinqure cntur.
7.
Nn satis est modo habre virttem - necesse est ut e utris.
8.
Paul poste necesse erit docre es esse custds suae saltis.
9.
Aeneas surrxit et lmen solis orientis mrbtur.
10.
Neptn placet ut muliers munera in mare rursus ponant, antequam vir ad Graeciam proficiscantur.
11.
Anims sublts, nostr amc perculs avid occurrere constiturunt.
12.
Nn oportet consuls adoriantur nous tribns per factinem suam.
B.
1.
We are permitted to think, but not to act.
2.
It is permitted to weep; by weeping we send away our anger.
3.
Aeneas wondered at the work of the three hundred men and the city having arisen from the ground.
4.
After the war is finished, it is fitting that you return to Rome and to your mother, brothers and friends.
5.
It is fitting that the woman looking for her sons and daughters scan the fields.
6.
It is pleasing to the man telling (his story) that the old men and girls wonder, and the women listen eagerly to
every word.
7.
It is fitting for the sailors leave a gift for the god after they have returned home from the sea.
8.
A hard situation forces me to do such things and to protect my territory with a guard.
9.
The light of the rising sun is scarcely permitted to go into the woods of Diana.
66
Lesson XXVIII
CLAUSES OF FEARING
Clauses of fearing, introduced by verbs like time, metu, or vereor, are subordinate clauses beginning with ut/n
and having a subjunctive verb which follows the sequence of tenses. Since what one fears will happen is what one hopes
will not happen, a positive fear begins with n, but a negative fear begins with ut or n…nn.
Time n rx moritur.
I fear that the king will (may) die.
Vereor ut hosts vincantur.
I fear that the enemy will (may) not be conquered.
Metu n hosts nn vincantur.
I fear that the enemy will (may) not be conquered.
Timuit n rx moreretur.
He feared that the king might die.
Timuimus n rx mortuus esset. We feared that the king had died.
When a negative verb of fearing introduces a negative clause of fearing, n . . . nn is used.
Nn vereor n hosts nn vincantur. I do not fear that the enemy will (may) not be conquered.
Nn timbit n pater auxilium nn ferat.
He will not be afraid that his father will not
bring help.
A clause of fearing may also be dependent on a noun of fearing, timor, perculum, or metus.
N rx moritur perculum est. There is a danger that the king may die.
Use of Qun
A negative EXPRESSION OF DOUBT is followed by a subordinate clause introduced by qun with the verb in the
subjunctive.
Nn dubit qun in taliam perveniat. I do not doubt that he is arriving in Italy.
Dubium nn erat qun lectra esset. There was no doubt that she would read.
(lit. It was not doubtful that…)
A positive expression of doubt is followed by an indirect question with num or an.
Dubit num trus sit.
Dubitvimus an exercitus victus esset.
I doubt that (whether) he will go.
We doubted that the army had been conquered.
67
Vocabulary XXVIII
Nouns
inimcitia,-ae f.,
enmity, hostility, unfriendliness
studium,-i n.,
devotion, eagerness, enthusiasm
gravits, gravittis f.,
seriousness, severity, weight
nmen, nminis n., consent, nod, divine will
Verb
affer, afferre, attul, alltum, bring, carry toward,
Adjectives
dvnus,-a,-um, divine, heavenly
necessrius,-a,-um, inevitable, necessary
ntrlis,-e,
by birth, natural
Adverb
fortasse, adv., perhaps
convey
Exercise XXVIII
A.
1.
na sals victs (est) nullam sprre saltem. (Vergil Aen. 2. 354)
2.
Vereor n amre videar plra quam fuerint in ill dcere. (Cicero, Brutus 273)
3.
Vereor n m audiend conficimin, s d hs generibus rrum ditius dcam.
4.
Nn potest esse dubium qun id sit summum bonrum omnium. (Cic. de Fin. 1.54)
5.
Nec quisquam dubitvit qun ille verbs d mults locs allts ad ea scrbenda srus esset.
6.
Nn dubit qun tibi hoc rmor celerius (nntiverit) quam ullius nostrum litterae nntiverint. (Cicero ad
Att. 1.15.1)
7.
Omnia in sent dxissem, quae m dcere voluist, nisi veritus essem n quis rertur m inimcitis
exercre magis quam mneribus amcitiae fung.
8.
rtine habit, satis mrr nn potu eius timrem n t, familiam, amcs, etiam rem pblicam
dfcisset.
9.
Cum liber meus bene receptus esse  t et alis vidertur, plra suscp, veritus n studia hominum
mvre, sed nn retinre posse vidrer.
10.
M frter, tn id verris n ego, r aliqu addctus, puers ad t sine litters mserim aut etiam n
t vidre nluerim?
11.
Lucretius scrpsit omns hmins territs esse, “quod multa in terrs fir caelque tuentur,
qurum operum causs null ratine vidre possunt ac fir dvn nmine rentur.”
12.
Hanc Epicrus ratinem (that atoms move without reason) indxit ob eam rem, quod veritus est, n, s
semper atomus gravitte ferrtur ntrl ac necessri, nihil lberum nbs esset, cum ita movertur
animus, ut atomrum mot cgertur. (Cicero de Fato 23)
13.
Dxit omnia quae ad vvendum necessria sint in urbem afferenda esse n hostibus praemi firent.
B.
1.
I feared that you had not gone out.
2.
There is a danger that the ships have not been repaired.
3.
He fears that the sun will not rise again.
4.
I feared that you would not come quickly.
5.
That man said many things about you, which perhaps you feared that I would hear unwilling(ly).
6.
He is performing his duty to the state lest others, less wise than he, try to do the same.
68
7.
There is a danger that they may be away even longer.
8.
For I fear lest I seem to have wished to save this man so much that I have not spared you at all.
9.
They feared that the sun might rise before they had repaired the wall.
10.
There is a danger lest your enmities become, from this day, more serious for us and the state, than for you.
Lesson XXIX
THE GENITIVE CASE
A noun in the genitive case can be dependent on a noun, adjective, verb, or caus/grti.
The possessive genitive is dependent on another noun.
Ille est mtris flius.
He is his mother’s son.
Partitive Genitive
The PARTITIVE GENITIVE expresses the whole element from which part is taken.
pars turbae
part of the crowd
mult mlitum
many of the soldiers
The pronoun forms nostrum and vestrum are used for the partitive genitive.
Mults vestrum vdimus. We saw many of you.
The partitive genitive is also used with the following indeclinable nouns, substantive adjectives, and pronouns:
satis enough
nimis too much
quantum how much
plus more
parum too little
tantum so much
minus less
multum much
Satis cib habemus. We have enough (of) food.
The partitive genitive is not used after omnis.
Ns omns mus. All of us are going.
Genitive of Description
The GENITIVE OF DESCRIPTION expresses a quality or characteristic. This genitive must be modified by an adjective. The
genitive of description is used invariably if the description denotes a number..
mrus quinque pedum
a wall of five feet (a five-foot wall)
vir magnae audaciae
a man of great boldness
Objective Genitive
The OBJECTIVE GENITIVE is found with the following adjectives and in many noun phrases to show the object of an
action or feeling:
avidus
greedy
immemor
unmindful, forgetful
patiens
tolerant
cupidus
desirous
pertus
skilled
studisus
eager
memor
mindful
impertus
unskilled
Rx cupidus imperi est. The king is desirous of power.
tu amre
for love of you
propter mortis timrem on account of fear of death
memin and oblvscor
The verbs memin and oblvscor use the accusative or the genitive for the direct object. Memin is defective,
using the perfect tense for present, pluperfect for any past, and future perfect for the future; oblviscor is deponent.
Memin means to remember or be mindful of; oblviscor means to forget or disregard.
T bene memin.
I remember you well.
69
Ipse su meminerat (Verr. ii. 136)
He was mindful of himself (of his own interests)
Oblvscere caedis atque incendirum(Cat. i. 6) Dismiss the slaughter and conflagrations!
Obltus sum omnia.
I have forgotten everything.
70
Vocabulary XXIX
Verbs
experior, experr, expertus sum, experience, test, try
oblviscor, oblvisc, obltus sum,
forget
memin, meminisse,
be mindful of, remember
rede, -re, redi (-v), reditum,
go back,
return
Nouns
nimium,- n., excess
ars, artis f.,
craft, skill, trade
pls, plris n.,
more, too much
Adjectives
doctus,-a,-um,
learned
impertus,-a,-um,
inexperienced, ignorant,
unskilled
prvus,-a,-um, crooked, distorted, improper
salvus,-a,-um,
safe, unharmed, well
uterque, utraque, utrumque, both, each (of two)
Adverb
nimis, too, very much
Exercise XXIX
A.
1.
N obltus ss m opem alltrum esse qu maxim necesse sit.
2.
Dxrunt s satis pecuniae cupiditt hominis avrissim fortasse habre.
3.
Palinrus nauta ipse negat s diem noctemque in cael cernere nec viam in medi mar meminisse.
4.
Mult enim omnis aettis, omnis ordinis in perculum vocantur et vocbuntur. (Pliny Ep. 10.96.9)
5.
Vereor n sit nihil vr in es quae dcis.
6.
P. Mrna mediocr ingeni sed magn studi rrum veterum, litterrum et studisus et nn
impertus, multae industriae et magn labris fuit. (Cicero, Brutus 237)
7.
Sed uterque nostrum cdere cgbtur magnitdin anim rtinisque gravitt, cum ille maxim
laude omnium vestrum dxit s quod velltis esse factrum. (Cicero, Philippics 9.9)
8.
Cum parum praesidi in locs mnts esset, proxim di nbscum exre constituit.
9.
Cum in ist ivene ad faciendum anim satis esset, tamen parum auctorittis ad persudendum.
B.
1.
He asked me how much water was enough for making the journey.
2.
Let each one of you obey the king in order that you may return home safe(ly).
3.
There are those who are skilled in all bad arts.
4.
It is fitting that we always be mindful of our dignity.
5.
You seem to me to forget them as easily as I will forget (them).
6.
He is a man very skilled at moving tears.
7.
Tell me whether you are learned in all things, or, what is greater, experienced (in all things).
8.
Each one of us hoped that he would restrain the improper hopes of others by setting out his reasons.
71
Lesson XXX
REVIEW: LESSONS XXVII – XXIX
Impersonal Constructions: Many verbs are used impersonally with an infinitive or a subjunctive clause:
Audre carmina potae nbs placet. (Ut) audimus carmina potae placet.
It is pleasing to us to hear the songs of the poet.
Construction
Indirect
statement
Indirect
question
Indirect
command
main verb
verb of saying, thinking,
knowing, telling,
perceiving, showing
verb of saying, thinking,
knowing, telling,
perceiving, showing,
asking
iube, vet, vol,
prohibe, cg, nl,
patior, cupi
rog, r, hortor,
mone, obsecr
formula
Accusative +
infinitive
example
interrogative +
subjunctive verb
Sci quis sit.
accusative of person +
infinitive
Iubet eam sequ.
Accusative of person
+ ut/n + subjunctive
Eam orat ut sequtur.
imper, praecipi,
persude
dative of person +
ut/n + subjunctive
verb
/ab + ablative of
person + ut/n +
subjunctive
(positive) n +
subjunctive
(negative) ut or n
…nn + subjunctive
E persudet ut sequtur.
pet, postul
Clauses of
fearing
time, metu, vereor
Dcit patrem ducere.
He says that the father is leading.
I know who you are.
He orders her to follow.
He begs her to follow.
He persuades her to follow.
Ab e postulat ut sequtur.
He demands that she follow.
Metu n rx moritur.
I fear that the king may die.
Metu n rx nn moritur.
I fear that the king may not die.
Genitive Uses:
Partitive
Description
Objective
the whole from which part
is taken
with an adjective
with certain adjectives and
nouns to show the object of
an action or feeling
fliae huius gentis
parum discend
exercitus quinque
mlia mlitum
pert docend
timor derum
daughters of this tribe
too little learning
an army of 5,000 soldiers
skilled in teaching
fear of the gods
memin and oblviscor: with genitive or accusative:
Meam patriam mminer.
I will remember my homeland.
Nminis su obltus est.
He forgot his own name.
72
Exercise XXX
A.
1.
Obltne estis virttis quam sentus tam di laudbat?
2.
Tuae virttis meminerimus et confidmus t nostrae fde nn obltum esse.
3.
Rogvit num, etiam s necesse esset e id facere, nn tamen sit ignoscendum.
4.
S quid fcerit quod nn licet, lex pniet; si quid fcerit quod licet, sed nn oportet, pater pniet.
5.
In hc arte, s modo est haec ars, nullum est praeceptum, qu modo vrum invenitur. (Cicero, de Oratore
2.157)
6.
Fortasse haec ars utrque nostrum mranda est, sed cert nn exercenda.
7.
Paul poste mults hrs di nvibus reficiends et nauts convocands auxili gimus.
8.
Vereor ut impertus itineris domum redre salvus possim.
9.
Metus est nbs maximus n trecent ex nostrrum virrum v maris interfect sint.
10.
Rrsus magistr studium legend puerrum expert sunt, cum ill scrpta Cicernis reperre possent.
11.
Omnia fert aets, animum quoque. Saepe ego longs
cantand puerum memin m condere sls. (Vergil Eclogues 9.51-52)
12.
Prmum fac (ut) anim fort atque magn sis – ita enim ntus, ita dctus, ita doctus es…ut tibi id
faciendum sit; deinde spem quoque habes firmissimam. (Cicero, ad Familiares 6.5.4)
13.
Omnia vincit amor, et ns cdmus amr. (Vergil Eclogues 10.69)
B.
1.
Do you remember the difficulties that destroyed our ships last year?
2.
I am afraid that you will not be able either to protect the city or bring help.
3.
This chief has no strength and fears the sight of us, who come only to speak with him.
4.
One of the men had gained possession of the standards but was killed (while) returning to our camp.
5.
He persuaded me to leave my fatherland and showed me help for the way, which he had buried in the earth.
6.
This leader was of great influence among the Gauls, because they wondered at his strength and bravery.
7.
Rumor prefers to report the invented and the distorted rather than the true.
8.
We will teach you how those things, which appear to be useful and are not (useful), are hostile to virtue.
73
READINGS AND NOTES
The readings which follow are from Julius Caesar’s De Bello Gallico, book 1, chapters 1-29. Each reading is followed
by two levels of notes: the first contains vocabulary, arranged in the order in which the words appear in the passage.
Many of these words will be learned later in the book as part of the vocabulary lesson for another chapter. Proper nouns
and words which have close English derivatives are typically not glossed. The second level of notes contains
grammatical help and translated phrases and sentences, listed by the line number where they are found.
Reading I: Julius Caesar describes Gaul
Gallia est omnis dvsa in parts trs, qurum nam incolunt Belgae, aliam Aquitn, 1
tertiam qu ipsrum lingu Celtae, nostr Gall appellantur. H omns lingu,
institts,
2
lgibus inter s differunt. Galls ab Aquitns Garumna flmen,  Belgs Matrna et 3
Sequna dvidit. Hrum omnium fortissim sunt Belgae.
4
Gallia, -ae, f.
Gaul
incol, -ere, incolu, incultum
inhabit
Belgae, rum, m.
Belgians
3.
lingua, -ae, f. language
instittum, , n.
institution
inter s different: differ from one another
Reading II: The Helvetians and their leader Orgetorix
Helvti quoque reliqus Galls virtte praecdunt, quod fer cotidins proelis
cum
Germns contendunt, cum (=ubi) aut sus fnibus es prohibent aut ips in erum
fnibus
bellum gerunt. Apud Helvtis long nbilissimus fuit et dtissimus Orgetorix. Is, M.
Messal et M. Ppi Pisne consulibus, regn cupiditte inductus, conirtinem
nbilittis fcit, et cvitt persusit ut d fnibus sus cum omnibus copis
exrent.
Helvti, -rum, m.
Helvetians (the Swiss)
quoque, conj.
also
reliquus, -a, -um,
the rest of
praecd, -ere, -cess, -cessum go before, surpass
cotidinus, -a, um
daily
prohibe, -re, -u, -itum
prevent, keep from
apud (+ acc.) prep.
among
dtissimus, -a, -um
wealthiest
cupidits, ttis, f.
greed (+ gen.)
indc, -ere, -dx, -ductum influence
conirti, -nis, f.
conspiracy
persuade, -re, persus, persusum (+ dat.)
persuade
ut, conj.
to
exe, -re, exi, exitum go out, leave
74
1
2
3
4
5
3.
M. Messal et M. Ppi Pisne consulibus: in the consulship of Marcus Messala and Marcus Pupius Piso
75
Reading III: The Helvetians make plans to move
Hs rbus adduct et auctritte Orgetorgis permt, (Helvet) cnstiturunt ea
quae
1
ad proficiscendum pertinrent comparre, imentrum et carrrum quam maximum
2
numerum coemere, sments quam maxims facere ut in itinere cpia frment
3
suppeteret, cum proxims cvittibus pcem et amictiam confirmre. Ad es rs
4
conficiends Orgetorix dligitur.
5
addc, -ere, addx, adductum
imentum, , n.
carrus, , m.
coem, -ere, com, coemptum
smentis, -is f.
influence
mule
cart
buy
a planting
cpia, -ae, f.
supply
frmentum, , n.
grain
suppet, -ere, suppetv, suppetitum
support
proximus, -a, -um
nearest
2. ad proficiscendum: for setting out
4. ad es rs conficiends: for accomplishing these things
5. dligitur: he was chosen. Caesar often uses the historic present, which may be translated by a past tense if the
context requires it. Subjunctives dependent upon an historic present will typically follow secondary sequence.
Reading IV: Orgetorix persuades others to join him
Orgetorx sibi lgtinem ad cvitts suscpit. In e itinere persudet Castic
Sequn
1
cuius pater regnum in Sequns mults anns obtinuerat et  sent popul Rmn
2
amcus appelltus erat, ut regnum in cvitte su occupret quod pater ante habuerat; 3
itemque Dumnorig Aedu frtr Dvicic. Inter s fdem dant, et regn occupt
4
per trs potentissims ac firmissims populs ttius Galliae ss potr posse sperant.5
legati, -nis, f.
embassy
persude, -re, persus, persusum, persuade
(+ dat.)
Dumnrix, -igis, m.
Dumnorix
3.
4.
occup (1)
seize
firmus, -a, -um
strong
potior, -r, pottus sum
(+ gen.)
ut occupret: to seize
inter s fdem dant: they exchange assurances
76
gain possession of
Reading V: Orgetorix is tried for his plot
Ea res est Helvtis per indicium nntita. Mribus sus Orgetorgem ex vincls
causam dcere cogrunt. Damntum poenam sequ oportbat ut ign cremrtur.
Di constitt causae dictinis Orgetorix ad iudicium omnem suam familiam
undique cogit: per es n causam dceret s ripuit. Cum cvits ob eam rem
incitta arms is suum exsequ conrtur, Orgetorix mortuus est.
iudicium, , n.
trial
dicti, -nis, f.
1
2
3
4
5
pleading (of the case)
1.
per indicium: through intelligence
vincls = vinculs
2. causam dcere: to plead his case
3. Damntum poenam sequ oportbat ut ign cremrtur: it was fitting that the punishment of being burned to
death be inflicted on him if condemned.
5. is exsequ: to execute punishment
Reading VI: The Helvetians prepare to depart
Post eius mortem nihil minus Helvti id quod constituerant facere conantur, ut
 fnibus sus exeant. Ubi iam s ad eam rem parts esse arbitrt sunt, oppida sua
omnia, numer ad duodecim, vcs ad quadringents, reliqua prvta aedificia
incendunt; frumentum omne, praeterquam quod scum porttr erant, combrunt;
trium mensum mlta cibria sibi quemque dom efferre iubent.
arbitror (1)
oppidum, -i, n.
duodecim
quadringents
frumentum, -i, n.
5.
think
town
twelve
four hundred
grain
praeterquam
other than
combr, -ere, combuss, combustum, burn
quisque, quaeque, quidque,
each
effer, -ferre, extul, latum,
carry out
trium mensium: for three months
mlta cibria: edible flour
77
1
2
3
4
5
Reading VII: The routes out of Helvetia described
Erant omnn itinera duo, quibus itineribus dom exire possent: num per Sequns,
angustum
1
et difficile, inter montem Iram et flmen Rhodanum; alterum per prvinciam nostram,
mult
2
facilius atque expeditius, proptere quod inter fns Helvtirum et Allobrogum, qu
nuper
3
pact erant, Rhodanus fluit, isque nn nulls locs vad transitur. Extrmum oppidum
4
Allobrogum est proximumque Helvtirum fnibus Genava. Ex e oppid pons ad
Helvtis
5
pertinet.
6
omnn, adv.
Rhodanus, , m.
expedtus, -a, -um
proptere, adv.
1.
2.
altogether
the Rhone river
unobstructed
especially
pac (1)
nn nullus, -a, -um
vadum, , n.
Genava, -ae, f.
pacify,subdue
not none, some
ford
Geneva
dom : from home
montem Iram: a mountain ridge between the Rhone and the Rhine Rivers
Reading VIII: Caesar reacts to the news of the Helvetian movement
Caesar cum id nntitum esset, es per prvinciam nostram iter facere cnr,
mtrat ab
1
urbe proficisc, et quam maxims potest itineribus in Galliam ulterirem contendit, et ad 2
Genavam pervnit. Prvinciae tt quam maximum potest mlitum numerum imperat (erat
3
omnin in Galli ulterire legi na), pontem qu erat ad Genavam iubet rescind. Ubi
d
4
eius advent Helvti certirs fact sunt, lgts ad eum mittunt nbilissims
cvittis, qu
5
dcerent sibi esse in anim sine ull malefici iter per prvinciam facere, proptere quod6
aliud iter habrent nullum.
7
mtr (1)
ulterir, -ius
1.
hasten
farther
rescind, -ere, rescid, rescissum tear down
maleficium, -, n. harm
proptere quod because
Caesar: indirect object of the cum clause
es: Helvetians
78
2.
3.
4.
6.
ab urbe: when the city is not named it usually refers to Rome
quam maxims potest itineribus: by the longest marches possible
prvinciae tt: dative of the source, from the whole province
legi na: a legion was made up of 4,200 to 6,000 soldiers
sibi esse in anim: that it was their intention
Reading IX: Caesar buys himself some time
Caesar, quod memori tenbat L. Cassium consulem occsum exercitumque eius ab
1
Helvtis pulsum et sub iugum missum, concdendum nn putbat; tamen, ut spatium
2
intercdere posset dum mlits qus imperverat convenrent, lgts respondit diem3
s ad dlberandum sumptrum: s quid vellent, ad Ids Aprls reverterentur. Intere
e
4
legine quam scum habbat mlitibusque qu ex prvinci convnerant  lac
Lemann
5
ad montem Iram mlia passuum decem novem mrum in altitdinem pedum sdecim 6
fossamque perdcit. Ubi ea dis quam constituerat cum lgts vnit et lgt ad eum7
revertrunt, negat s mre et exempl popul Rmn posse iter ull per prvinciam8
dare et, s vim facere cnentur, prohibitrum ostendit.
9
pell, -ere, pepul, pulsus
iugum, , n.
sum, -ere, sumps, sumptum
lacus, , m.
1.
2.
3.
4.
6.
9.
defeat
yoke
take
lake
sdecim, indecl.
fossa, ae, f.
exemplum, , n.
ostend, -ere, ostend, ostensum
16
ditch
example
show
memori tenbat: remembered
L. Cassium: Lucius Cassius
With pulsum and the following participles, esse must be understood as part of the infinitive in indirect statement
sub iugum: under the yoke (symbolizing subjugation)
concdendum esse: that it should be granted
dum + subjunctive: until
ad dlberandum : for considering
s quid: if…anything
ad ds Aprils: towards the Ides of April (April 15th)
mlia passuum decem novem: 19 miles
(s) prohibitrum (esse)
79
Reading X: The Helvetians gain permission from the Sequani to cross their territory
Relinqubtur na per Sequns via, qu Sequns invts propter angustis re
nn
1
poterant. Hs cum su sponte persudre nn possent, lgts ad Dumnorgem
Aeduum
2
mittunt. Dumnorix grti et largitine apud Sequns plrimum poterat, et Helvtis
erat
3
amcus, quod ex e cvitte Orgetorgis fliam in mtrimnium dxerat et,
cupiditte regn
4
addctus, novs rbus studbat et quam plrims cvitts su benefici habre
obstricts
5
volbat. Itaque rem suscpit et  Sequns impetrat ut per fns sus Helvtis re
patiantur.
6
angustia, -ae, f.
narrowness
persuade, -re, persus, persusum persuade
(+ dat.)
1.
3.
5.
6.
novae rs, novrum rrum
revolution
stude, studre, studu
be eager for (+ dat.)
obstring, -ere, -strinx, strictum to tie, bind to
relinqubtur: the subject is na via
Sequns invts: conditional use of an ablative modified by a participle: if the Sequani were unwilling.
grti et largitine: because of his charisma and generosity
plrimum poterat: had the most power (literally, was most able).
su benefici…obstricts: bound (to him) because of his kindness
 Sequns impetrat ut: he gained the request from the Sequani that…
Reading XI: Caesar reacts to news of the Helvetians’ plans
Caesar renntitur Helvtis esse in anim per agrum Sequnrum et Aedurum iter
in
1
Santnum fns facere, qu nn long  Tolstium fnibus absunt, quae cvits
est in
2
prvinci. Id s firet, intellegbat magn cum percul prvinciae futrum ut
homins
3
bellicss, popul Rmn inimcs, locs patentibus maximque frumentris
fnitims
4
habret. Ob es causs e mnitin quam fcerat T. Labinum lgtum praefcit;
ipse in
5
taliam magns itineribus contendit, dusque ibi lgins conscrbit, et trs quae circum
6
Aquileiam hiembant ex hberns dcit et, qu proximum iter in ulterirem Galliam per
7
Alps erat, cum es quinque lginibus re contendit.
8
pate, patre
lie open, lie exposed
him (1)
winter, spend the winter
hberna, -rum n. winter quarters
1.
qu (adv.)
proximus, -a, -um
where
nearest
renntitur: (impersonal) it is announced, the subject is the entire clause “Helvetis…facere”
Helvtis esse in anim: that the Helvetians have in mind (intend)
80
3.
id s firet: if this were to happen, as frequently in Latin, the conjunction is delayed to the second place in the
sentence.
futrum (esse): that it would be…, impersonal indirect statement;
ut…habret: to have, the whole clause serves as the subject of futrum
5. e mnitin…T. Labinum…praefcit: he put Titus Labienus…in charge of the fortification, praefici
takes a dative and an accusative, “to put x (acc.) in charge of y (dat.).”
Reading XII: The Helvetians move into their neighbors’ territories
Helvti iam per angustis et fns Sequnrum sus cpis trdxrunt, et in
Aedurum
1
fns pervnerant erumque agrs populbantur. Aedu, cum s suaque ab es
dfendere
2
nn possent, lgts ad Caesarem mittunt rogtum auxilium. Edem tempore Aedu
Ambarr,
3 necessri et consanguine Aedurum, Caesarem certiorem faciunt ss,
dpopults agrs,
4
nn facile ab oppids vim hostium prohibre. Item Allobrogs, qu trans Rhodanum
vcs
5
possessinsque habbant, fug s ad Caesarem recipiunt, et demnstrant sibi praeter
agr
6
solum nihil esse reliqu. Quibus rbus addctus Caesar nn exspectandum sibi statuit dum,7
omnibus fortns socirum consumpts, in Santons Helvti pervenrent.
8
angustiae, arum f.
popular (1)
dpopul (1)
praeter (+ accusative)
2.
3.
4.
6.
7.
8.
solum,  n.
dum (+ subjunctive)
fortnae, -rum
passes
ravage
ravage, pillage
except
soil
until
reserves
s suaque: themselves and their (possessions)
rogtum: to ask, supine with a verb of motion (mittunt) expressing purpose
Aedu…consanguine: the Aeduan Ambarri, friends and relatives
ss = s
dpopults agrs: ablative absolute
s…recipiunt: they retreat, literally they take themselves back
nn exspectandum sibi statuit: he decided that he ought not to wait
omnibus…consumpts: ablative absolute
Reading XIII: Caesar engages the Helvetians
Flmen est Arar, quod per fns Aedurum et Sequnrum in Rhodanum influit,
incrdibil
1
lnitte, ita ut oculs in utram partem fluat iudicr nn possit. Id Helvti ratibus ac 2
81
lintribus iuncts transbant. Ubi per explortrs Caesar certior factus est trs iam
parts
cpirum Helvtis id flmen trdxisse, quartam fer partem citr flmen Ararim
reliquam esse, d terti vigili cum leginibus tribus  castrs profectus ad eam partem
pervnit, quae nndum flmen transerat. Es impedts et inopnantes aggressus
magnam
partem erum concdit: reliqui ss fugae mandrunt atque in proxims silvs
abdidrunt.
influ, -ere, -flx, -fluctum flow in
incrdibilis, -e
unbelievable, incredible
lnits, -ttis, f.
slowness
iudic (1)
judge, determine
ratis, -is, f.
raft
linter, -tris, f.
boat, skiff
3.
5.
6.
7.
3
4
5
6
7
iung, -ere, iunx, iunctum join
explortor, -ris, m.
scout
citr (+ accusative)
on the near side
nndum
not yet
concd, -ere, -cs, -csum kill
abd, -ere, abdid, abditum hide
trs parts: three quarters
d terti vigili: about the third watch, the night was divided into 4 watches.
impedts et inopnants: loaded down and unsuspecting
ss fugae mandrunt: (=mandvrunt), entrusted themselves to flight
Reading XIV: a skirmish and some troop movement
Hc proeli fact, reliqus copis Helvtirum ut consequ posset, pontem in Arare 1
faciendum crat atque ita exercitum trdcit. Poster di (Helvti) castra ex e loc 2
movent. Idem facit Caesar, equittumque omnem ad numerum quattuor mlium, quem
3
ex omn prvinci et Aedus atque erum socis coactum habbat, praemittit, qu
videant
4
qus in parts hosts iter faciant. Qu, cupidius nvissimum agmen insect, alin
loc
5
cum equitt Helvtirum proelium committunt; et pauc d nostrs cadunt. Qu
proeli
6
sublt Helvti audcius subsistere nn numquam et nvissim agmine proeli
nostrs
7
lacessere coeprunt. Caesar sus a proeli continbat, ac satis habbat in praesenti
8
hostem rapns pabultinibus populatinibusque prohibre. Ita dis circiter quindecim
9
iter fcrunt ut inter nvissimum hostium agmen et nostrum prmum nn amplius
quns
10
aut sns mlibus passuum interesset.
11
consequor
posterus, -a, -um
alinus, -a, -um
cad, -ere, cecid, csum
pursue
next
strange
fall
toll, -ere, sustul, subltum
uplifted,
exhilarated
subsist, -sistere, substit, -stand firm
lacess, -ere, lacessv, lacesstum
harass
82
coep, coepisse
circiter (+ accusative)
2.
5.
8.
9.
11.
began
about
ut
faciendum crat: he saw to building
cupidius nvissimum agmen insect: having pursued the rearguard too eagerly
satis habbat in praesenti: had enough (to do) in the present (circumstances)
rapns, pabultinibus popultinibusque: from pillaging and ravaging the crops
interesset: there was a distance of…
83
(= ut) that
Reading XV: Caesar looks for the best approach
(Caesar) ab explrtribus certior factus hosts sub monte consdisse mlia passuum 1
ab ipsius castrs octo, qulis esset natura montis et qulis in circuit ascensus, qu
2
cognoscerent msit. Renntitum est facilem esse. D terti vigili T. Labinum,
lgtum
3
pr praetre, cum dubus lginibus et es ducibus qu iter cognverant summum
iugum
4
montis ascendere iubet; quid su consil sit ostendit. Ipse d quart vigili edem itinere5
qu hosts ierant ad es contendit equittumque omnem ante s msit. P. Considius, qu
6
re mlitris pertissimus habbtur, cum explrtribus praemittitur.
7
iugum, , n.
consd, -ere, -sd, -sessum settle
ascensus, s m.
ascent
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
ridge
ipsius – Caesar’s
in circuit – on all sides
T. – Titius
pr praetre – with the rank of praetor
quid su consil sit – what his plan is
P. - Publius.
Reading XVI: Caesar receives bad intelligence
Prim luce, cum summus mons  Labin tenertur, ipse ab hostium castrs nn longius
1
mille et quingents passibus abesset, neque, ut poste ex captvs comperit, aut ipsius
2
adventus aut Labin cognitus esset, Considius equ admiss ad eum accurrit, dcit
montem
3
ab hostibus tenr: id s  Gallics arms atque insignibus cognvisse. Caesar sus
cpis in
4
proximum collem subdcit, aciem instruit. Labinus, ut erat e praeceptum  Caesare n 5
proelium committeret, nisi ipsius cpiae prope hostium castra vsae essent, monte occupt
6
nostrs exspectbat proelique abstinbat. Mult denique di per explrtrs Caesar
7
cognvit et montem  sus tenr, et Helvtis castra mvisse, et Considium timre 8
perterritum quod nn vdisset pr vs sibi renntisse. E di hosts sequitur, et
mlia
9
passuum tria ab erum castrs castra ponit.
10
quingent, -ae, a
neque
five hundred
nor
comperi, -ire, comper, compertum find out
accurr, -ere, accurr, accursum
run up to
84
insignia, rum, n.
subdc, -ere, -dx, ductum
exspect (1)
1.
3.
9.
standards
withdraw
wait for
abstine, -re, abstinu, abstentum
from
refrain
ipse: Caesar
equ admiss: with his horse at a gallop
pr vs: as (something he had) seen
sibi: to Caesar
renntisse = renntivisse.
Reading XVII: the Romans and the Helvetians prepare for battle
Postridi eius di, quod  Bibracte, oppid Aedurum long maxim et
cpisissim,
1
nn amplius mlibus passuum XVIII aberat, re frumentriae prospiciendum existimvit: 2
iter ab Helvtis vertit ac Bibracte re contendit. Ea rs per fgitvs hostibus
nntitur.
3
Helvti, seu quod timre perterrts Rmns discdere  s existimrent, sive e
quod
4
r frumentri intercld posse confiderent, commtt consili atque itinere
convers
5
nostrs insequ ac lacessere coeprunt. Postquam id animum advertit, cpis sus Caesar
6
in proximum collem subdcit, equittumque qu sustinret hostium impetum msit. Ipse 7
interim in colle medi triplicem aciem instrxit leginum quattuor veternrum; sed in 8
summ iug dus lgins qus in Galli citerire proxim conscrpserat et omnia
auxilia
9
collocr, ac ttum montem ab es qu in superire aci constiterant mnr iussit.
Helvti
10
cum omnibus sus carrs sect impedimenta in num locum contulrunt; ips
confertissim
11
aci, reiect nostr equitt, phalange fact sub prmam nostram aciem successrunt.
12
cpisus, -a, -um
affluent
amplior, -ius
more
vert, -ere, avert, aversum
turn aside
seu…sive
whether…or
commt (1)
change
existim (1)
think
convert, -ere, vers, versum change
lacess, -ere, lacess, lacesstum
harass
1.
2.
4.
8.
coep, coepisse
colloc (1)
superior, -ius
confertissimus, -a, -um
reici, -ere, reic, reiectum
phalanx, phalangis, f.
began
station, place
higher
very dense
drive back
phalanx (a battle
formation of infantry)
succd, -ere, -cess, -cessum move up
postridi eius di: on the day after that day
prospiciendum: (they) should look for
e quod: for the reason that
in colle medi: on the mid-point of the hill, half-way up the hill
85
9.
proxim: recently
86
Reading XVIII: the battle
Caesar prmum su, deinde omnium ex conspect remts equs, ut aequt omnium 1
percul spem fugae tolleret, cohorttus sus proelium commsit. Mlits  loc
superire
2
pls misss facile hostium phalangem perfrgrunt. E disiect, gladis dstricts in
es
3
impetum fcrunt. Galls magn ad pugnam erat impediment quod plribus erum
scuts
4
n ict plrum transfixs et colligts, cum ferrum s inflexisset, neque vellere
neque
5
sinistr impedt satis commod pugnre poterant; mult ut praeoptrent scutum man
6
mittere et nd corpore pugnre. Tandem vulneribus dfess et pedem referre et, quod 7
mons suberat circiter mille passuum, e s recipere coeprunt. Capt monte et
8
succdentibus nostrs, Boi et Tuling, qu agmen hostium claudbant et nvissims 9
praesidi erant, ex itinere nostrs latere apert agress circumvnre, et id conspict
10
Helvti rursus instre et proelium redintegrre coeprunt.
11
deinde
then
remove, -re, -mv, mtum remove
aequ (1)
make equal
cohortor (1)
encourage
plum, , n.
spear
perfring, -ere, -frg, -fractum smash
disici, -ere, -ic, -iectum
scatter
ictus, -s, m.
blow
collig, -ere, -lg, -lectum
bound together
inflect, -ere, -flex, -flectum bend aside
vell, -ere, -vuls, -vulsum pull out
sinister, -tra, -trum
the left
ndus, -a, -um
bare
subsum, -esse, -fu
be near
e
to that place, thither
succd, -ere, -cess, cessum move up
claud, -ere, claus, clausum enclose
nvissimus, -a, -um
last
praesidium, , n.
guard
conspicor (1)
catch sight of
rursus
again
inst -re, -stit, -sttrus threaten
redintegr (1)
rejoin
1.
3.
4.
su: suo equ remt
gladis dstricts: with drawn swords
Galls magn…impediment: double dative “it was a great hindrance to the Gauls…”
ad pugnam: “to fighting”
quod…poterant: this clause is the subject of “erat”; the fact that
plribus…scuts…transfixs: several shields being pierced
6. satis commod: very well
multi ut praeoptarent with the result that many preferred
7. pedem referre: retreat
10. latere apert: the open (unprotected) flank
circumvnre: = circumvnrunt
87
Reading XIX:
Ita ancipit proeli di atque acriter pugntum est. Ditius cum sustinre nostrrum
impets
1
nn possent, alter s, ut coeperant, in montem recprunt, alter ad impedimenta et
carrs
2
sus s contulrunt. Nam hc tot proeli, cum ab hor septim ad vesperam
pugntum sit,
3
versum hostem vidre nm potuit. Ad multam noctem etiam ad impedimenta pugntum4
est. Di cum esset pugntum, impediments castrsque nostr potit sunt. Ibi
Orgetorgis flia
5
atque nus  flis captus est. Ex e proeli circiter hominum mlia cxxx
superfurunt,
6
eque tot nocte continenter irunt: nullam partem noctis itinere intermiss in fns
7
Lingnum di quart pervnrunt. Caesar ad Lingns litters nntisque msit, n
es
8
frument nve ali r iuvrent: qu s ivissent, s edem loc qu Helvtis
habitrum.
9
anceps, ancipitis
carrus, , m.
1.
3.
4.
8.
9.
doubtful
cart
supersum, -esse, -fu be left over, survive
continenter
constantly
pugntum est: they fought, impersonal construction, literally it was fought.
se contulerunt: they went (lit., they took themselves)
ad multam noctem: until late at night
n…ivissent: indirect command, (saying) that they were not to help them with grain or in any other way; (and
that) if anyone did help…
habitrum: habitrum esse, infinitive in indirect speech dependent on “litters nuntisque msit.”
Reading XX: the Helvetians surrender and return home
Helvti omnium rrum inopi adduct lgts d dditine ad Caesarem
msrunt. In fns
1
sus, unde erant profect, revert iussit. In castrs Helvtirum tabulae repertae sunt
litters
2
Graecs confectae, et ad Caesarem reltae, quibus in tabuls nmintim rati confecta
erat,
3
qu numerus dom exisset erum, qu arma ferre possent, et item separtim puer,
sens,
4
muliersque. Qurum omnium rrum summa erat capitum Helvtirum mlia CCLXIII, 5
Tulingrum mlia XXXVI, Ltvcrum XIIII, Raurcrum XXIII, Boirum XXXII; ex
hs qu
6
arma ferre possent, ad mlia nngint duo. Summa omnium furunt ad mlia CCCLXVIII.
7
Erum qu domum redirunt cens habit, ut Caesar imperverat, repertus est numerus 8
88
mlium C et decem.
9
dditi, -nis, f.
surrender
tabula, -ae, f.
tablet, writing tablet
nmintim
name by name
rati, -nis, f. account
3.
8.
separtim
separately
summa, -ae, f.
sum
caput, capitis, n. head; person
confectae: written
cens habit: having taken a census
Reading XXI: Vergil’s Fourth Eclogue, lines 1-7, the return of the Golden Age
Scelids Msae, paul maiora canmus!
Nn omns arbusta ivant humilsque myrcae;
s canimus silvs, silvae sint consule dignae.
Ultima Cmae venit iam carminis aets;
magnus ab integr saeclrum nascitur ord.
iam redit et Virg, redeunt Saturnia regna,
iam nova prgenies cael demittitur alt.
can, -ere, cecin, cantum sing
arbustum, -i, n.
orchard
myrca, -ae, f.
tamarisk (a kind of shrub)
ultimus, -a, -um
last, final
3.
5.
7.
Cmaeus, -a, -um
saeclum, -i, n.
Saturnius, -a, -um
progenies, -e f.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Cumaean
age, generation
Saturnian
offspring
silvas: direct object of “canimus” if we sing (about) the forest
saeclrum: genitive with “ord”
cael…alt: ablative of place from which
Reading XXII: Vergil’s Fourth Eclogue, lines 8-14, the birth of a baby
Tu modo nascent puer, qu ferrea prmum
dsinet ac tt surget gens aurea mund,
casta fave Lcna: tuus iam regnat Apollo.
Tque ade decus hoc aev, t consule, inbit,
Polli, et incipient magn procdere menss;
t duce, s qua manent sceleris uestgia nostr,
irrita perpetu solvent formdine terrs.
ferreus, -a, -um
iron, made of iron
dsin, -ere, dsi, dsitum cease
aureus, -a, -um
golden
mundus, -i m.
world
castus, -a, -um
chaste, pure
Lcna, -ae f.
Juno
regn (1)
reign, rule
ade
aevum, -i, n.
mensis, -is m.
vestgium, -i n.
irritus, -a, -um
perpetuus, -a, -um
formd, -inis, f.
89
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
what is more
age
month
trace
without effect
unending
fear
1.
2.
4.
6.
7.
Tu: subject of “fave” (line 3)
tt..mund: through the whole world, ablative of place where
T…t consule: ablative absolute, “t” repeated for emphasis
si qua...vestgia: if any traces…
irrita: nominative plural
Reading XXIV: Valerius Maximus, 3.7.4, Livius Salinator spares the Gauls and Ligurians
Livi Salntris aeternae memoriae tradendus animus. qu cum Hasdrublem
1
exercitumque Poenrum in Umbri dlesset et e dcertur Galls ac Ligurs ex aci 2
sine ducibus et signs sparss ac plants parv man opprim posse, respondit in hoc 3
es oportre parc, n hostibus tantae cldis domestic nunti dessent.
4
aeternus, -a, -um
eternal
trad, -ere, tradid, traditum
hand down,
relate
sparg, -ere, spars, sparsum
scatter
4.
pl (1)
wander
opprim, -ere, oppress, oppressum
overwhelm
oportet, re, oportuit be necessary, proper (impersonal)
cldes, -is f.
disaster.
dlesset = dlvisset
Reading XXIX: Sallust describes Catiline
L. Catilna, nobil genere ntus, fuit magn v et anim et corporis, sed ingeni mal 1
prvque. Huic ab adulescenti bella intestna caedes rapnae discordia cvlis grta
fure,
2
ibique iuventtem suam exercuit. Corpus patiens inediae algoris vigiliae, supra quam
3
cuquam credbile est. animus audx subdolus varius, cuius rei libet simulator ac
4
dissimulator, alin appetens, su profusus, ardens in cupidittibus; satis loquentiae,
5
sapientiae parum. vastus animus immoderta incrdibilia nimis alta semper cupibat.
6
hunc post dominationem L. Sullae libd maxima invserat re pblicae capiendae;
7
neque id quibus mods assequertur, dum sibi regnum parret, quicquam pens habbat. 8
Agitbtur magis magisque in dis animus ferox inopi re familiris et conscienti
9
scelerum, quae utraque es artibus auxerat, qus supr memorv.
10
genus, generis, n.
adulescentia, -ae, f.
intestnus, -a, -um
caedes, -is, f.
rapna, -ae, f.
iuvents, -ttis, f.
inedia, -ae, f.
algor, -is, m.
vigiliae, -arum, f.
subdolus, -a, -um,
varius, -a, -um
family
adolescence
internal
murder
pillaging
youth
fasting
cold
sleeplessness
cunning
untrustworthy
appetens, -entis
striving for
profsus, -a, -um
profligate
immodertus, -a, -um,
excessive
incrdbilis, -e
fantastic
libd, libidinis, f.,
desire
invd, -ere, invs, invsum invade
ferox, fercis,
fierce
conscientia, -ae, f.
guilt
ars, artis, f.,
skill, quality
supr
above
memoro, (1)
mention
90
L. – Lucius
fure = furunt
supr…est: beyond what is credible to anyone
cuius…dissimultor: a phoney and dissembler about anything at all
assequertur: he would acquire
dum: so long as
quicquam pens habbat: did he consider it of any importance
9. in dis: day after day
inopi re familiris: by the lack of family property
10. quae utraque: both of which
1.
2.
3.
4.
8.
91
REGULAR VERBS – INDICATIVE ACTIVE
Present
First
Second
Third
Third I-stem
Fourth
am
mone
teg
capi
audi
ams
mons
tegis
capis
auds
amat
monet

capit
audit
ammus
monmus



amtis
montis



amant
monent

capiunt
audiunt
ambam
ams
mon
mons

bs


audi

ba

bat


ammus
amtis
monmus
montis
bmus
btis







ba
bant






Imperfect
Future
am


capi
audi
ambis
mons



ambit


capiet

ammus
monmus



amtis
montis



ambunt


capient

am
amvist
monu
mon




aud
aud

monuit

cpit
audvit
amvimus
amtis
monuimus
mon












Perfect

Pluperfect
am
am
mon
monuers


cperam

aud
audvers




audverat
am
am

monus
mon
m
tis
 audvermus
 audvertis





audverant
amver
mon

cper
aud
amveris
monueris


audveris
amverit



audverit
am
monus

 audverimus
am

amverint

mon

 audveritis



Future Perfect
92
audverint
REGULAR VERBS – INDICATIVE PASSIVE
Present
First
Second
Third
Third I-stem
Fourth
am
mone

capior
audi
amris
monris
eris
caperis
audris



capitur
auditur
ammur
monmur



ammin
monmin



amantur
monentur

capiuntur
audiuntur
ambar
amris
mon
monris

bris
capibar
ris
audi

b





ammur
ammin
monmur
monmin
bmur
bmin









ba
bantur
bantur



Imperfect
Future

am


capiar
audi
amberis
mon



ambitur




ammur
monmur



ammin
monmin
min


ambuntur


 
amtus, -a sum
amtus, -a es
monitus, -a sum
monitus, -a es
tectus, -a sum
tectus, -a es
captus, -a sum
captus, -a es
audtus, -a sum
audtus, -a es
amtus, -a, -um est
monitus, -a, -um est
tectus, -a, -um est
captus, -a, -um est
audtus, -a, -um est
amt, -ae sumus
amt, -ae estis
monit, -ae sumus
monit, -ae estis
tect, -ae sumus
tect, -ae estis
capt, -ae sumus
capt, -ae estis
audt, -ae sumus
audt, -ae estis
amt, -ae, -a sunt
monit, -ae, -a sunt
tect, -ae, -a sunt
capt, -ae, -a sunt
audt, -ae, -a sunt
amtus, -a eram
amtus, -a ers
monitus, -a eram
monitus, -a ers
tectus, -a eram
tectus, -a ers
captus, -a eram
captus, -a ers
audtus, -a eram
audtus, -a ers
amtus, -a, -um erat
monitus, -a, -um erat
tectus, -a, -um erat
captus, -a, -um erat
audtus, -a, -um erat
amt, -ae ermus
amt, -ae ertis
monit, -ae ermus
monit, -ae ertis
tect, -ae ermus
tect, -ae ertis
capt, -ae ermus
capt, -ae ertis
audt, -ae ermus
audt, -ae ertis
amt, -ae, -a erant
monit, -ae, -a erant
duct, -ae, -a erant
capt, -ae, -a erant
audt, -ae, -a erant
amtus, -a er
amtus, -a eris
monitus, -a er
monitus, -a eris
tectus, -a er
tectus, -a eris
captus, -a er
captus, -a eris
audtus, -a er
audtus, -a eris
amtus, -a, -um erit
monitus, -a, -um erit
tectus, -a, -um erit
captus, -a, -um erit
audtus, -a, -um erit
amt, -ae erimus
amt, -ae eritis
monit, -ae erimus
monit, -ae eritis
tect, -ae erimus
tect, -ae eritis
capt, -ae erimus
capt, -ae eritis
audt, -ae erimus
audt, -ae eritis
amt, -ae, -a erunt
monit, -ae, -a erunt
tect, -ae, -a erunt
capt, -ae, -a erunt
audt, -ae, -a erunt
Perfect
Pluperfect
Future Perfect
93
REGULAR VERBS – SUBJUNCTIVE ACTIVE
Present
First
Second
Third
Third I-stem
Fourth
am
mone
teg
capi
audi
ams
mons
tegs
capis
auds
amet
moneat
teg
capiat
audiat
ammus
monmus
teg


amtis
montis
teg


ament
moneant
teg
capiant
audiant
amrem
ams
mon
mons
teg
tegs


audre
r
re

tegt

re
ammus
amtis
monmus
montis
tegmus
tegtis
 r
 r

re
tegnt

re
am
monu
tx

aud
amvers
moners
txers
ers
auders

monui
tx
cp
audv
amvermus
monuermus
txermus
ermus
ermus
amtis
montis
txtis
tis
ti


tx


s
Imperfect
Perfect

Pluperfect
am
mon
tx
cp
aud
am
monu
tx

audv


tx

audv
am
monus
txm

audvmus
am



mon
txtis
audvtis


tx






94
audvnt
REGULAR VERBS – SUBJUNCTIVE PASSIVE
Present
First
Second
Third
Third I-stem
Fourth
am
mone
teg
capi
audi
amris
monris
tegris
capiris
audris


teg
capitur
auditur
ammur
monmur
teg


ammin
monmin
teg


amentur
moneantur
teg
capiantur
audiantur
amrer
amris
mon
monris
teg
tegris


audre
r
r
tur
tegtur
tur
rtur
ammur
ammin
monmur
monmin
tegmur
tegmin
 r

r

re
tegntur


Imperfect
re

Perfect
amtus, -a sim
monitus, -a sim
tectus, -a sim
captus, -a sim
audtus, -a sim
amtus, -a ss
monitus, -a ss
tectus, -a ss
captus, -a ss
audtus, -a ss
amtus, -a, -um sit
monitus, -a, -um sit
tectus, -a, -um sit
captus, -a, -um sit
audtus, -a, -um sit
amt, -ae smus
monit, -ae smus
tect, -ae smus
capt, -ae smus
audt, -ae smus
amt, -ae stis
monit, -ae stis
tect, -ae stis
capt, -ae stis
audt, -ae stis
amt, -ae, -a sint
monit, -ae, -a sint
tect, -ae, -a sint
capt, -ae, -a sint
audt, -ae, -a sint
amtus, -a essem
amtus, -a esss
monitus, -a essem
monitus, -a esss
tectus, -a essem
tectus, -a esss
captus, -a essem
captus, -a esss
audtus, -a essem
audtus, -a esss
amtus, -a, -um esset
monitus, -a, -um esset
tectus, -a, -um esset
captus, -a, -um esset
audtus, -a, -um esset
amt, -ae essmus monit, -ae essmus
amt, -ae esstis
monit, -ae esstis
tect, -ae essmus
tect, -ae esstis
capt, -ae essmus
capt, -ae esstis
audt, -ae
audt,
essmus -ae esstis
amt, -ae, -a essent
tect, -ae, -a essent
capt, -ae, -a essent
audt, -ae, -a essent
Pluperfect
monit, -ae, -a essent
95
REGULAR VERBS - PARTICIPLES, ACTIVE AND PASSIVE
First
Active
Second
Third
Third I-stem
Fourth
pres. amns, -ntis
perf.
—
fut. amtrus, -a, -um
Passive
monns, -ntis
—
tegns, -ntis
—
capins, -ntis
—
audins, -ntis
—
monitrus, -a, -um
tectrus, -a, -um
captrus, -a, -um
audtrus, -a, -um
pres.
—
perf. amtus, -a, -um
(gerundive) amandus, -a, -um
—
monitus, -a, -um
—
tectus, -a, -um
—
captus, -a, -um
—
audtus, -a, -um
monendus, -a, -um
tegendus, -a, -um
capiendus, -a, -um
audiendus, -a, -um
REGULAR VERBS - INFINITIVES, ACTIVE AND PASSIVE
Active
pres.
perf.
fut.
Passive
pres.
perf.
fut.
First
Second
Third
Third I-stem
Fourth
amre
monre
tegere
capere
audre
amvisse
monuisse
txisse
cpisse
audvisse
amtrus, -a, -um
monitrus, -a, -um esse tectrus, -a, -um esse
captrus, -a, -um esse audtrus, -a, -um
amr
amtus, -a, -um esse
monr
monitus esse
teg
tectus, -a, -um esse
cap
captus, -a, -um esse
audr
audtus, -a, -um esse
amtum r
monitum r
tectum r
captum r
audtum r
esse
esse
REGULAR VERBS - PRESENT IMPERATIVES, ACTIVE AND PASSIVE
Active
singular
plural
Passive
singular
plural
First
Second
Third
Third I-stem
Fourth
am
amte
mon
monte
tege
tegite
cape
capite
aud
audte
amre
ammin
monre
monmin
tegere
tegimin
capere
capimin
audre
audmin
96
IRREGULAR VERBS - INDICATIVE
Sum
Vol
Nl
Ml
E
F
Fer
Present
sum
vol
nl
ml
e
f
fer
feror
es
vs
nn vs
mvs
s
fs
fers
ferris
est
vult
nn vult
mvult
it
fit
fert
fertur
sumus
volumus
nlumus
mlumus
mus
fmus
ferimus
ferimur
estis
vultis
nn vultis
mvultis
tis
ftis
fertis
ferimin
sunt
volunt
nlunt
mlunt
eunt
funt
ferunt
feruntur
eram
volbam
nlbam
mlbam
bam
fbam
ferbam
ferbar
ers
volbs
nlbs
mlbs
bs
fbs
ferbs
ferbris
erat
volbat
nlbat
mlbat
bat
fbat
ferbat
ferbtur
ermus
volbm
nlbm
mlbm
bm
fb
ferbmu
ferbmur
us
us
us
us
mus
s
ertis
volbtis
nlbti
mlbtis
btis
fbti
ferbtis
ferbmin
erant
volbant
nlbant
mlbant
bant
fbant
ferbant
ferbantur
er
volam
nlam
mlam
b
fam
feram
ferar
eris
vols
nls
mls
bis
fs
fers
ferris
erit
volet
nlet
mlet
bit
fet
feret
fertur
erimus
volmus
nlmus
mlmus
bimus
fmus
fermus
fermur
eritis
voltis
nltis
mltis
bitis
ftis
fertis
fermin
erunt
volent
nolent
malent
bunt
fent
ferent
ferentur
fu
volu
nlu
mlu
i
tul
ltus, -a sum
fuist
voluist
nluist
mluist
st
tulist
ltus, -a es
fuit
voluit
nluit
mluit
iit
tulit
ltus, -a, -um est
fuimus
voluimus
nluimus
mluimus
iimus
tulimus
lt, -ae sumus
fuistis
voluistis
nluistis
mluistis
stis
tulistis
lt, -ae estis
furunt
volurunt
nlurunt
mlurunt
irunt
tulrunt
lt, -ae, -a sunt
fueram
volueram
nlueram
mlueram
ieram
tuleram
ltus, -a eram
fuers
voluers
nluers
mluers
iers
tulers
ltus, -a ers
fuerat
voluerat
nluerat
mluerat
ierat
tulerat
ltus, -a, -um
Imperfect
s
s
Future
Perfect
Pluperfect
erat
fuermu
voluermu
nluerm
mluermu
iermu
s
s
us
s
s
tulermus
lt, -ae
fuertis
voluertis
nluertis
mluertis
iertis
tulertis
lt, -ae ertis
fuerant
voluerant
nluerant
mluerant
ierant
tulerant
lt, -ae, -a
ermus
erant
Future Perfect
fuer
voluer
nluer
mluer
ier
97
tuler
ltus, -a er
fueris
volueris
nlueris
mlueris
ieris
tuleris
ltus, -a eris
fuerit
voluerit
nluerit
mluerit
ierit
tulerit
ltus, -a, -um erit
fuerimus
voluerimus
nluerimu
maluerimus
ierimus
tulerimus
lt, -ae erimus
s
fueritis
volueritis
nlueritis
mlueritis
ieritis
tuleritis
lt, -ae eritis
fuerint
voluerint
nluerint
mluerint
ierint
tulerint
lt, -ae, -a
erunt
98
IRREGULAR VERBS - SUBJUNCTIVE
Sum
Vol
Nl
Ml
E
F
Fer
Present
sim
velim
nlim
mlim
eam
fam
feram
ferar
ss
vels
nls
mls
es
fs
fers
ferris
sit
velit
nlit
mlit
eat
fat
fert
fertur
smus
velmus
nlimus
mlmus
emus
fmus
fermus
fermur
stis
veltis
nltis
mltis
etis
ftis
fertis
fermin
sint
velint
nlint
mlint
eant
fant
fernt
ferntur
essem
vellem
nllem
mllem
rem
fierem
ferrem
ferrer
esss
vells
nlls
mlls
rs
fiers
ferrs
ferrris
esset
vellet
nllet
mllet
ret
fieret
ferrt
ferrtur
essmus
vellmus
nllmus
mllmus
rmu
fiermus
ferrmus
ferrmur
Imperfect
s
esstis
velltis
nlltis
mlltis
rtis
fiertis
ferrtis
ferrmin
essent
vellent
nllent
mllent
rent
fierent
ferrent
ferrentur
fuerim
voluerim
nluerim
mluerim
ierim
tulerim
ltus, -a sim
fuers
voluers
nluers
mluers
ers
tulers
ltus, -a ss
fuerit
voluerit
nluerit
mluerit
ierit
tulerit
ltus, -a, -um sit
fuermu
voluermus
nluermu
mluermu
iermu
tulermus
lt, -ae smus
s
s
s
nluertis
mluertis
erti
tulertis
lt, -ae stis
Perfect
s
fuertis
voluertis
s
fuerint
voluerint
nluerint
mluerint
ierint
tulerint
lt, -ae, -a sint
fuissem
voluissem
nluissem
mluissem
ssem
tulissem
ltus, -a essem
fuisss
voluisss
nluisss
mluisss
sss
tulisss
ltus, -a esss
fuisset
voluisset
nluisset
mluisset
sset
tulisset
ltus, -a, -um esset
fuissmu
voluissmus
nluissmu
mluissm
ssm
tulissmus
lt, -ae essmus
s
us
us
nluisstis
mluisstis
ssti
tulisstis
lt, -ae esstis
tulissent
lt, -ae, -a essent
Pluperfect
s
fuisstis
voluisstis
s
fuissent
voluissent
nluissent
ssent
mluissent
99
IRREGULAR VERBS - PARTICIPLES
Active
Sum
Vol
Nl
Ml
—
volns, -ntis
nlns, -ntis
—
perf.
—
—
—
—
fut.
futrus, -a, -um
—
—
—
pres.
—
—
—
—
perf.
—
—
—
(gerundive)
—
—
—
pres.
E
F
—
ins, euntis
—
Fer
ferns, -ntis
—
—
—
ltrus, -a, -um
—
—
—
—
—
—
ltus, -a, -um
—
eundus, -a, -um
—
ferendus, -a, -um
itrus, -a, -um
Passive
IRREGULAR VERBS - INFINITIVES
Active
Sum
Vol
Nl
Ml
E
F
Fer
pres.
esse
velle
nlle
mlle
re
perf.
fuisse
voluisse
nluiss
mluisse
sse
—
tulisse
itrus, -a, -um esse
—
ltrus, -a, -um
fier
ferre
e
fut.
futrus, -a, -um esse
—
—
—
esse
Passive
pres.
—
—
—
—
perf.
—
—
—
—
fut.
—
—
—
—
r
—
itum r
—
ferr
—
ltus, -a, -um esse
—
ltum r
IRREGULAR VERBS - PRESENT IMPERATIVES, ACTIVE AND PASSIVE
Active
Sum
Vol
Nl
Ml
E
F
Fer
es
—
nl
—

f
fer
este
—
nlte
—
te
fte
ferte
—
—
—
—
—
—
ferre
—
—
—
—
—
—
ferimin
Passive
100
DEPONENT VERBS - INDICATIVE
Present
First
Second
Third
Third I-stem
Fourth
cnar
vereor
sequor
patior
mentior
cnris
verris
sequeris
pateris
mentris
cntur
vertur
sequitur
patitur
menttur
cnmur
vermur
sequimur
patimur
mentmur
cnmin
vermin
sequimin
patimin
mentmin
cnantur
verentur
sequuntur
patiuntur
mentiuntur
cnbar
verbar
sequbar
patibar
mentibar
cnbris
verbris
sequbris
patibris
mentibris
cnbtur
verbtur
sequbtur
patibtur
mentibtur
cnbmur
verbmur
sequbmur
patibmur
mentibmur
cnbmin
verbmin
sequbmin
patibmin
mentibmin
cnbantur
verbantur
sequbantur
patibantur
mentibantur
cnbor
verbor
sequar
patiar
mentiar
cnberis
verberis
sequris
patiris
mentiris
cnbitur
verbitur
sequtur
patitur
mentitur
cnbimur
verbimur
sequmur
patimur
mentimur
cnbimin
verbimin
sequmin
patimin
mentimin
cnbuntur
verbuntur
sequentur
patientur
mentientur
cntus, -a sum
veritus, -a sum
sectus, -a sum
passus, -a sum
menttus, -a sum
cntus, -a es
veritus, -a es
sectus, -a es
passus, -a es
menttus, -a es
cntus, -a, -um est
veritus, -a, -um est
sectus, -a, -um est
passus, -a, -um est
menttus, -a, -um
Imperfect
Future
Perfect
est
cnt, -ae sumus
verit, -ae sumus
sect, -ae sumus
pass, -ae sumus
mentt, -ae sumus
cnt, -ae estis
verit, -ae estis
sect, -ae estis
pass, -ae estis
mentt, -ae estis
cnt, -ae, -a
verit, -ae, -a sunt
sect, -ae, -a sunt
pass, -ae, -a sunt
mentt, -ae, -a
sunt
sunt
Pluperfect
cntus, -a eram
veritus, -a eram
sectus, -a eram
passus, -a eram
menttus, -a eram
cntus, -a ers
veritus, -a ers
sectus, -a ers
passus, -a ers
menttus, -a ers
cntus, -a, -um
veritus, -a, -um erat
sectus, -a, -um erat
passus, -a, -um erat
menttus, -a, -um
erat
cnt, -ae
erat
verit, -ae ermus
sect, -a ermus
pass, -ae ermus
ermus
mentt, -ae
ermus
cnt, -ae ertis
verit, -ae ertis
sect, -ae ertis
pass, -ae ertis
mentt, -ae ertis
cnt, -ae, -a
verit, -ae, -a erant
sect, -ae, -a erant
pass, -ae, -a erant
mentt, -ae, -a
erant
erant
Future Perfect
cntus, -a er
veritus, -a er
sectus, -a er
passus, -a er
menttus, -a er
cntus, -a eris
veritus, -a eris
sectus, -a eris
passus, -a eris
menttus, -a eris
101
cntus, -a, -um
veritus, -a, -um erit
sectus, -a, -um erit
passus, -a, -um erit
erit
menttus, -a, -um
erit
cnt, -ae erimus
verit, -ae erimus
sect, -ae erimus
pass, -ae erimus
mentt, -ae erimus
cnt, -ae eritis
verit, -ae eritis
sect, -ae eritis
pass, -ae eritis
mentt, -ae eritis
cnt, -e, -a
verit, -ae, -a erunt
sect, -ae, -a erunt
pass, -ae, -a erunt
mentt, -ae, -a
erunt
erunt
DEPONENT VERBS - SUBJUNCTIVE
Present
First
Second
Third
Third I-stem
Fourth
cner
verear
sequar
patiar
mentiar
cnris
verris
sequris
patiris
mentiris
cntur
vertur
sequtur
patitur
mentitur
cnmur
vermur
sequmur
patimur
mentimur
cnmin
vermin
sequmin
patimin
mentimin
cnentur
verentur
sequntur
patintur
mentintur
cnrer
verrer
sequerer
paterer
mentrer
cnrris
verrris
sequerris
paterris
mentrris
cnrtur
verrtur
sequertur
patertur
mentrtur
cnrmur
verrmur
sequermur
patermur
mentrmur
cnrmin
verrmin
sequermin
patermin
mentrmin
cnrentur
verrentur
sequerentur
paterentur
mentrentur
cntus, -a sim
veritus, -a sim
sectus, -a sim
passus, -a sim
menttus, -a sim
cntus, -a ss
veritus, -a ss
sectus, -a ss
passus, -a ss
menttus, -a ss
cntus, -a, -um sit
veritus, -a, -um sit
sectus, -a, -um sit
passus, -a, -um sit
menttus, -a, -um sit
cnt, -ae
verit, -ae smus
sect, -ae smus
pass, -ae smus
mentt, -ae smus
cnt, -ae stis
verit, -ae stis
sect, -ae stis
pass, -ae stis
mentt, -ae stis
cnt, -ae, -a sint
verit, -ae, -a sint
sect, -ae, -a sint
pass, -ae, -a sint
mentt, -ae, -a sint
cntus, -a essem
veritus, -a essem
sectus, -a essem
passus, -a essem
menttus, -a essem
cntus, -a esss
veritus, -a esss
sectus, -a esss
passus, -a esss
menttus, -a esss
cntus, -a, -um
veritus, -a, -um esset
sectus, -a, -um
passus, -a, -um esset
menttus, -a, -um
Imperfect
Perfect
smus
Pluperfect
esset
cnt, -ae
esset
esset
verit, -ae essmus
sect, -a essmus
pass, -ae essmus
verit, -ae esstis
sect, -ae esstis
pass, -ae esstis
mentt, -ae esstis
verit, -ae, -a essent
sect, -ae, -a
pass, -ae, -a essent
mentt, -ae, -a
essmus
cnt, -ae
mentt, -ae
essmus
esstis
cnt, -ae, -a
essent
essent
102
essent
DEPONENT VERBS - PARTICIPLES
First
Second
Third
Third I-stem
Fourth
pres.
cnns, -ntis
verns, -ntis
sequns, -ntis
patins, -ntis
mentins, -ntis
perf.
cntus, -a, -um
veritus, -a, -um
sectus, -a, -um
passus, -a, -um
menttus, -a, -um
cntrus, -a, -um
veritrus, -a, -um
sectrus, -a, -um
passrus, -a, -um
menttrus, -a, -um
conandus, -a, -um
verendus, -a, -um
sequendus, -a, -um
patiendus, -a, -um
mentiendus, -a, -um
fut. act.
(gerundive)
DEPONENT VERBS - INFINITIVES
First
Second
Third
Third I-stem
Fourth
pres.
cnr
verr
sequ
pat
mentr
perf.
cntus, -a, -um esse
veritus, -a, -um esse
sectus, -a, -um esse
passus, -a, -um esse
menttus, -a, -um esse
cntrus, -a, -um
veritrus, -a, -um esse
sectrus, -a, -um
passrus, -a, -um
menttrus, -a, -um
esse
esse
esse
fut.
esse
DEPONENT VERBS - PRESENT IMPERATIVES
First
singular
plural
Second
Third
Third I-stem
Fourth
cnre
verre
sequere
patere
mentre
cnmin
vermin
sequimin
patimin
mentmin
103
FIVE NOUN DECLENSIONS
First
Second
(F / M)
Singular
Nom.
(M / N)
F
puella
Third
M
(M / F / N)
N
dominus
Third I-stem
M
(M / F / N)
N

verbum
Fourth
F
Fifth
(M / N)
(M / F)
N
M
N
F
opus
nvis
mare
gradus
corn
s
operis
nvis
maris
grads

re

Gen.
puellae
domin

verb

Dat.
puellae
domin


verb
oper
nv
mar
grad
corn
re
opus
nvem
mare
grad
corn
rm
opere
nve
mar
grad
corn
r
opera
nvs
maria
grads
corn
rs
operum
nvium
marium
grad
corn




grad
corn
rbus



Acc.
puellam
dominum

verbum

Abl.
puell
domin

verb

Plural
Nom.
puellae
domin

verba

Gen.
puellru
m
Dat.
puells
dominru
m
domins
verbru

m


verbs
operibus

nvibu
maribus
s


Acc.
puells
domins
verba
Abl.
puells
domins
verbs
opera
nvs
maria
grads
corn
rs
operibus
nvibu
maribus
grad
corn
rbus





s

ADJECTIVE DECLENSIONS
First and Second Declension
Singular
Plural
M
F
N
M
F
N
Nom.
bonus
bona
bonum
bon
bonae
bona
Gen.
bon
bonae
bon
bonrum
bonrum
bonrum
Dat.
bon
bonae
bon
bons
bons
bons
Acc.
bonum
bonam
bonum
bons

bona
Abl.
bon
bon
bon
bons
bons
bons
Singular
M
Plural
F
N
M
F
N
Nom.
sacer
sacra
sacrum
sacr
sacrae
sacra
Gen.
sacr
sacrae
sacr
sacrrum
sacrrum
sacrrum
104
Dat.
sacr
sacrae
sacr
sacrs
sacr
sacrs
Acc.
sacrum
sacram
sacrum
sacrs
sacrs
sacr
Abl.


sacr

sacrs
sacrs

s
Singular
Plural
M
F
miser
misera
miserum
miser
miserae
misera
Gen.
miser
miserae
miser
miserrum
miserrum
miserrum
Dat.
miser
miserae
miser
misers
misers
misers
Acc.
miserum
miseram
miserum


misera
s
s
misers
misers
Nom.
Abl.
miser
N
miser
M
miser
F
N
misers
Third Declension
Three Terminations
Singular
Plural
F
M
N
M
F
N
Nom.
cer
cris
cre
crs
crs
cria
Gen.
cris
cris
cris
crium
crium
crium
Dat.
cr
cr
cr
cr
cr
cr



crs, -
crs, -
cria
s
s
cr
cr
cr



Acc.
Abl.
crem
crem
cr
cre
cr
cr
Two Terminations
Singular
M/F
N
One Termination
Plural
Singular
M/F
N
Nom.
omnis
omne
omns
omnia
Gen.
omnis
omnis
omnium
omnium
Dat.
omn
omn
omnibus
omnibus
M/F
Nom.
Plural
N
M/F
N
flx
flx
flcs
flcia
Gen.
flcis
flcis
flcium
flcium
Dat.
flc
flc
flc
flc


flcs, -
flcia
Acc.
omnem
omne
omns, -s
omnia
Acc.
Abl.
omn
omn
omnibus
omnibus
Abl.
lce
flx
s
m
flc
lc
flc
flc



Participle Declensions
First Conjugation
Singular
M/F
Second Conjugation
Plural
N
Singular
M/F
N
M/F
Plural
N
M/F
N
Nom.
amns
amns
amants
amantia
monns
monns
monents
monentia
Gen.
amantis
amantis
amantium
amantium
monentis
monentis
monentium
monentium
Dat.
amant
amant
amantibus
amantibus
monent
monent
monentibus
monentibus
Acc.
amantem
amns
amants, -
amantia
monentem
monns
monents, -
monentia
105
s
Abl.
amant
amant
s
amantibus
amantibus
monent
monent
Third Conjugation
Singular
M/F
monentibus
Third Conjugation I-stem
Plural
N
monentibus
M/F
Singular
N
M/F
Plural
N
M/F
N
Nom.
dcns
dcns
dcents
dcentia
capins
capins
capients
capientia
Gen.
dcentis
dcentis
dcentium
dcentium
capientis
capientis
capientium
capientium
Dat.
dcent
dcent
dcentibus
dcentibus
capient
capient
capientibus
capientibus
Acc.
dcentem
dcens
dcents, -
dcentia
capients
capins
capients, -
capientia
s
Abl.
dcent
dcent
s
dcentibus
dcentibus
capient
capient
Fourth Conjugation
Singular
M/F
Plural
N
M/F
N
Nom.
audins
audins
audients
audientia
Gen.
audientis
audientis
audientium
audientium
Dat.
audient
audient
audientibus
audientibus
Acc.
audients
audins
audients, -
audientia
s
Abl.
audient
audient
106
audientibus
audientibus
capientibus
capientibus
COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES
Comparative Adjective
Singular
M/F
Nom.
Plural
N
M/F
N
longior
longius
longirs
longira
Gen.
longiris
longiris
longirum
longirum
Dat.
longir
longir
longiribus
longiribus
Acc.
longirem
longius
longirs
longira
Abl.
longire
longire
longiribus
longiribus
Irregular Comparison of Adjectives
Positive
Comparative
Superlative
bonus, -a, -um good
melior, melius better
optimus, -a, -um
best
malus, -a, -um bad
peior, peius worse
pessimus, -a, -um worst
magnus, -a, -um great
maior, maius greater
maximus, -a, -um greatest
parvus, -a, -um small
minor, minus smaller
minimus, -a, -um
multus, -a, -um much, many
sg. pls (neuter noun only) more
plrimus, -a, -um most, very many
smallest
pl. plrs, plra several, more
COMPARISON OF ADVERBS
Regular Comparison of Adverbs
Positive Adverb
Comparative Adverb
criter keenly
crius more keenly
alt deeply
altius more deeply
Superlative Adverb
cerrim
very
keenly
altissim
very
deeply
facile easily
facilius more easily
facillim
very
miser unhappily
miserius more unhappily
miserrim very unhappily
sapienter wisely
sapientius more wisely
sapientissim very wisely
easily
Irregular Comparison of Adverbs
Positive Adverb
Comparative Adverb
Superlative Adverb
bene well
melius better
optim best
male badly
peius worse
pessim worst
magnopere greatly
magis more (quality)
maxim most, especially
parum too little
minus less
minim least
multum much
pls more (quantity)
plrimum most , very much
di for a long time
ditius for a longer time
ditissim for the longest time
107
PRONOUN DECLENSIONS
Personal Pronouns
1st person
Nom.
2nd person
3rd person
ego
t
is
ea
id
Gen.
me
tu
eius
eius
eius
Dat.
mihi
tibi
e
e
e
Acc.
m
t
eum
eam
id
Abl.
m
t
e
e
e
Nom.
ns
vs
e
eae
ea
nostrum,
vestrum,
erum
erum
erum
nostr
vestr
Gen.
Dat.
nbs
vbs
es
es
es
Acc.
ns
vs
es
es
ea
Abl.
nbs
vbs
es
es
es
Reflexive Pronouns
1st person
2nd person
3rd person
—
—
—
Gen.
me
tu
su
Dat.
mihi
tibi
sibi
Acc.
m
t
s (ss)
Abl.
m
t
s (ss)
—
—
—
Gen.
nostr
vestr
su
Dat.
nbs
vbs
sibi
Acc.
ns
vs
s (ss)
Abl.
nbs
vbs
s (ss)
Nom.
Nom.
Relative Pronoun
Singular
M
Plural
F
N
M
F
N
Nom.
qu
quae
quod
qu
quae
quae
Gen.
cuius
cuius
cuius
qurum
qurum
qurum
Dat.
cu
cu
cu
quibus
quibus
quibus
Acc.
quem
quam
quod
qus
qus
quae
Abl.
qu
qu
qu
quibus
quibus
quibus
DEMONSTRATIVES
Hic, Haec, Hoc
Singular
M
Nom.
Plural
F
N
M
F
N
hic
haec
hoc
h
hae
haec
Gen.
huius
huius
huius
hrum
hrum
hrum
Dat.
huic
huic
huic
hs
hs
hs
Acc.
hunc
hanc
hoc
hs
hs
haec
108
Abl.
hc
hc
hc
hs
hs
hs
Ille, Illa, Illud
Singular
M
Nom.
Plural
F
N
M
F
N
ille
illa
illud
ill
illae
illa
Gen.
illus
illus
illus
illrum
illrum
illrum
Dat.
ill
ill
ill
ills
ills
ills
Acc.
illum
illam
illud
ills
ills
illa
Abl.
ill
ill
ill
ills
ills
ills
Is, Ea, Id
Singular
M
Nom.
Plural
F
N
M
F
N
is
ea
id
e
eae
ea
Gen.
eius
eius
eius
erum
erum
erum
Dat.
e
e
e
es
es
es
Acc.
eum
eam
id
es
es
ea
Abl.
e
e
e
es
es
es
dem, Eadem, Idem
M
Singular
F
N
M
Plural
F
N
dem
eadem
idem
edem
eaedem
eadem
Gen.
eiusdem
eiusdem
eiusdem
erundem
erundem
erundem
Dat.
edem
edem
edem
esdem
esdem
esdem
Acc.
eundem
eandem
idem
esdem
esdem
eadem
Abl.
edem
edem
edem
esdem
esdem
esdem
Nom.
Iste, Ista, Istud
Singular
M
Nom.
Plural
F
N
M
F
N
iste
ista
istud
ist
istae
ista
Gen.
istus
istus
istus
istrum
istrum
istrum
Dat.
ist
ist
ist
ists
ists
ists
Acc.
istum
istam
istud
ists
ists
ista
Abl.
ist
ist
ist
ists
ists
ists
Intensive
Ipse, Ipsa, Ipsum
Singular
M
Nom.
F
Plural
N
M
F
N
ipse
ipsa
ipsum
ips
ipsae
ipsa
Gen.
ipsus
ipsus
ipsus
ipsrum
ipsrum
ipsrum
Dat.
ips
ips
ips
ipss
ipss
ipss
Acc.
ipsum
ipsam
ipsum
ipss
ipss
ipsa
Abl.
ips
ips
ips
ipss
ipss
ipss
109
NUMERALS
Arabic
Roman Numeral
Cardinal
Ordinal
1
I
nus, -a, -um
prmus, -a, -um
2
II
duo, duae, duo
secundus, -a, -um
3
III
trs, tria
tertius, -a, -um
4
IV
quattuor
qurtus, -a, -um
5
V
quinque
quntus, -a, -um
6
VI
sex
sextus, -a, -um
7
VII
septem
septimus, -a, -um
8
VIII
octo
octvus, -a, -um
9
IX
novem
nnus, -a, -um
10
X
decem
decimus, -a, -um
100
C
centum
centsimus, -a, -um
200
CC
ducent, -ae, -
ducentsimus, -a, -um
a
300
CCC
trecent, -ae, a
110
trecentsimus, -a, -um
CLASSIFIED VOCABULARY
VERBS
postul (1), demand
1st Conjugation
praest, -re, praestit, praestatum, exhibit, show
pugn (1), fight
adlig (1), bind, tie
puto (1), consider, think
am (1), like, love
rog (1), ask
appell, (1), accost, address, name
serv (1), guard, save, watch over
appropinqu, (1), approach
spr (1), hope
cant (1), sing
st, -re, stet, statum, stand
clm (1), shout
super (1), surpass
confrm (1), encourage, strengthen
tempt (1), test, try
compar (1) , achieve, gather, prepare
turb (1), disturb, stir up
cnor (1), attempt, try
vet, -re, vetu, vetitum, forbid, order . . . not
convoc (1), call together
vt (1), avoid, escape
cre (1), create, elect
voc (1), call
dlber (1), consider, deliberate
vol (1), fly
dplr (1), lament, mourn
vulner (1), hurt, wound
dvor (1), devour, swallow
err (1), make a mistake, wander
2nd Conjugation
exanim (1), exhaust
excit (1), awaken, rouse
arde, -re, ars, arsrus, be inflamed, blaze, burn
existim (1), consider, regard, think
auge, -re, aux, auctum, increase
expugn (1), storm
contine, -re, continu, contentum, contain, hold
exspect (1), look out
together, sustain
habit (1), dwell, live in
dle, -re, dlv, dltum, destroy
hortor (1), encourage
doce, -re, docu, doctum, teach
ignr (1), have no knowledge of, demand
dole, -re, dolu, dolitum, grieve
imper (1), order, obtain (by asking)
exerce, -re, exercu, exercitum, train
import (1), bring in, carry in
fave, -re, fv, fautum (+dat.), favor, support
incit (1), arouse, urge on
fle, flre, flv, fltum, weep
iuv, -re, iv, itum, help
habe -re, habu, habitum, consider, have, hold
laud (1), praise
iube, iubre, iuss, iussum, bid, command, order
lber (1), free, liberate
mane, -re, mns, mnsum, remain, stay
memor (1), bring up, mention
mone, -re, monu, monitum, advise, warn
mror (1), be amazed, be surprised, wonder at
move, -re, mv, mtum, move
monstr (1), show
noce, nocre, nocu, nocitum (+dat.), harm
mt (1), change, transform
obtine, -re, obtinu, obtentum , hold, obtain
nrr (1), tell, relate
pre, -re, pru, pritum (+dat), obey
nnti (1), announce, report
persuade, -re, persuas, persuasum (+dat.),
obsecr (1), beg, beseech
persuade
occup (1), seize
pertine, -re, pertinu, pertentum, extend, pertain
opt (1), desire
place, -re, placu, placitum (+dat.), be pleasing
or (1), beg, beseech
prohibe, -re, prohibu, prohibitum, deny, keep off,
par (1), prepare
prevent
port (1), carry
reor, rr, ratus sum, imagine, suppose, think
111
responde, -re, respond, responsum, answer,
cnstitu, -ere, cnstitu, cnstittum, decide,
respond
determine, establish
retine, -re, retinu, retentum, hold back, restrain
cnsul, -ere, cnsulu, cnsultum, consult,
sede, -re, sd, sessum, sit
resolve
stude, -re, studu, ----, (+dat.) be eager for, desire
conteg, -ere, contx, contctum, cover
sustine, -re, sustinu, sustentum, hold (up),
contend, -ere, contend, contentum, compete, hurry,
sustain
make effort, march, strive
tene, -re, tenu, tentum, contain, hold
crd, -ere, crdid, crditum (dat.), believe,
terre, -re, terru, territum, frighten
entrust
time, timre, timu, -----, be afraid of, fear
curr, -ere, cucurr, cursum, hasten, run
tueor, tur, tuitum, observe, protect, scan
ddc, -ere, ddx, dductum, draw (a
vereor, verr, veritus, fear, respect
weapon), lead away, remove
vide, -re, vd, vsum, see, (pass.) appear, be
dfend, -ere, dfend, dfnsum, defend
seen, seem
dlig, -ere, dlg, dlectum, choose
dpn, -ere, dposu, dpositum, put down
3rd Conjugation
dscend, -ere, dscend, dscnsum, descend
dc, -ere, dx, dictum, say, speak, tell
abscd, -ere, -cd, -csum, cut away, cut off
dmitt, -ere, dms, dmissum, dismiss, send
accd, -ere, access, accessum, approach, come up
away
to, go towards
discd, -ere, discess, discessum, depart, leave,
accipi, -ere, -cp, -ceptum, receive
withdraw
accurr, -ere, accurs, accursum, run to
disc, -ere, didic,----, learn
addc, -ere, addx, adductum, lead to, influence
dc, -ere, dx, ductum, lead
admitt, -ere, adms, admissum, admit, allow
d, -ere, did, ditum, give out, lead out,
ag, -ere, g, actum, deal with, do, drive, treat
unsheath
mitt, -ere, ms, missum, lose, send away
rump, -ere, rp, ruptus, break out, burst out
animadvert, -ere, animadvert, animadversum,
excd, -ere, excess, excessum, depart, go out
notice, pay attention to
excipio, -ere, excp, exceptum, greet, receive
ascend, -ere, ascend, ascnsum, ascend
exig, -ere, exg, exactum, collect, demand, drive
cd, -ere, cess, cessum, go, yield
out, finish (a life)
cern, -ere, crv, crtum, decide, discern,
expn, -ere, exposu, expositum, explain, expose
perceive
extrah, -ere, extrx, extrctum, drag out
cog, -ere, cog, coactum, compel, drive together,
exu, -ere, exu, extum, put off, take off
collect, force, gather
fing, -ere,finx, fictus, compose, fashion, imagine,
colloquor, colloqu, colloctus sum, converse
make, make up
committ, -ere, comms, commissum, engage,
fruor, fru, fructus sum (+abl.), enjoy, profit from
entrust
fungor, fung, functus sum (+abl.), perform
comprehend, -ere, -hend, -hensum, grasp, seize
ger, gerere, gess, gestum, carry on
concd, -ere, concess, concessum, grant, yield
ignosc, -ere, ignv, igntum (+dat.), forgive
cond, -ere, condid, conditum, bury, found (a city)
incd, -ere, incess, incessum, go in
confd, -ere, confsus sum, (semi-deponent), trust
incend, -ere, incend, incensum, burn, outrage, set
conscrb, -ere, conscrps, conscrptum, enlist,
fire to
enroll
incld, -ere, incls, inclsum, enclose,
cnsequor, cnsequ, cnsectus sum, follow,
imprison, shut up
gain, pursue
incol, -ere, incolu, ----, inhabit
cnsist, -ere, cnstit, cnstitum, stop
indc, -ere, indx, inductum, influence, lead in
indu, -ere, indu, indtum, clothe
112
indu, -ere, indu, indtum, put on
trah, -ere, trx, trctum, drag
inrump, -ere, inrp,inruptum, burst in
transg, -ere, transg, transactum, accomplish,
intelleg, -ere, intellg, intellectum, understand
finish, pierce, run through
tor, t, sus sum (+abl.), enjoy, experience, use
intercld, -ere, intercls, interclsum, block,
shut off, stop
vert, -ere, vert, versum, turn
lbor, lb, lapsus sum, collapse, slip
vescor, vesc, ---- (+abl.), eat, feed on
leg, -ere, lg, lctum, choose, pick out, read
vinc, -ere, vc, victum, conquer, defeat
loquor, loqui, loctus sum, speak, talk
vv, -ere, vx, vctum, live
merg, -ere, mers, mersum, plunge, sink
volv, -ere, volv, voltum, roll
mitt, -ere, ms, missum, send
nanciscor, nancisc, nactus sum, get, obtain
nascor, nasc, ntus sum, be born
3rd Conjugation I-stem
oblviscor, oblvisc, obltus sum, forget
offend, -ere, offend, offnsum, offend
affici, -ere, affc, affectum, affect, do to, move,
ostend, -ere, ostend, ostentum, stretch out before,
treat
display, show
aggredior, aggred, aggressus sum, approach, attack
parc, -cere, peperc,----(+dat.), spare
capi, -ere, cp, captum, capture, seize, take
perdc, -ere, perdx, perductum, lead through
confici, -ere, confc, confectum, accomplish,
pet, -ere, petiv, pettum, ask for, seek
finish, make ready
pn, -ere, posu, positum, place, put, set up
conici, -ere, conic, coniectum, cast, hurl, throw,
praecipi, -ere, praecp, praeceptum, advise,
throw together
direct, order, set out
conspici, -ere, conspex, conspectum, catch sight
quaer, -ere, quaesv, quaestum, ask, seek
of, observe, spot
recipi, -ere, recp, receptum, accept, receive
cupi, -ere, cupv, cuptum, desire, long for, wish
redd, -ere, reddidi, redditum, give back
dfici, -ere, dfc, dfectum, fail, fall away
redg, -ere, redg, redactum, drive back
despici, -ere, despex, despectum, look down on
reg, -ere, rx, rctum, rule
effici, -ere, effc, effectum, cause, effect, bring
relinqu, -ere, relqu, relictum, leave, leave behind
about
remitt, -ere, rems, remissum, send back
gredior, gred, gressus sum, go out, leave
revert, -ere, revert, ---- (usu, deponent in pres.),
ripi, -ere, ripu, reptum, rescue, snatch
return, turn back
faci, -ere, fc, factum, do, make
scrb, -ere, scrps, scrptum, write
fugi, -ere, fg, fugitrus, avoid, flee, run away
sequor, sequ, secutus sum, follow
incipi, -ere, incp, inceptum, begin
solv, -ere, solv, soltum, release, unbind, loosen,
infici, -ere, infc, infectum, dye, stain
untie
inspici, -ere, inspex, inspectum, look into or upon
sm, -ere, smps, smpsum, take up
interficio, -ere, -fc, -fectum, kill
surg, -ere, surrx, surrctum, rise, stretch
morior, mor, mortuus sum, die
upward, swell
patior, pat, passus sum, endure, experience, suffer
suscipi, -ere, suscp, susceptum, support, take up,
perfici, -ere, perfc, perfectum, complete, finish,
undertake
perfect
teg, -ere, tx, tctum, conceal, cover, shelter
perspici, -ere, perspex, perspectum, examine,
tend, -ere, tetend, tentum, extend, proceed, stretch
observe
out
prgredior, prgred, prgressus sum, advance, go
toll, tollere, sustul, subltum, lift, raise
forward, march forward
trd, -ere, trdid, trditum, hand across, hand
refici, -ere, refc, refectum, repair, restore
down
trdc, -ere, trdux, trductum, lead across
4th Conjugation
113
nl, nlle, nlu, -----, be unwilling, not to want,
adorior, adorr, adortus sum, attack
not to wish
aperi, re, aperu, apertum, open, reveal, uncover
perfer, perferre, pertul, perltum, endure, report
audi, -re, audv, audtum, hear, listen to
possum, posse, potu, -----, be able, can
conveni, re, convn, conventum, come
praetere, -re, preateriv/-i, praeteritum, go past,
together, convene, meet
skip
dormi, - re, dormv, dormitum , sleep
rede, -re, redi (-v), reditum, go back, return
experior, experr, expertus sum, experience, test, try
refer, referre, retul, relatum, bring back, bring
fini, -re, finv/fini, finitum, define, limit
back, carry back, relate
inveni, -re, invn, inventum, come upon, find
sube, -re, subi (subv), subitum, undergo
mentior, mentr, menttus sum, tell a lie
sum, esse, fu, futrus, be
mni, -re, mnv, mntum, fortify, build
toll tollere, sustul, subltum, lift, raise
nesci, nescre, nescv/nesci, nesctus, not
vol, velle, volu, -----, want, wish
know
orior, -r, ortus sum, rise, appear
Impersonals
perveni, -re, pervn, perventum, arrive, come to
potior, -r, pottum sum, gain possession of
licet, licre, licuit or licitum est, it is permitted
puni, -re, pnv, pntum, punish
necesse esse, it is necessary
reperi, -re, repper, repertum, discover, find (by
oportet, oportere, oportuit, it is fitting
looking)
sci, -re, scv (or sci), sctum, know
NOUNS
senti, -re, sns, snsum, feel, perceive
1st Declension: Feminine
veni, -re, vn, ventum, come
amcitia,-ae, f., friendship
Irregular
aqua, -ae f., water
causa, -ae f., cause
abe, abre, abi (-v), abtum,, go away
cpia, cpiae f., abundance, supply, pl. provisions,
absum, abesse, fu, futrus, be away
troops
ade, adre, adi (-v), aditum, go toward, go to
cra, -ae f., care, concern, worry
adsum, adesse, adfu, adfutrus, be present
dea, -ae f., goddess
affer, afferre, attul, alltum, bring, carry toward,
diligentia, -ae, f., diligence
convey
dextera, -ae, f., right hand
loquentia,-ae f., eloquence
confer, conferre, contul, colltum, bring together,
(with s) go
epistula, -ae f., letter
dsum, desse, dfu, dfutrus (+dat.), be
fma, -ae f., glory, reputation, rumor
lacking, fail
familia, familiae f., family, household slaves
differ, differre, distul, diltum, defer, differ,
flia, -ae f., daughter
scatter
flamma, -ae f., flame
do, dare, ded, datum, give
forma, formae f., form
e, re, i(v), itum, go
fortna, -ae f., fortune, luck
exe, -re, exv/exi, extum, go out, withdraw
fuga, -ae f., escape, flight
fer, ferre, tul, ltum, bear, bring, carry, endure
galea, -ae f., helmet
fi, fir, factus sum, be made, become, happen
gloria, gloriae f., fame, glory
ine, -re, ini (inv), initum, go in, enter, adopt
gratia, -ae f., favor (pl.) thanks
(plan)
hra, -ae f., hour
ml, mlle, mlu, -----, prefer
inimcitia,-ae f., enmity, hostility, unfriendliness
memin, meminisse, be mindful of, remember
inopia, inopiae f., lack
114
insula, -ae f., island
discipulus, - m., student
invidia, -ae f., envy, hatred, jealousy
discus,  m., discus
ra, -ae f., anger, wrath
dominus, - m., master
lacrima, -ae f., tear
equus,  m., horse
littera,-ae, f., letter (of the alphabet), (pl.). letter,
flius, - m., son
literature
gladius, - m., sword
memoria, memoriae f., memory
lgtus,-, m., envoy, legate
mora, -ae f., delay
liber, libr m, book
ntra,-ae f., character, nature
lber,-rum m., children
ra, -ae f., edge, rim, shore
locus, - m (loca, -rum n. pl.), place
patria, -ae, native land
ldus, - m., game, sport
pecnia,-ae, f., money
magister, magistr m., teacher
poena, -ae f., punishment
modus, - m., manner, way
porta, -ae f., gate
mrus, - m., wall
prvincia,-ae, f., province
numerus,-, m., number
puella, -ae f., girl
nntius, - m., messenger
rgia, -ae f., palace
oculus, - m., eye
rgna, -ae f., queen
populus,-, m., people
sententia,-ae, f., opinion
puer, puer m, boy
silva, -ae f., forest, woods
servus, - m., slave
sinistra, -ae f., left hand
socius, - m., ally
terra, -ae f., country, earth, land
somnus,  m., sleep
umbra, -ae f., ghost, shadow
tribnus,-, tribune
unda, -ae f., wave
umerus, - m., shoulder
vespera,-ae f., evening
ventus,  m., wind
via, -ae f., road, way
vesper, vesperis m., evening
vta, -ae f., life
vcus,-, m., village
vir, vir m., man
1st Declension: Masculine
2nd Declension: Neuter
agricola, -ae m., farmer
incola, -ae m., inhabitant
arma, -rum n. pl., arms
nauta, -ae m., sailor
aurum, - n., gold
prta, -ae m., pirate
auxilium,-, n., aid, help
pota, -ae m., poet
bellum,  n., war
scrba, -ae m., secretary, writer
beneficium,-, n., favor, help, kindness, support,
benefit, service
2nd Declension: Masculine
caelum, - n., air, heaven, sky
castra, -rum n. pl., camp
ager, agr m., field
collum, - n., neck
amcus, - m, friend
cnsilium, - n, plan
animus, - m., spirit, mind (pl.) bravery
donum, - n., gift
annus, - m., year
factum,  n., deed
avus, - m., grandfather
ftum, - n., fate
campus, - m., field, plain, playing field
ferrum, - n., iron, sword
cibus,-, m., food
forum,- n., forum, marketplace
deus, - m., god
gaudium,- n., joy, gladness
115
impedmentum,-, m., hindrance, (pl.). baggage
lberts,-ttis, f., freedom
imperium, - n., power, rule
lx, lcis f., light
ingenium,- n., character, innate quality
mter, mtris f., mother
monstrum, - n., monster
mens, mentis (-ium) f., intention, mind
negtium,- n., business
mors, mortis (-ium) f., death
nimium,- n., excess
mulier, mulieris f., woman
officium,- n., duty, office
multitd, multitdinis f., crowd, multitude
rculum, - n., oracle
nvis, nvis (-ium) f., ship
perculum, - n., danger, peril
nox, noctis (-ium) f., night
praemium,- n., prize, reward
ops, opis f., power, (pl.) resources
praesidium,- n., assistance, defense, protection
rti, rtinis f., speech
rgnum, - n., kingdom
pars, partis (-ium) f , direction, part
saxum, - n., rock, stone
pax, pacis, f., peace
signum,- n., sign,. signal, standard
plebs, plebis f., common people, plebs
spatium,- n., room, space
potests,-ttis, f., power
studium,-i n., devotion, eagerness, enthusiasm,
quis, quitis f., quiet, rest, sleep
keenness
rati, ratinis f., reason, theory
tantum,- n., so much
salus, saltis f, safety(personal), well-being
tlum,  n., javelin, weapon
sds, sdis f., abode, seat
tergum, - n., back
servits, servittis f., slavery
verbum, - n., word
sollicitd, sollicitdinis f., care, worry
vinculum,- n., chain, fetter, bond
soror, sorris f., sister
tells, tellris f., earth, ground, land
3rd Declension: Feminine
tempests, tempesttis f., storm, tempest, weather
urbs, urbis (-ium) f., city
aets,-ttis, f., age
uxor, uxris f., wife
arbor, arbris, f., tree
virg, virginis f., maiden
ars, artis f., craft, skill, trade
virts, virttis f, courage, excellence, strength, virtue
arx, arcis,f., citadel
vs, vs f. (pl. vrs, vrium), force, power, (pl.)
auctrits,-ttis, f., , authority, influence
strength
celerits, celerittis, f., speed, swiftness
vx, vcis f., voice
cvits,-ttis, f., citizenship, state
continens, continentis f., mainland
3rd Declension: Masculine
cupidits,-ttis, f., desire, greed
difficults,-ttis, f., difficulty
amor, amris, m., love
facti, factinis, faction
clmor, clmris, m., noise, shout
facults, faculttis f., ability, opportunity, power,
cnsul, cnsulis m., consul
skill
custs, custdis, m., guard, guardian, protector
falx, falcis, f., sickle, sword (curved)
dolor, dolris m., grief, pain
fams, famis f., famine, hunger
dux, ducis m., leader
forte (in abl.), by chance
eques, equitis m.,
gns, gentis (-ium) f., nation, tribe
eques, equitis m., horseman, (pl.) cavalry
gravits, gravittis f., hardness, seriousness, severity,
fnis, -is (-ium) m., end, (pl.) territory
weight
frter, frtris m., brother
hiems, hiemis f., winter
furor, -ris m., fury, rage
laus, laudis f., praise
hom, hominis m., human, man
lx, lgis f., law
honor, honris m., honor, esteem, office
116
hostis, hostis (-ium) m., enemy
lmen, lminis n., light
ignis, -is (ium) m., fire
mare, maris (ium) n., sea
iuvenis, -is m., youth, young man
moenia, -ium n. pl., walls
labor, labris m., hardship, labor, work
mnus, mneris n., function, task, gift (of the gods)
mirs, -um m.,, ancestors
nmen, nminis n., name
mles, mlitis m., soldier
nmen, nminis n., consent, nod, will (divine)
mns, montis (-ium) m., mountain
onus, oneris n., burden
ms, mris, custom, (pl.). behavior, character
opus, operis n., task, work
nm, nminis m., no one, nobody
s, oris n., mouth
ord, ordinis m., order, rank
pectus, pectoris n., breast, chest, heart
pater, patris m., father
pls, plris n., more, too much
pavor, pavris m., panic, terror
rs, rris n., country, countryside
ps, pedis m., foot
scelus, sceleris n., crime
pns, pontis (-ium) m., bridge
sdus, sderis n., star
princeps, principis m., chief, leader
tempus, tempris n., time
rx, rgis m., king
rmor, rmris m., rumor
4th Declension: Feminine
sanguis, sanguinis m., blood
senex, senis m., old man
domus, -s, f, home, household
sl, slis, m, sun
manus, -s f, band, hand
spont, (abl. only), of one’s own accord, voluntarily
terror, terrris m., fear, terror
4th Declension: Masculine
timor, timris m., fear
vts, vtis m., prophet, seer
adventus,-s, m., approach, arrival
csus, -s m., chance, fall, misfortune
3rd Declension: Masculine and Feminine
cnspectus,-s, m., sight
cursus,-s, m., course
adulscns, adulscentis m./f., youth
exercitus, -s m., army
anguis, -is m./f., serpent, snake
flctus, -s m.,
cvis, cvis (-ium) m/f, citizen
flctus, -s m., wave, flood, sea
comes, comitis m./f., companion
fremitus, -s m., groan, roar, rumble
coniunx, coniugis m./f., spouse
fructus, -s m., benefit, enjoyment, fruit
infans, infantis (-ium) m/f, infant
gradus, -s m., step
ictus, -s m., blow, strike
3rd Declension: Neuter
impetus,-s, m., attack, attack
magistrtus,-s, m., magistracy, magistrate
aes, aeris n., bronze, copper
metus,-s, m., fear
agmen, agminis n., column (of men)
reditus, -s m., return
caput, capitis n., head
sentus, -s m., senate
carmen, carminis n, song
sinus, -s m., bosom, embrace
certmen, certminis n., contest, struggle
sus, -s m., application, practice, skill, use
corpus, corporis n., body
decus, decoris n., dignity, glory, honor
4th Declension: Neuter
genus, -eris n., kind, sort
iter, itineris n., journey, road, way
corn, -s n, horn, wing (of an army)
is, iris n., right, law
ltus, ltoris n., beach, coast, shore
5th Declension
117
amcus, -a, -um, friendly
dis, - m, day
angustus,-a,-um,, narrow
fids, -e f, faith, loyalty
antquus, -a, -um, ancient
rs, re f., affair, matter, thing, situation
aptus,-a,-um, appropriate
specis, - f., appearance, sight
ter, tra, trum, black, dark
sps, spe f., hope
avidus,-a,-um, eager, greedy
betus, -a, -um, blessed, happy
Indeclinable
bellus,-a,-um, fine, handsome, nice, pretty
bonus, -a, -um, good
nefs (indecl.) n., evil, wrong
crus, -a, -um, dear
nihil (indecl.) n., nothing
certus, -a, -um, certain, set
cter, -ae, -a, the remaining, the rest
Proper Nouns
cupidus,-a,-um, eager, greedy, longing
desertus, -a, -um, deserted
Aethips, Aethiopis m., Ethiopian
dexter, dextera, dexterum, right
Aqutnia, -ae f, province in S. W. Gaul
dignus,-a,-um, worthy
Asia, -ae f., Asia
dvnus,-a,-um, divine, heavenly
Britannia, -ae f, Britain
dvus, -a, -um, divine
Brundisium,  n. Brundisium
doctus,-a,-um, learned
Caesar, Caesaris m., Gaius Julius Casear
falsus,-a,-um, mistaken, untrue
Cathg, -inis, Carthage
fessus, -a, -um, exhausted, tired
Cicer, Ciceronis m., M. Tullius Cicero
finitimus,-a,-um, neighboring
Diana, -ae f., Diana
firmus,-a,-um, firm, resolute, strong
Gorgo(n), Gorgonis f., Gorgon
grtus, -a, -um, pleasing
talia, -ae f., Italy
idneus, -a, -um, suitable
Iuppiter, Iovis m., Jupiter
ignvus, -a, -um, idle, lazy
Livius, Livi m., Titus Livius
impertus,-a,-um, ignorant, inexperienced, unskilled
Medusa, -ae f., Medusa
mus,-a,-um, at the foot of, bottom of, deepest, lowest
Minerva, - ae f., Minerva
inimcus,-a,-um, hostile, unfriendly
Neptnus, - m., Neptune
inquus,-a,-um, uneven, unfair
Olympus, - m., Mount Olympus
integer, integra, integrum, untouched, whole
Pompeius Magnus, Pompei Magn m., Pompey
invtus,-a,-um, unwilling
Rma, -ae f., Rome
rtus, -a, -um, angry
Sicilia, -ae f., Sicily
laetus, -a, -um, happy, joyful
Valerius Maximus, Valeri Maxim m., Valerius
lber, lbera, lberum, free
Maximus
ligneus, -a, -um, wooden
Vergilius, Vergili m., Publius Vergilius Maro
longus, -a, -um, long
magicus, -a, -um, magical
ADJECTIVES
magnus, -a, -um, great, large
1st and 2nd Declension
malus, -a, -um, bad, evil, wicked
maximus, -a, -um, most
aeger, aegra, aegrum, sick
meritus, -a, -um, deserved, due
aequus, aequa, aequum, even, fair, flat, level
meus, -a, -um, mine, my
alinus,-a,-um, foreign, unrelated
minimus, -a, -um, smallest, very small
alius, -a, -um, another, other
miser, misera, miserum, unhappy, wretched
alter, altera, alterum, the other ( of 2)
multus, -a, -um, many, much
altus, -a, -um, deep, high, tall
necessrius,-a,-um, inevitable, necessary
118
neuter, neutra, neutrum, neither
noster, nostra, nostrum, our
brevis, -e, brief, short
nvissimus,-a,-um, last, most recent
commnis,-e, common, general, shared
novus, -a, -um, new
difficilis, -e, difficult
nullus, -a, -um, no, none, not any
dissimilis, -e, dissimilar, unlike
optimus, -a,-um, best, very good
dulcis, -e, sweet
parvus, -a, -um, little, small
facilis, -e, easy
pauc, -ae, -a, few
fidlis,-e, faithful, loyal
pertus,-a,-um, experienced, skilled
fortis, -e, brave, strong
pessimus, -a, -um, worst
gracilis, -e, graceful, slender
pius, -a, -um, devoted, dutiful, loyal
gravis, -e, heavy, serious
plurimus, -a, -um, most, very many
horribilis, -e, horrible
prvus,-a,-um, crooked, distorted, improper
humilis, -e, humble, low
prmus, -a, -um, first
incolumis,-e, safe, unharmed
propinquus,-a,-um, near, neighboring
insignis,-e, distinguished, prominent
proximus, -a, -um, next
mior, maius, greater, better
pblicus, -a, -um, public
minor, minus, smaller
pulcher, pulchra, pulchrum, beautiful
mrbilis,-e, amazing, remarkable, wonderful
reliquus,-a,-um, remaining, rest
ntrlis,-e, by birth, natural
sacer, sacra, sacrum, holy
nbilis,-e, noble
salvus,-a,-um, safe, unharmed, well
omnis, -e, all, every
secundus, -a, -um, second
peior, peius, worse
sinister, sinistra, sinistrum, left
similis, -e, like, similar
slus, -a, -um, alone, only, sole
tlis,-e, such
studisus,-a,-um, devoted, eager, zealous
trstis, -e, sad
summus,-a,-um, highest, top of
turpis, -e, disgraceful, shameful
tantus,-a,-um, so great
tilis, -e, useful
tardus,-a,-um, late, slow
ttus, -a, -um, whole, entire
3rd Declension: 1 Termination
tranquillus, -a, -um, calm, tranquil
ttus, -a, -um, safe, safe
audx, audcis, bold
tuus, -a, -um, your, yours (sg.)
dligns,-ntis,, careful
ullus, -a, -um, any
flx, flcis, happy
midus,-a,-um, damp, moist
immemor, immemoris, forgetful, huge
uter, utra, utrum, which (of two)
ingens, ingentis, vast
uterque, utraque, utrumque, both, each (of two)
memor, memoris, mindful
vacuus, -a, -um, empty
pr, paris, equal, like
vrus,-a,-um, true
patien, -entis, hardy, patient, tolerant
vester, vestra, vestrum, your, yours (pl.)
potens,-ntis, capable, powerful
vvus,-a,-um, alive
prdens,-ntis, prudent, sensible
sapins, sapientis, wise
3rd Declension: 3 Terminations
vetus, veteris, old
cer, cris, cre, fierce, keen, sharp
Reflexive Adjectives
celer, celeris, celere, quick, swift
meus, -a, -um, mine, my own
3rd Declension: 2 Termination
noster, nostra, nostrum, our own
119
suus, -a, -um, his, her, its, their own
tuus, -a, -um, your (sg.) own
Indefinite
vester, vestra, vestrum, your (pl.) own
aliquis, aliquid, any
qudam, quaedam, quoddam, certain
Proper Adjectives
quisque, quaeque, quidque, each
Poenus, -a, -um, Carthaginian, Punic
Intensive
Gallus, -a, -um, Gaul, Gallic
Germnus, -a, -um, German
ipse, ipsa, ipsum, himself, herself, itself, themselves,
Rmnus, -a, -um, Roman, Roman
myself, yourself, ourselves, yourselves; very
Indeclinable
Interrogative
satis, enough
quis, quid, who? what?
tot, so many
ADVERBS
ade, so, to such an extent
Interrogative
adhc, still, to this point, yet
aegr, painfully, with difficulty
qulis,-e, what kind of?, what sort of?
aliquand, anytime, sometime
quantus,-a,-um, how great?, how much?
ante, before, formerly
qu, quae, quod, which?, what?
ante, previously
quot, how many?
audacter, boldly
bene, well
PRONOUNS
clam, secretly
Personal and Reflexive
confestim, immediately
cottdi, daily
ego, I
crs, tomorrow
is, ea, id, he, she, it
deinde, from there, next, then
ns, we
dsuper, above, from above
su (gen. sg.), himself, herself, itself, themselves
di, for a long time
t, you (sg.)
ditissim, for a very long time, for the longest time
vs, you (pl.)
ditius, for a longer time
e, to that place
Relative
fer, almost, nearly
fortasse, perhaps
qu, quae, quod, that, which, who
forte, accidently
frustr, in vain
Demonstrative
graviter, seriously
haud, not at all
hic, haec, hoc, this (pl.) these
heri, yesterday
dem, eadem, idem, same
hc, here
ille, illa, illud, that, (pl.) those
hinc, from here, from this place
is, ea, id, this, that
hodi, today
iste, ista, istud, that (of yours)
hc, to this place, hither
120
iam, already, now
ib, there
Interrogative
inde, from there, thence
interim, meanwhile
cur, why?
ita, so, thus
quamdi, how long?
itaque, and so
quand, when?
item, likewise
qu, to where?, whither?
iterum, again
quotins, how often?
libenter, freely, willingly
unde, from where?, whence?
long, far
magis, more
PREPOSITIONS
magnopere, greatly
With the Ablative
maxim, very greatly
modo, just, only, merely
, ab, away from ,by, away
mox, soon
cum, along with, with
multum, much
d, about, concerning, down from
nimis, too, very much
, ex, from, out of
nn, not
in, in, on
nndum, not yet
pr, in front of, on behalf of
numquam, never
sine, without
nunc, now
sub, under
nper, recently
omnn, altogether, entirely
With the Accusative
paene, almost, practically
parum, too little
ad,, at, to
paul, a little, somewhat
ad, towards
poste, afterwards
circum, around
praesertim, especially
ante, before
prm, at first
apud, among, at the house of, in the presence of
quam (+ superlative), as…as possible
contr, opposite, toward
quam, than
in, into, onto, against,
quondam, at one time, formerly, once
inter, among, between
rursus, a second time, backwards, again
ob , because of, on account of
saepe, often
per , through, by
semper, always
post, after
sc, so, thus
praeter, along, by, in front of, past
statim, at once, immediately
prope, near
subit, suddenly
propter, on account of, because of
tam, so
super , above, in a higher position, over
tandem, at length, finally
trns, across
tum, at that time, then
tunc, at that time, then
CONJUNCTIONS
umquam, ever
n, adv, together
ac/atque, and
undique, everywhere, from all sides, on all sides
antequam, before
velut/velut, even as, just as
at, but
vix, hardly, scarcely
aut, or
121
aut…aut, either…or
cnsilium capere, adopt a plan
autem, but, however, moreover
d… agere, debate about, talk about
dum, while
in mtrimnium ducere, marry
enim, for
s ripere, escape
et, and
fac ut, bring it about that
etiam, also, even
iter facere, make a journey, march
igitur, therefore
fds pblica, safe conduct
nam, for
bellum gerere, wage war
nec/neque, and…not, nor
gratis agere (+dat.), give thanks, thank
neque…neque, neither…nor
causam habre, have a reason
nn modo … sed etiam, not only … but also
iter facere, make a journey, march
postquam, after
in mentem venre, come to mind
-que, and
ms mairs, tradition
quod, because
rtionem habre, give a speech
sed, but
poens dare, pay a penalty
tamen, nevertheless, still, yet
quam prmum, as soon as possible
ubi, when, where
fds pblica, safe conduct
ut (+ ind.), as (+ subj.), in order that, so that, with the
s recipere, retreat
result that
rs pblica, re pblicae f., state
utor bene, treat well
NUMERALS
vtam agere , lead a life
Cardinal
nus, -a, -um, one
duo, duae, duo, two
trs, tria, three
quattuor, four
quinque, five
sex, six
septem, seven
octo, eight
novem, nine
decem, ten
centum, hundred
ducent,-ae,-a, two hundred
trecent,-ae,-a, three hundred
Ordinal
prmus, -a, -um, first
secundus, -a, -um, second
tertius, -a, -um, third
IDIOMS
aes alinum, debt
causam habre, have a reason
122
VOCABULARY
Nouns: The nominative singular of each noun is given followed by the genitive singular. For regular nouns of
the first, second, fourth and fifth declension, only the genitive singular ending is given (e.g. mrus, -). Where the
stem cannot be determined from the nominative singular form, as in some second declension nouns and in the third
declension, the full form of the genitive singular is given. Third I-stem nouns are indicated in the lists by (-ium).
Adjectives: Adjectives whose stems can be determined from the nominative singular masculine form appear as
the nominative masculine singular with the endings for the other genders (e.g., bonus, -a, -um; trstis, -e). Adjectives
whose stems cannot be determined from the nominative singular masculine are written out fully: all three genders in the
case of the adjectives of three or two terminations (e.g., ter, tris, tre; melior, melius); the nominative and
genitive singulars in the case of adjectives of one termination (e.g.,flx, flcis).
Verbs: The first person singular present indicative active of each verb is listed. If the verb is a regular first
conjugation verb, a numeral follows to indicate its conjugation (laud (1), I praise). Principal parts of second, third,
and fourth conjugation verbs and irregular verbs are given in full, save that only the last three letters of the infinitive are
typically written out.
Words introduced in New First Steps In Latin and New Second Steps in Latin are followed by an asterisk (*).
Words introduced in New Third Steps in Latin chapters are marked with the lesson number in Roman numerals in
square brackets [I].
LATIN – ENGLISH VOCABULARY
aequus, aequa, aequum, even, level, fair, flat [XX]
aes, aeris n., copper, bronze [XIII]
aes alinum, debt [XIII]
aets, -ttis, f., age, [II]
Aethips, Aethiopis m., Ethiopian,
affer, afferre, attul, alltum, bring, carry toward,
convey [XXVIII]
affici, -ere, affc, affectum, , treat, affect [XXV]
ager, agr m., field*
aggredior, aggred, aggressus sum, approach, attack
[V]
agmen, agminis n., column (of men)*
ag, -ere, g, actum, deal with, do, drive, treat*
d … agere , talk about, debate about*
gratias agere (+dat), thank, give thanks*
vtam agere, lead a life*
agricola, -ae m., farmer*
alinus, -a, -um, unrelated, foreign [XX]
aliquand, adv., sometime, anytime [XXIII]
aliquis, aliquid, anything [XVII]
alius, -a, -um, another, other*
alter, altera, alterum, the other ( of 2)*
altus, -a, -um, deep, high*tall,
amcitia, -ae, f., friendshipIII
amcus, -a, -um, friendly*
amcus - m., friend
A
, ab (+ abl.), away from, by, from*
abe, abre, abi (-v), abtum,, go away [XX]
abscd, -ere, -cd, -csum, cut away, cut off*
absum, abesse, fu, futrus, be away*
ac, and*
accd, -ere, access, accessum, approach, come up
to, go towards [IX]
accipi, -ere, -cp, -ceptum, receive*
accurr, -ere, accurs, accursum, run to*
cer, cris, cre, fierce, keen, sharp*
ad (+ acc.), at, to, towards*
addc, -ere, addx, adductum, lead to, influence
[X]
ade, adre, adi (-v), aditum, go toward*
ade, adv., to such an extent, so [IV]
ade, adre, adi (-v), adtum, go to [XX]
adhc, adv., still, to this point, yet *
adlig (1), bind, tie*
admitt, -ere, adms, admissum, admit, allow [IX]
adorior, adorr, adortus sum, attack [XXVII]
adsum, adesse, adfu, adfutrus, be present*
adulscns, adulscentis m./f., youth*
adventus, -s, m, arrival, approach, [I]
aeger, aegra, aegrum, sick*
aegr, adv., painfully, with difficulty*
123
mitt, -ere, ms, missum, send away, lose
[IX]
am (1), like, love*
amor, amris, m., love [XII]
Andromeda, -ae f., Andromeda*
anguis, -is m./f., serpent, snake*
angustus, -a, -um,, narrow [V]
animadvert, -ere, animadvert, animadversum,
notice, pay attention to [III]
animus, - m., spirit, mind, (pl ) bravery *
annus, - m., year*
ante (+ acc.), before*
ante, adv., formerly, before, previously [XXV]
antequam, conj., before*
antquus, -a, -um, ancient*
aperi, re, aperu, apertum, open, uncover, reveal
[XXIII]
appell, (1), accost, address, name [I]
appropinqu, (1), approach [XV]
aptus, -a, -um, appropriate [XX]
apud (+acc.), among, at the house of, in the presence of
[X]
Aquitania, -ae f., province in S. W. Gaul
aqua, -ae f., water*
arbor, arbris, f., tree [XII]
arca, -ae f., ark, box, chest*
arde, -re, ars, arsrus, be inflamed, blaze, burn*
arma, -rum n. pl., arms*
ars, artis f., skill, craft, trade [XXIX]
arx, arcis,f., citadel [XIII]
ascend, -ere, ascend, ascnsum, ascend,
Asia, -ae f., Asia,
at, conj., but*
ter, tra, trum, black, dark*
ac/atque, conj., and*
auctrits, -ttis, f., authority, influence [II]
audacter, adv., boldly*
audx, audcis, bold*
audi, -re, audv, audtum, hear, listen to*
auge, -re, aux, auctum, increase [X]
aurum, - n., gold*
aut, conj., or*
aut…aut, conj., either…or*
autem, conj., but, however, moreover*
auxilium, -, n., aid, help [XXII]
avidus, -a, -um, eager, greedy [VII]
avus, - m., grandfather*
bellum,  n., war*
bellus, -a, -um, pretty, handsome, fine, nice [XVIII]
bene, adv., well*
tor bene, treat well
beneficium, - n., service, benefit, kindness, favor,
help, support [XXIII]
bonus, -a, -um, good*
brevis, -e, brief, short*
C
caelum, - n., air, heaven, sky*
Caesar, Caesaris m., Gaius Julius Casear,
campus, - m., field, plain, playing field*
cant (1), sing*
capi, -ere, cp, captum, capture, seize, take*
caput, capitis n., head*
carmen, carminis n, song*
Cathg, -inis, Carthage
crus, -a, -um, dear*
castra, -rum n. pl., camp*
csus, -s m., chance, fall, misfortune*
causa, -ae f., cause,
causam habre, have a reason,
cd, -ere, cess, cessum, yield, go [IX]
celer, celeris, celere, quick, swift*
celerits, celerittis, f., swiftness, speed [X]
centum (indecl.), hundred*
cern, -ere, crv, crtum, decide, discern,
perceive*
certmen, certminis n., contest, struggle*
certus, -a, -um, certain, set [VII]
cter, -ae, -a, the remaining, the rest*
cibus, -, m., food [VIII]
Cicer, Ciceronis m., M. Tullius Cicero,
circum (+ acc.), around*
cvis, cvis (-ium) m/f, citizen*
cvits, -ttis, f., state, citizenship [II]
clam, adv., secretly [I]
clm (1), shout*
clmor, clmris, m., noise, shout [IX]
cog, -ere, cog, coactum, compel, drive together,
force, collect, gather [XIV]
colloquor, colloqu, colloctus sum, converse [VII]
collum, - n., neck*
comes, comitis m./f., companion*
confrm (1), encourage, strengthen [I]
committ, -ere, comms, commissum, entrust,
engage [IX]
commnis, -e, common, shared, general [XIV]
compar (1) prepare, gather, achieve [III]
B
betus, -a, -um, blessed, happy*
124
comprehend, -ere, -hend, -hensum, grasp, seize*
concd, -ere, concess, concessum, yield, grant
[IX]
cond, -ere, condid, conditum, found (a city), bury
[XIII]
confer, conferre, contul, colltum , bring
together, (with s) go*
confestim, adv., immediately [I]
confici, -ere, confc, confectum, finish,
accomplish, make ready [XIX]
confd, -ere, confsus sum, (semi-deponent), trust
[XVII]
conici, -ere, conic, coniectum, cast, hurl, throw,
throw together*
coniunx, coniugis m./f., spouse*
cnor (1), attempt, try*
conscrb, -ere, conscrps, conscrptum, enlist,
enroll [XIII]
cnsequor, cnsequ, cnsectus sum, follow,
pursue, gain [XVII]
cnsilium, - n, plan*
cnsilium capere, adopt a plan
cnsist, -ere, cnstit, cnstitum, stop*
cnspectus, -s, m., sight [I]
conspici, -ere, conspex, conspectum, spot, observe,
catch sight of [XVIII]
cnstitu, -ere, cnstitu, cnstittum, decide,
determine, establish*
cnsul, cnsulis m., consul*
cnsul, -ere, cnsulu, cnsultum, consult,
resolve*
conteg, -ere, contx, contctum, cover*
contend, -ere, contend, contentum, compete, hurry,
make effort, march, strive*
continens, continentis f., mainland*
contine, -re, continu, contentum, contain,
sustain, hold together [II]
contr, opposite, facing, toward [XVII]
conveni, -re, convn, conventum, meet, come
together, convene [XII]
convoc (1), call together [XXIII]
cpia, cpiae f., supply, abundance, (pl.) troops,
provisions [XVII]
corn, -s n, horn, wing(of an army)*
corpus, corporis n., body*
cottdi, adv., daily [XXIII]
crs, adv., tomorrow*
crd, -ere, crdid, crditum, entrust, believe
[XV]
cre (1), create, elect [X]
cum (+ abl.), along with, with*
cupidits, -ttis, f., greed, desire [II]
cupidus, -a, -um, eager, longing, greedy [XVIII]
cupi, -ere, cupv, cuptum, wish, desire, long for
[XXIII]
cur, adv., why? [VIII]
cra, -ae f., care, concern, worry*
curr, -ere, cucurr, cursum, hasten, run*
cursus, -s, m., course [I]
custs, custdis, m., guard, guardian, protector
[XXVII]
D
d (+ abl.), about, concerning, down from*
d… agere, talk about*
dea, -ae f., goddess*
decem (indecl.), ten*
decus, decoris n., honor, glory, dignity [XVII]
ddc, -ere, ddx, dductum, lead away,
remove, draw (a weapon) [X]
dfend, -ere, dfend, dfnsum, defend*
dfici, -ere, dfc, dfectum, fail, fall away
[XXV]
deinde, adv., then, next, from there [XXV]
dle, -re, dlv, dltum, destroy*
dlber (1), consider, deliberate [XVIII]
dlig, -ere, dlg, dlectum, choose [III]
dplr (1), lament, mourn*
dpn, -ere, dposu, dpositum, put down*
dscend, -ere, dscend, dscnsum, descend*
desertus, -a, -um, deserted*
despici, -ere, despex, despectum, look down on
[XVIII]
dsum, desse, dfu, dfutrus, be lacking,
lack, ,fail [XV]
dsuper, adv., above, from above*
deus, - m., god*
dvor (1), devour, swallow*
dexter, dextera, dexterum, right, (subst.)right hand
[XXVII]
Diana, -ae f., Diana,
dc, -ere, dx, dictum, say, speak, tell*
dis, - m, day*
differ, differre, distul, diltum, scatter, defer,
differ [II]
difficilis, -e, difficult*
difficults, -ttis, f., difficulty [II]
dignus, -a, -um, (+ abl.) worthy [V]
dligns, -ntis,, careful [I]
diligentia, -ae f, diligence*
125
dmitt, -ere, dms, dmissum, send away,
dismiss [IX]
discd, -ere, discess, discessum, depart, leave,
withdraw [XVII]
discipulus, - m., student*
disc, -ere, didic, ----, learn [XVIII]
discus,  m., discus*
dissimilis, -e, dissimilar, unlike*
di, adv., for a long time*
ditissim (superl. of di), adv., for the longest time,
for a very long time*
ditius (compara. of di), adv., for a longer time*
dvnus, -a, -um, divine, heavenly [XXVIII]
dvus, -a, -um, divine*
do, dare, ded, datum, give*
poens dare, pay a penalty*
doce, -re, docu, doctum, teach*
doctus, -a, -um, learned [XXIX]
dole, -re, dolu, dolitum, grieve [XXIII]
dolor, dolris m., grief, pain*
dominus, - m., master*
domus, -s, f, home, household*
donum, - n., gift*
dormi, - re, dormv, dormitum , sleep*
ducent, -ae, -a, two hundred [XXVII]
dc, -ere, dx, ductum, lead*
in mtrimnium ducere, marry*
dulcis, -e, sweet*
dum, conj., while*
duo, duae, duo, two*
dux, ducis m., leader*
err (1), make a mistake, wander*
rump, -ere, rp, ruptus, burst out, break out
[XIV]
et, conj., and*
etiam, conj., also, even*
ex,  (+abl.), from, out of*
exanim (1), exhaust*
excd, -ere, excess, excessum, depart, go out*
excipio, -ere, excp, exceptum, receive, greet [IV]
excit (1), awaken, rouse*
exe, -re, exv/exi, extum, go out, withdraw
[XX]
exerce, -re, exercu, exercitum, train [XXIII]
exercitus, -s m., army*
exig, -ere, exg, exactum, drive out, demand,
collect, finish (a life) [XIV]
existim (1), consider, regard, think [XXIII]
experior, experr, expertus sum, experience, test, try
[XXIX]
expn, -ere, exposu, expositum, expose, explain
[XIII]
expugn (1), storm [XXIII]
exspect (1), look out*
extrah, -ere, extrx, extrctum, drag out*
exu, -ere, exu, extum, put off, take off*
F
facilis, -e, easy*
faci, -ere, fc, factum, do, make*
fac ut, bring it about that
iter facere, make a journey, march*
facti, factinis f., faction [IX]
factum,  n., deed*
facults, faculttis f., ability, power, skill,
opportunity [X]
falsus, -a, -um, untrue, mistaken [XXIV]
falx, falcis f., sickle, sword (curved)*
fma, -ae f., glory, reputation, rumor*
fams, famis f., hunger, famine*
familia, familiae f., household slaves, family [XVII]
ftum, - n., fate*
fave, -re, fv, fautum (+dat.), favor, support
[XV]
flx, flcis, happy*
fer, adv., nearly, almost [II]
fer, ferre, tul, ltum, bear, bring, carry, endure*
ferrum, - n., iron, sword*
fessus, -a, -um, exhausted, tired*
fidlis, -e, faithful, loyal [VIII]
fids, -e f, faith, loyalty*
E
, ex (+ abl.), from, out of*
d, -ere, did, ditum, give out*
dc, -ere, dx, ductum, lead out,
unsheath*
effici, -ere, effc, effectum, effect, cause, bring
about [XXV]
ego, I*
gredior, gred, gressus sum, go out, leave [V]
loquentia, -ae f., eloquence [XIX]
enim, conj., for*
e, adv., to that place*
e, re, i(v), itum, go*
epistula, -ae f., letter*
eques, equitis m., horseman, (pl.) cavalry [XIV]
equus,  m., horse*
ripi, -ere, ripu, reptum, snatch, rescue [V]
s ripere, escape [V]
126
fds pblica, fde pblicae f., safe conduct
flia, -ae f., daughter*
flius, - m., son*
fing, -ere,finx, fictus, compose, fashion, make,
imagine, make up [XXIV]
fini, -re, finv/fini, finitum, limit, define
[XXIII]
fnis, -is (-ium) m., end, (pl.) territory*
finitimus, -a, -um, neighboring [VIII]
fi, fir, factus sum, be made, become, happen [X]
firmus, -a, -um, strong, firm, resolute [IV]
flamma, -ae f., flame*
fle, flre, flv, fltum, weep [XXIII]
flctus, -s m., flood, sea, wave*
forma, formae f., form [XVII]
fortasse, adv., perhaps [XXVIII]
forte, adv., accidently, by chance [XXIII]
fortis, -e, brave, strong*
fortna, -ae f., fortune, luck*
forum, - n., forum, marketplace [V]
frter, frtris m., brother*
fremitus, -s m., groan, roar, rumble*
fructus, -s m., benefit, enjoyment, fruit*
fruor, fru, fructus sum (+abl.), enjoy, profit from
[XIII]
frustr, adv., in vain [XX]
fuga, -ae f., escape, flight*
fugi, -ere, fg, fugitrus, avoid, flee, run away,
escape*
fungor, fung, functus sum (+abl.) , perform [XIII]
furor, -ris m., fury, rage*
gravits, gravittis f., weight, severity, hardness,
seriousness [XXVIII]
graviter, adv., seriously,
H
habe -re, habu, habitum, consider, have, hold*
rtinem habre, give a speech [IX]
causam habre, have a reason,
habit (1), dwell, live*
harna, -ae f., sand*
haud, adv., not at all [I]
heri, adv., yesterday*
hic, haec, hoc, this, (pl.) these *
hc, adv., here, in this place [XX]
hiems, hiemis f., winter [XVIII]
hinc, adv., from here, from this place [XX]
hodi, adv., today*
hom, hominis m, human, man*
honor, honris m., honor, esteem, office [V]
hra, -ae f., hour*
horribilis, -e, horrible*
hortor (1), encourage [XXII]
hostis, hostis (-ium) m., enemy*
hc, adv., hither, to this place [XX]
humilis, -e, humble, low*
I
iam, adv., already, now*
ib, adv., there*
ictus, -s m., blow, strike*
dem, eadem, idem, same*
idneus, -a, -um, suitable*
igitur, adv., therefore, then*
ignvus, -a, -um, idle, lazy*
ignis, -is (ium) m., fire*
ignr (1), have no knowledge of*
ignosc, -ere, ignv, igntum (+dat.), forgive
[XV]
ille, illa, illud, that, (pl.) those*
immemor, immemoris, forgetful [XXV]
impedmentum, -, n., hindrance, (pl.). baggage [V]
impertus, -a, -um, inexperienced, unskilled, ignorant
[XXIX]
imperium, - n., power, rule*
imper (1), order, demand [XXII]
impetr (1), obtain (by asking) [X]
impetus, -s, m., attack [I]
import (1), bring in, carry in [XXIII]
mus, -a, -um, deepest, lowest, bottom of [XVIII]
in (+abl.), in, on, (+acc.), into, onto, against*
G
galea, -ae f., helmet*
Gallus, -a, -um, Gaul, Gallic,
gaudium,  n., gladness, joy [XXIII]
gns, gentis (-ium) f., nation, tribe*
genus, -eris n., kind, sort*
ger, gerere, gess, gestum, carry on, manage*
bellum gerere, wage war*
gladius, - m., sword*
gloria, gloriae f, glory, fame [XVII]
Gorgo(n), Gorgonis f., Gorgon*
gracilis, -e, graceful, slender*
gradus, -s m., step*
gratia, -ae f., favor, pl. thanks*
gratis agere (+dat.), give thanks, thank*
grtus, -a, -um, pleasing*
gravis, -e, heavy, serious*
127
incd, -ere, incess, incessum, go in*
incend, -ere, incend, incensum, set fire to, outrage,
burn [III]
incipi, -ere, incp, inceptum, begin*
incit (1), urge on, arouse [V]
incld, -ere, incls, inclsum, enclose,
imprison, shut up*
incola, -ae m., inhabitant*
incol, -ere, incolu, ----, inhabit [VIII]
incolumis, -e, safe, unharmed [XIV]
inde, adv., from there, thence [XXV]
indc, -ere, indx, inductum, lead in, influence
[XII]
indu, -ere, indu, indtum, clothe, put on*
ine, -re, ini (inv), initum, go in, enter, adopt
(plan) [XX]
infans, infantis (-ium) m/f, infant*
infici, -ere, infc, infectum, dye, stain*
ingenium, - n., innate quality, character [XIX]
ingens, ingentis, huge, vast*
inimcitia, -ae f., enmity, unfriendliness, hostility
[XXVIII]
inimcus, -a, -um, hostile, unfriendly [VII]
inquus, -a, -um, uneven, unfair [XX]
inopia, inopiae f., lack [XVII]
inrump, -ere, inrp,inruptum, burst in*
insignis, -e, distinguished, prominent [XIV]
inspici, -ere, inspex, inspectum, look into or upon*
insula, -ae, f., island [III]
integer, integra, integrum, whole, untouched [XVIII]
intelleg, -ere, intellg, intellectum, understand
[III]
inter (+acc.), among, between*
intercld, -ere, intercls, interclsum, shut off,
block, stop [XIII]
interficio, -ere, -fc, -fectum, kill*
interim, adv., meanwhile [XIV]
inveni, -re, invn, inventum, come upon, find
[XII]
invidia, -ae f., envy, hatred, jealousy*
invtus, -a, -um, unwilling [VII]
Iove (abl. sg. of Iuppiter), Juppiter,
ipse, ipsa, ipsum, -self*
ra, -ae f., anger, wrath*
rtus, -a, -um, angry*
is, ea, id, he, she, it, that, this*
iste, ista, istud, that (of yours)*
ita, adv., so, thus [IV]
talia, -ae f., Italy,
itaque, adv., and so [X]
item, adv., likewiseIV
iter, itineris n., journey, road, way*
iter facere, make a journey, march*
iterum, adv., again*
iube, iubre, iuss, iussum, bid, command, order*
Iuppiter, Iovis m., Jupiter*
is, iris n., law, right*
iuvenis, -is m., youth, young man [XVIII]
iuv, -re, iv, itum, help [XIX]
L
labor, labris m., hardship, labor, work*
lbor, lb, lapsus sum, collapse, slip*
lacrima, -ae f., tear*
laetus, -a, -um, happy, joyful*
laud (1), praise*
laus, laudis f., praise [XVII]
lgtus, - m., legate, envoy, ambassador [VIII]
leg, -ere, lg, lctum, choose, pick out, read*
lx, lgis f., law*
libenter, adv., freely, willingly*
lber, lbera, lberum, free*
liber, libr m, book*
lber, -rum m.pl., children [XXV]
lber (1), free, liberate [XIII]
lberts, -ttis, f., freedom [II]
licet, licre, licuit or licitum est, it is permitted
[XXVII]
ligneus, -a, -um, wooden*
littera, -ae, f., letter (of the alphabet), (pl.) letter,
literature [III]
ltus, ltoris n., beach, coast, shore*
Livius, Livi m., Titus Livius,
locus, - m (loca, -rum n. pl.), place*
long, adv., far*
longus, -a, -um, long*
loquor, loqui, loctus sum, speak, talk [VII]
ldus, - m., game, sport*
lmen, lminis n., light*
lx, lcis f., light*
M
magicus, -a, -um, magical,
magis (comp. of magnopere), more*
magister, magistr m., teacher*
magistrtus, -s, m., magistracy, magistrate [I]
magnopere, adv., greatly*
magnus, -a, -um, large, great*
mior, maius (comp. of magnus), greater*
mirs, -um f. pl., ancestors [V]
128
ml, mlle, mlu, -----, prefer*
malus, -a, -um, bad, evil, wicked*
mane, -re, mns, mnsum, remain, stay*
manus, -s f.., band, hand*
mare, maris (ium) n., sea*
mter, mtris f., mother*
maxim (superl. of magnopere), adv., very greatly*
maximus, -a, -um (superl. of magnus), most*
Medusa, -ae f., Medusa,
melior, melius (comp. of bonus), better*
memin, meminisse, remember, be mindful of
[XXIX]
memor, memoris, mindful [XXV]
memoria, memoriae f., memory [XVII]
memor (1), mention, bring up [XXIV]
mens, mentis (-ium) f., mind, intention*
in mentem venre, come to mind*
mentior, mentr, menttus sum, tell a lie*
merg, -ere, mers, mersum, plunge, sink*
meritus, -a, -um, deserved, due*
metus, -s, m., fear [I]
meus, -a, -um, mine, my*
mles, mlitis m., soldier*
Minerva, - ae f., Minerva,
minimus, -a, -um (superl. of parvus), smallest*
minor, minus (comp. of parvus), smaller*
mrbilis, -e, remarkable, amazing, wonderful
[XXIV]
mror (1), be amazed, wonder at, be surprised at
[XXVII]
miser, misera, miserum, unhappy, wretched*
mitt, -ere, ms, missum, send*
modo, adv., just, merely, only [XXII]
modus, - m., manner, way*
moenia, -ium n. pl., walls*
mone, -re, monu, monitum, advise, warn*
mns, montis (-ium) m., mountain*
monstr (1), show*
monstrum, - n., monster*
mora, -ae f., delay*
morior, mor, mortuus sum, die*
mors, mortis f. (-ium), death*
ms, mris m., custom, , (pl.) character, behavior
[V]
ms mairs, m., tradition [V]
move, -re, mv, mtum, move*
mox, adv., soon*
mulier, mulieris f., woman [XXVII]
multitd, multitdinis f., crowd, multitude [IX]
multum, adv., much*
multus, -a, -um, many, much*
mni, -re, mnv, mntum, build, fortify*
mnus, mneris n., function, task, gift (of the gods)
[XXVII]
mrus, - m., wall*
mt (1), change, transform*
N
nam, conj., for*
nanciscor, nancisc, nactus sum, get, obtain [VII]
narr (1), tell, relate [XII]
nascor, nasc, ntus sum, be born [VII]
ntra, -ae f., nature, character [XV]
ntrlis, -e, natural, by birth [XXVIII]
nauta, -ae m., sailor*
nvis, nvis (-ium) f., ship*
-ne (introduces a question), VIII
nec/neque, and…not, nor *
necessrius, -a, -um, necessary, inevitable [XXVIII]
necesse esse, it is necessary [XXVII]
nefs (indecl.) n., evil, wrong [XXIV]
negtium, - n., business [XIII]
nm, nminis m., no one, nobody*
Neptnus, - m., Neptune*
neque/nec, and…not, nor *
neque…neque, neither…nor*
nesci, nescre, nescv/nesci, nesctus, not
know [XII]
neuter, neutra, neutrum, neither*
nihil (indecl.) n., nothing*
nimis, adv., too, very much [XXIX]
nimium, - n., excess [XXIX]
nbilis, -e, noble [VIII]
noce, nocre, nocu, nocitum (+dat.), harm [XV]
nl, nlle, nlu, -----, be unwilling, not to want,
not to wish*
nmen, nminis n., name*
nn, adv., not*
nn modo … sed etiam, not only … but also*
nndum, adv., not yet [XXV]
nnne (introduces a question expecting “yes” answer),
surely [VIII]
ns, we*
noster, nostra, nostrum, our*
novem (indecl.), nine*
nvissimus, -a, -um, most recent, last,
novus, -a, -um, new*
nox, noctis (-ium) f., night*
nullus, -a, -um, no, not any, none*
129
num (introduces a question expecting “no”answer),
surely…not [VIII]
nmen, nminis n., nod, consent, will (divine)
[XXVIII]
numerus, -, m., number [IV]
numquam, adv., never [XXV]
nunc, now*
nnti (1), announce, report*
nntius, - m., messenger*
nper, adv., recently [XXV]
pater, patris m., father*
patien, -entis, tolerant, hardy, patient
patior, pat, passus sum, endure, experience, suffer*
patria, -ae f., native land*
pauc, -ae, -a, few*
paul, adv., a little, somewhat [XXVII]
pavor, pavris m., panic, terror*
pax, pacis, f., peace [III]
pectus, pectoris n., breast, chest, heart*.
pecnia, -ae, f., money [III]
peior, peius (comp. of malus), worse*
per (+ acc.), through, by,
perdc, -ere, perdx, perductum, lead through*
perfer, perferre, pertul, perltum, endure, report
[II]
perfici, -ere, perfc, perfectum, finish, complete,
perfect [XXV]
perculum, - n., danger, peril [V]
pertus, -a, -um, skilled, experienced [XV]
Perseus, Perse m., Perseus,
perspici, -ere, perspex, perspectum, examine,
observe [XVIII]
persuade, -re, persuas, persuasum, persuade
[XXII]
pertine, -re, pertinu, pertentum, pertain, extend
[II]
perveni, -re, pervn, perventum, come to, arrive
[XII]
ps, pedis m., foot*
pessimus, -a, -um (superl. of malus), worst, very bad*
pet, -ere, petiv, pettum, ask for, seek*
prta, -ae m., pirate*
pius, -a, -um, devoted, dutiful, loyal*
place, -re, placu, placitum, be pleasing [XV]
plebs, plebis f., plebs, common people [XVII]
plurimus, -a, -um (superl. of multus), most, very many*
pls, plris n., more, too much [XXIX]
poena, -ae f., punishment*
poens dare, pay a penalty*
Poenus, -a, -um, Carthaginian, Punic
pota, -ae m., poet*
Pompeius Magnus, Pompei Magn m., Pompey*
pn, -ere, posu, positum, place, put, set up*
pns, pontis (-ium) m., bridge*
populus, -, m., people [IV]
porta, -ae f., gate*
port (1), carry*
possum, posse, potu, -----, be able, can*
post (+acc.), after*
poste, adv., afterwards [XXVII]
O
ob (+acc), because of, on account of*
oblviscor, oblvisc, obltus sum, forget [XXIX]
obsecr (1), beseech, beg [XXII]
obtine, -re, obtinu, obtentum, hold, obtain [II]
occup (1), seize*
octo (indecl.), eight*
oculus, - m., eye*
offend, -ere, offend, offnsum, offend*
officium, - n., duty, office [XIII]
Olympus, - m., Mount Olympus,
omnn, adv., entirely, altogether [VIII]
omnis, -e, all, every*
onus, oneris n., burden*
oportet, oportere, oportuit, it is fitting [XXVII]
ops, opis f., power, (pl.)resources [XIII]
optimus, -a, -um (superl. of bonus), best*
opt (1), desire*
opus, operis n., task, work*
ra, -ae f., edge, rim, shore*
rculum, - n., oracle*
rti, rtinis f., speech [IX]
rtionem habre, give a speech [IX]
ord, ordinis m., order, rank [XVII]
orior, -r, ortus sum, rise, appear [XXVII]
or (1), beseech, beg [XXII]
s, oris n., mouth*
ostend, -ere, ostend, ostentum, stretch out before,
show, display [XV]
P
paene, adv., practically, almost [II]
pr, paris, equal, like [XXV]
parc, -cere, peperc, ----, spare [XV]
pre, -re, pru, pritum (+dat), obey [XV]
par (1), prepare*
pars, partis (-ium) f , direction, part*
parum, too little*
parvus, -a, -um, little, small*
130
postquam, conj., after*
postul (1), demand [XXII]
potens, -ntis, capable, powerful [I]
potests, -ttis, f., power [II]
potior, -r, pottum sum, gain possession of [XIII]
praecipi, -ere, praecp, praeceptum, direct,
advise, order [IV]
praemium, - n., prize, reward [XXIII]
praesertim, adv., especially [XIV]
praesidium, - n., protection, assistance, defense [V]
praest, -re, praestit, praestatum, exhibit, show*
praeter (+acc.), past, by, along, in front of [XII]
praetere, -re, preateriv/-i, praeteritum, go past,
skip [XX]
prvus, -a, -um, distorted, crooked, improper [XXIX]
prm, adv., at first*
quam prmum, as soon as possible
prmus, -a, -um, first*
princeps, principis m., leader, chief [XVII]
pr (+abl.), in front of, on behalf of*
proficiscor, proficisc, profectus sum, set out [VII]
prgredior, prgred, prgressus sum, advance, go
forward, march forward*
prohibe, -re, prohibu, prohibitum, keep off,
prevent, deny [XIII]
prope (+acc.), near [XXV]
propinquus, -a, -um, near, neighboring [V]
propter (+acc.), on account of , because of*
prvincia, -ae, f., province [III]
proximus, -a, -um, next*
prdens, -ntis , prudent, sensible [I]
pblicus, -a, -um, public*
fds pblica, fde pblicae f., safe conduct
puella, -ae f., girl*
puer, puer m, boy*
pugn (1), fight*
pulcher, pulchra, pulchrum, beautiful*
pni, -re, pnv, pntum, punish*
puto (1), consider, think*
-que, and*
qu, quae, quod (rel. pron), that, which, who*
qudam, quaedam, quoddam, a certain [XIX]
quis, quitis f., quiet, rest, sleep*
quinque (indecl.), five*
quis, quid (interr. pron.), who?, what? [VIII]
quisque, quaeque, quidque, each [XIV]
qu, adv., to where?, whither? [VIII]
quod, conj,., because*
quondam, adv., at one time, formerly, once*
quot (indecl. adj.), how many? [VIII]
quotins, adv., how often? [VIII]
R
rati, ratinis f., reason, theory [IX]
recipi, -ere, recp, receptum, receive, accept [IV]
s recipere, retreat [IV]
redd, -ere, reddidi, redditum, give back*
rede, -re, redi (-v), reditum, go back, return
[XXIX]
redg, -ere, redg, redactum, drive back*
reditus, -s m., return*
refer, referre, rettul, reltum, bring back, carry
back, relate [XIX]
refici, -ere, refc, refectum, repair, restore
[XXV]
rgia, -ae f., palace*
rgna, -ae f., queen*
rgnum, - n., kingdom*
reg, -ere, rx, rctum, rule*
relinqu, -ere, relqu, relictum, leave, leave
behind*
reliquus, -a, -um, rest, remaining [V]
remitt, -ere, rems, remissum, send back [IX]
reor, rr, ratus sum, think, suppose, imagine
[XXVII]
reperi, -re, repper, repertum, find (by looking),
discover [XIX]
rs, re f., affair, matter, thing, situation*
rs pblica, re pblicae f., state*
responde, respondre, respond, responsum,
answer, respond [XXIII]
retine, -re, retinu, retentum, hold back, restrainII
revert, -ere, revert, ---- (usu, deponent in pres.),
turn back, return [XIV]
rx, rgis m., king*
rog (1), ask*
Rma, -ae f., Rome,
Rmnus, -a, -um, Roman,
rmor, rmris m., rumor [XII]
Q
quaer, -ere, quaesv, quaestum, ask, seek*
qulis, -e, what sort of?, what kind of? [VIII]
quam (+ superlative), as…as possible*
quam, adv., than*
quam prmum, as soon as possible
quamdi, adv., how long? [VIII]
quand, adv., when? [VIII]
quantus, -a, -um, how great?, how much? [VIII]
quattuor (indecl.), four*
131
rrsus, adv., again, backwards, a second time
[XXVII]
rs, rris n., countryside, country [VII]
slus, -a, -um, alone, only, sole*
solv, -ere, solv, soltum, release, unbind, loosen,
untie [XIV]
somnus,  m., sleep*
soror, sorris f., sister*
spatium, - n., space, room [XXIII]
specis, - f., appearance, sight*
speculum, - n., looking glass, mirror*
spr (1), hope [III]
sps, spe f., hope*
spont (abl. only), voluntarily, of one’s own accord
[X]
statim, adv., at once, immediately*
st, -re, stet, statum, stand*
stude, -re, studu, ----, be eager for, desire [XV]
studisus, -a, -um, eager, zealous, devoted [XVIII]
studium, -i n., keenness, eagerness, enthusiasm,
devotion [XXVIII]
sub (+abl.), under, at the foot of*
sube, -re, subi (subv), subitum, undergo*
subit, adv., suddenly*
su (gen. sg.), -self*
sum, esse, fu, futrus, be*
summus, -a, -um, highest, top of [XV]
sm, -ere, smps, smpsum, take up [XIV]
super (+acc), above, in a higher position, over*
super (1), surpass [XIII]
surg, -ere, surrx, surrctum, rise, stretch
upward, swell*
suscipi, -ere, suscp, susceptum, support, take up,
undertake [IV]
sustine, -re, sustinu, sustentum, sustain, hold
(up) [II]
suus, -a, -um, his, her, its, their own*
S
sacer, sacra, sacrum, holy*
saepe, adv., often*
sals, saltis f., safety(personal), well-being [XXII]
salvus, -a, -um, well, safe, unharmed [XXIX]
sanguis, sanguinis m., blood*
sapins, sapientis, wise*
satis (indecl. adj.), enough [XIV]
saxum, - n., rock*
saxum, - n., stone*
scelus, sceleris n., crime*
sci, -re, scv (or sci), sctum, know [XIX]
scrba, -ae m., secretary, writer*
scrb, -ere, scrps, scrptum, write*
s (acc./abl. of su), -self*
secundus, -a, -um, second*
sed, conj., but*
sede, -re, sd, sessum, sit*
sds, sdis f., abode, seat*
semper, adv., always*
sentor, ris m., senator
sentus, -s m., senate*
Seneca, -ae, m., Seneca,
senex, senis m., old man [XIX]
sententia, -ae, f., opinion [III]
senti, -re, sns, snsum, feel, perceive*
septem (indecl.), seven*
sequor, sequ, secutus sum, follow*
servits, servittis f., slavery [IX]
serv (1), guard, save, watch over*
servus, - m., slave*
sex (indecl), six*
sibi (dat. of reflexive su), -self*
sc, adv., so, thus (modifies verbs only)[IV]
Sicilia, -ae f., Sicily,
sdus, sderis n., star*
signum, - n., sign, standard, signal [V]
silva, -ae f., forest, woods*
similis, -e, like, similar*
sine (+abl.), without*
sinister, sinistra, sinistrum, left, (subst) left hand
[XXVII]
sinus, -s m., bosom, embrace*
socius, - m., ally*
sl, slis, m, sun [XIII]
sollicitd, sollicitdinis f., worry, care [IX]
T
tlis, -e, such [IV]
tam, adv., so (modifies adj. and adv. only)[IV]
tamen, adv., nevertheless, yet, still*
tandem, adv., at length, finally*
tantum, - n., so much,
tantus, -a, -um, so great [IV]
tardus, -a, -um, slow, late [XVIII]
teg, -ere, tx, tctum, conceal, cover, shelter*
tells, tellris f., earth, ground, land [XXVII]
tlum,  n., javelin, weapon*
tempests, tempesttis f., storm, tempest, weather*
tempt (1), test, try [I]
tempus, tempris n., time*
132
sus, -s m., application, practice, skill, use*
ut (+ subj.), so that, in order that, with the result that
[II] (+ ind.), as*
fac ut, bring it about that,
uter, utra, utrum, which (of two)*
uterque, utraque, utrumque, each (of two), both
[XXIX]
tilis, -e, useful*
tor, t, sus sum (+abl.), use, enjoy, experience
[XIII]
tor bene, treat well,
utrum, conj., whether [VIII]
utrum … annn, whether…or not [VIII]
utrum … an, whether…or [VIII]
uxor, uxris f., wife*
tend, -ere, tetend, tentum, extend, proceed, stretch
out*
tene, -re, tenu, tentum, contain, hold*
tergum, - n., back*
terra, -ae f., country, earth, land*
terre, -re, terru, territum, frighten*
terror, terrris m., fear, terror*
tertius, -a, -um, third*
time, timre, timu, -----, be afraid of, fear*
timor, timris m., fear*
toll, tollere, sustul, subltum, lift, raise [XVIII]
tot, adj. (indecl.), so many [IV]
ttus, -a, -um, entire, whole*
trd, -ere, trdid, trditum, hand across, hand
down *
trdc, -ere, trdux, trductum, lead across
[XII]
trah, -ere, trx, trctum, drag*
tranquillus, -a, -um, calm, tranquil*
trns (+acc.), across*
transg, -ere, transg, transactum, accomplish,
finish, pierce, run through*
trecent, -ae, -a, three hundred [XXVII]
trs, tria, three*
tribnus, -, tribune [VIII]
tribnus mlitum, military tribune
trstis, -e, sad*
t, you (sg.)*
tueor, tur, tuitum, scan, observe, protect [XXVII]
tum, adv., at that time, then*
tunc, adv., at that time, then*
turb (1), disturb, stir up*
turpis, -e, disgraceful, shameful [XIV]
ttus, -a, -um, safe [XVIII]
tuus, -a, -um, your, yours*
V
vacuus, -a, -um, empty*
Valerius Maximus, Valeri Maxim m., Valerius
Maximus,
vts, vtis m., prophet, seer*
velut/velut, adv., just as, even as [XXIV]
veni, -re, vn, ventum, come*
in mentem venre, come to mind*
ventus,  m., wind*
verbum, - n., word*
vereor, verr, veritus, fear, respect*
Vergilius, Vergili m., Publius Vergilius Maro,
vert, -ere, vert, versum, turn*
vrus, -a, -um, true [XII]
vescor, vesc, ---- (+abl.), feed on, eat [XIII]
vesper, vesperis m., evening [XVIII]
vespera, -ae f., evening [XVIII]
vester, vestra, vestrum, your, yours*
vet, -re, vetu, vetitum, forbid, order . . . not*
vetus, veteris, old [XXIV]
via, -ae f., road, way*
vcus, -, m., village [IV]
vide, -re, vd, vsum, see, (pass.) be seen,
seem, appear *
vinc, -ere, vc, victum, conquer, defeat*
vinculum, - n., bond, chain, fetter [V]
vir, vir m., man*
virg, virginis f., maiden*
virts, virttis f, courage, strength, excellence, virtue
[IX]
vs, vs f. (pl. vrs, vrium), violence, force,
(pl.) strength [VII]
vta, -ae f., life*
vtam agere , lead a life*
U
ubi, , adv., when, where*
ullus, -a, -um, any*
umbra, -ae f., ghost, shadow*
umerus, - m., shoulder*
midus, -a, -um, moist, damp [XXIV]
umquam, adv., ever [VII]
n, adv, together [XIV]
unda, -ae f., wave*
unde, adv., from where, whence [VIII]
undique, adv, everywhere, on all sides, from all sides
[III]
nus, -a, -um, one*
urbs, urbis (-ium) f., city*
133
vt (1), avoid, escape*
vv, -ere, vx, vctum, live*
vvus, -a, -um, alive [VII
vix, adv., hardly, scarcely*
voc (1), call*
vol (1), fly*
vol, velle, volu, -----, want, wish*
volv, -ere, volv, voltum, roll*
vs, you (pl.)*
vx, vcis f., voice*
vulner (1), hurt, wound*
134
ENGLISH - LATIN VOCABULARY
and so, itaque, adv. [X]
and…not, nec/neque, *
Andromeda, Andromeda, -ae f.,
anger, ra, -ae f., *
angry, rtus, -a, -um, *
announce, nnti (1), *
another, alius, -a, -um, *
answer, responde, respondre, respond, responsum
[XXIII]
any, ullus, -a, -um, *
anything, aliquis, aliquid [XVII]
anytime, aliquand, adv. [XXIII]
appear, orior, -r, ortus sum [XXVII], vide, -re,
vd, vsum, (pass.) *
appearance, specis, - f., *
application, sus, -s m., *
approach (noun), adventus,-s, m. [I]
approach (verb), accd, -ere, access, accessum, *
aggredior, aggred, aggressus sum [V],
appropinqu, (1) [XV]
appropriate, aptus,-a,-um [XX]
ark, arca, -ae f., *
arms, arma, -rum n. pl., *
army, exercitus, -s m., *
around, circum (+ acc.), *
arouse, incit (1) [V]
arrival, adventus,-s, m [I]
arrive, perveni, -re, pervn, perventum [XII]
as, ut (+ ind.), *
as soon as possible, quam prmum,
as…as possible, quam (+ superlative), *
ascend, ascend, -ere, ascend, ascnsum,
Asia, Asia, -ae f.,
ask, quaer, -ere, quaesv, quaestum, *rog (1),
*
ask for, pet, -ere, petiv, pettum, *
assistance, praesidium,- n. [V]
at, ad (+ acc.), *
at first, prm, *
at length, tandem, *
at once, statim, *
at one time, quondam, *
at that time, tum, *tunc, *
at the foot of, mus,-a,-um [XVIII]
at the house of, apud (+ acc.) [X]
attack(noun), impetus,-s, m. [I]
A
ability, facults, faculttis f. [X]
abode, sds, sdis f., *
about, d (+ abl.), *
above, dsuper, adv., super (+acc), *
abundance, cpia, cpiae f. [XVII]
accept, recipi, -ere, recp, receptum [IV]
accidently, forte, *
accomplish, confici, -ere, confc, confectum
[XIX], transg, -ere, transg,
transactum, *
accost, appell, (1) [I]
achieve, compar (1) [III]
across, trns (+acc.),
address, appell, (1) [I]
admit, admitt, -ere, adms, admissum [IX]
adopt (plan), ine, -re, inv/ini, initum [XX],
cnsilium capere,
advance, prgredior, prgred, prgressus sum, *
advise, mone, -re, monu, monitum, * praecipi,
-ere, praecp, praeceptum [IV]
affair, rs, re f., *
affect, affici, -ere, affc, affectum [XXV]
after, post (+acc.), *postquam, adv. *
afterwards, poste, adv. [XXVII]
again, iterum, adv. * rrsus, adv. *
against, in (+acc.), *
age, aets,-ttis, f. [II]
aid, auxilium,-, n. [XXII]
air, caelum, - n., *
alive, vvus,-a,-um [VII]
all, omnis, -e, *
allow, admitt, -ere, adms, admissum [IX]
ally, socius, - m., *
almost, fer, adv. [II], paen, adv. [II]
alone, slus, -a, -um, *
along, praeter (+acc.) [XII], (with), cum (+ abl.), *
already, iam, adv., *
also, etiam, *
altogether, omnn, adv. [VIII]
always, semper, *
amazing, mrbilis,-e [XXIV]
among, apud (+acc.) [X], inter (+acc.), *
ancestors, mirs, -um,
ancient, antquus, -a, -um, *
and, ac/atque, *et, *-que, *
135
attack(verb), adorior, adorr, adortus sum [XXVII],
aggredior, aggred, aggressus sum [V]
attempt, cnor (1), *
authority, auctrits,-ttis, f., [II]
avoid, fugi, -ere, fg, fugitrus, * vt (1), *
awaken, excit (1), *
away, ab,  (+ abl.), *
away from, , ab (+ abl.), *
bind, adlig (1), *
black, ter, tra, trum, *
blaze, arde, -re, ars, arsrus, *
blessed, betus, -a, -um, *
block, intercld, -ere, intercls, interclsum
[XIII]
blood, sanguis, sanguinis m., *
blow, ictus, -s m., *
body, corpus, corporis n., *
bold, audx, audcis, *
boldly, audacter,
bond, vinculum, - n., *
book, liber, libr m, *
bosom, sinus, -s m., *
both, uterque, utraque, utrumque [XXIX]
bottom of, mus,-a,-um [XVIII]
box, arca, -ae f., *
boy, puer, puer m, *
brave, fortis, -e, *
bravery (pl.), animus, - m., *
break out, rump, -ere, rp, ruptus [XIV]
breast, pectus, pectoris n., *
bridge, pns, pontis (-ium) m., *
brief, brevis, -e, *
bring, affer, afferre, attul, alltum [XXVIII], fer,
ferre, tul, ltum, *
bring about, effici, efficere, effc, effectum [XXV]
bring back, refer, referre, rettul, reltum [XIX]
bring in, import (1) [XXIII]
bring it about that, fac ut,
bring together, confer, conferre, contul, colltum ,
*
bring up, memor (1) [XXIV]
bronze, aes, aeris, n. [XIII]
brother, frter, frtris m., *
build, mni, -re, mnv, mntum, *
burden, onus, oneris n., *
burn, arde, -re, ars, arsrus, * incend, -ere,
incend, incensum [III]
burst in, inrump, -ere, inrp,inruptum, *
burst out, rump, -ere, rp, ruptus [XIV]
bury, cond, -ere, condid, conditum [XIII]
business, negtium,- n. [XIII]
but, at*
but, autem, * sed, *
by, , ab (+ abl.), * per, praeter (+acc.) [XII]
by birth, ntrlis,-e [XXVIII]
by chance, forte [XXIII]
B
back, tergum, - n., *
backwards, rursus [XXVII]
bad, malus, -a, -um, *
baggage, impedmentum,-, n. (pl.) [V]
band, manus, -s f.., *
be, sum, esse, fu, futrus, *
be able, possum, posse, potu, -----, *
be afraid of, time, timre, timu, -----, *
be amazed, mror (1) [XXVII]
be away, absum, abesse, fu, futrus, *
be born, nascor, nasc, ntus sum [VII]
be eager for, stude, -re, studu, ---- [XV]
be inflamed, arde, -re, ars, arsrus, *
be lacking, dsum, desse, dfu, dfutrus
[XV]
be made, fi, fir, factus sum [X]
be mindful of, memin, meminisse [XXIX]
be pleasing, place, -re, placu, placitum [XV]
be present, adsum, adesse, adfu, adfutrus, *
be seen , vide, -re, vd, vsum, *
be surprised, mror (1) [XXVII]
be unwilling, nl, nlle, nlu, -----, *
beach, ltus, ltoris n., *
bear, fer, ferre, tul, ltum, *
beautiful, pulcher, pulchra, pulchrum, *
because, quod, *
because of, ob (+acc), * propter (+acc.), *
become, fi, fir, factus sum [X]
before, ante (+ acc.), * ante, adv. [XXV], antequam,
conj.*
beg, obsecr (1) [XXII], or (1) [XXII]
begin, incipi, -ere, incp, inceptum, *
behavior, ms, mris (pl.) [V]
believe, crd, -ere, crdid, crditum [XV]
benefit, beneficium, - n., * fructus, -s m., *
beseech, obsecr (1) [XXII], or (1) [XXII]
best, optimus, -a,-um (superl. of bonus), *
better, melior, melius (comp. of bonus), *
between, inter (+acc.), *
bid, iube, iubre, iuss, iussum, *
136
C
come to mind, in mentem venre, *
come together, conveni, re, convn, conventum
[XII]
come up to, accd, -ere, access, accessum, *
come upon, inveni, -re, invn, inventum [XII]
command, iube, iubre, iuss, iussum, *
common, commnis,-e [XIV]
common people, plebs, plebis f. [XVII]
companion, comes, comitis m./f., *
compel, cog, -ere, cog, coactum, *
compete, contend, -ere, contend, contentum, *
complete, perfici, -ere, perfc, perfectum [XXV]
compose, fing, -ere,finx, fictus [XXIV]
conceal, teg, -ere, tx, tctum, *
concern, cra, -ae f., *
concerning, d (+ abl.), *
conquer, vinc, -ere, vc, victum, *
consent, nmen, nminis n. [XXVIII]
consider, dlber (1) [XVIII], existim (1)
[XXIII], habe -re, habu, habitum, * puto
(1), *
consul, cnsul, cnsulis m., *
consult, cnsul, -ere, cnsulu, cnsultum, *
contain, contine, -re, continu, contentum [II],
tene, -re, tenu, tentum, *
contest, certmen, certminis n., *
convene, conveni, re, convn, conventum [XII]
converse, colloquor, colloqu, colloctus sum [VII]
convey, affer, afferre, attul, alltum [XXVIII]
copper, aes, aeris n., *
country(versus city), rs, rris n.[VII]
country, terra, -ae f., *
countryside, rs, rris [VII]
courage, virts, virttis f, *
course, cursus,-s, m. [I]
cover, conteg, -ere, contx, contctum, * teg, ere, tx, tctum, *
craft, ars, artis f. [XXIX]
create, cre (1) [X]
crime, scelus, sceleris n., *
crooked, prvus,-a,-um [XXIX]
crowd, multitd, multitdinis f. [IX]
custom, ms, mris [V]
cut away, abscd, -ere, -cd, -csum, *
cut off, abscd, -ere, -cd, -csum, *
call, voc (1), *
call together, convoc (1) [XXIII]
calm, tranquillus, -a, -um, *
camp, castra, -rum n. pl., *
can, possum, posse, potu, -----, *
capable, potens,-ntis [I]
capture, capi, -ere, cp, captum, *
care, cra, -ae f., * sollicitd, sollicitdinis f. [IX]
careful, dligns,-ntis, [I]
carry, fer, ferre, tul, ltum, * port (1), *
carry back, refer, referre, rettul, reltum [XIX]
carry in, import (1) [XXIII]
carry on, ger, gerere, gess, gestum, *
carry toward, affer, afferre, attul, alltum
[XXVIII]
Carthage, Cathg, -inis, f.
Carthaginian, Poenus, -a, -um,
cast, conici, -ere, conic, coniectum, *
catch sight of, conspici, -ere, conspex, conspectum
[XVIII]
cause(noun), causa, -ae f.,
cause(verb), effici, -ere, effc, effectum [XXV]
cavalry, eques, equitis m. [XIV]
certain, qudam, quaedam, quoddam [XIX], certus,a,-um [VII]
chain, vinculum,- n. [V]
chance, csus, -s m., *
change, mt (1), *
character, ingenium,- n. [XIX], ntra,-ae f. [XV],
ms, mris (pl.) [V]
chest(box), arca, -ae f., *
chest(breast), pectus, pectoris n., *.
chief, princeps, principis m. [XVII]
children, lber,-rum m. [XXV]
choose, dlig, -ere, dlg, dlectum [III],
leg, -ere, lg, lctum, *
Cicero, M. Tullius Cicero, Cicer, Ciceronis m.,
citadel, arx, arcis,f. [XIII]
citizen, cvis, cvis (-ium) m/f, *
citizenship, cvits,-ttis, f. [II]
city, urbs, urbis (-ium) f., *
clothe, indu, -ere, indu, indtum, *
coast, ltus, ltoris n., *
collapse, lbor, lb, lapsus sum, *
collect, cog, -ere, cog, coactum [XIV], exig, ere, exg, exactum [XIV]
column (of men), agmen, agminis n., *
come, veni, -re, vn, ventum, *
come to, perveni, -re, pervn, perventum [XII]
D
daily, cottdi, adv. [XXIII]
damp, midus,-a,-um [XXIV]
danger, perculum,- [V]
137
dark, ter, tra, trum, *
daughter, flia, -ae f., *
day, dis, - m, *
deal with, ag, -ere, g, actum, *
dear, crus, -a, -um, *
death, mors, mortis f. (-ium), *
debate about, d … agere , *
debt, aes alinum [XIII]
decide, cern, -ere, crv, crtum, * cnstitu, ere, cnstitu, cnstittum, *
deed, factum,  n., *
deep, altus, -a, -um, *
deepest, mus,-a,-um [XVIII]
defeat, vinc, -ere, vc, victum, *
defend, dfend, -ere, dfend, dfnsum, *
defense, praesidium,- n. [V]
defer, differ, differre, distul, diltum [II]
define, fini, -re, finv/fini, finitum [XXIII]
delay, mora, -ae f., *
deliberate, dlber (1) [XVIII]
demand, exig, -ere, exg, exactum [XIV],
imper (1) [XXII], postul (1) [XXII]
deny, prohibe, -re, prohibu, prohibitum [XIII]
depart, discd, -ere, discess, discessum, *
excd, -ere, excess, excessum, *
descend, dscend, -ere, dscend, dscnsum,
deserted, desertus, -a, -um,
deserved, meritus, -a, -um, *
desire(noun), cupidits,-ttis, f. [II]
desire(verb), cupi, -ere, cupv, cuptum [XXIII],
opt (1), * stude, studre, studu, ---[XV]
destroy, dle, -re, dlv, dltum, *
determine, cnstitu, -ere, cnstitu, cnstittum,
*
devoted, pius, -a, -um, * studisus,-a,-um [XVIII]
devotion, studium,-i n. [XXVIII]
devour, dvor (1), *
Diana, Diana, -ae f.,
die, morior, mor, mortuus sum, *
differ, differ, differre, distul, diltum [II]
difficult, difficilis, -e, *
difficulty, difficults,-ttis, f. [II]
dignity, decus, decoris n. [XVII]
diligence, diligentia, -ae,
direct, praecipi, -ere, praecp, praeceptum [IV]
direction, pars, partis (-ium) f , *
discern, cern, -ere, crv, crtum, *
discover, reperi, -re, repper, repertum [XIX]
discus, discus,  m., *
disgraceful, turpis,-e [XIV]
dismiss, dmitt, -ere, dms, dmissum [IX]
display, ostend, -ere, ostend, ostentum [XV]
dissimilar, dissimilis, -e, *
distinguished, insignis,-e [XIV]
distorted, prvus,-a,-um [XXIX]
disturb, turb (1), *
divine, dvnus,-a,-um [XXVIII], dvus, -a, -um, *
do, ag, -ere, g, actum, * faci, -ere, fc,
factum, *
do to, adfici, -ere, -fc, -fectum, *
down from, d (+ abl.), *
drag, trah, -ere, trx, trctum, *
drag out, extrah, -ere, extrx, extrctum, *
draw (a weapon), ddc, -ere, ddx,
dductum [X]
drive, ag, -ere, g, actum, *
drive back, redg, -ere, redg, redactum, *
drive out, exig, -ere, exg, exactum [XIV]
drive together, cog, -ere, cog, coactum, *
due, meritus, -a, -um, *
dutiful, pius, -a, -um, *
duty, officium,- n. [XIII]
dwell, habit (1), *
dye, infici, -ere, infc, infectum, *
E
each, quisque, quaeque, quidque [XIV]
each (of two), uterque, utraque, utrumque [XXIX]
eager, avidus,-a,-um [VII], cupidus,-a,-um [XVIII],
studisus,-a,-um [XVIII]
eagerness, studium,-i n. [XXVIII]
earth, tells, tellris f. [XXVII], terra, -ae f., *
easy, facilis, -e, *
eat, vescor, vesc, ---- (+abl.) [XIII]
edge, ra, -ae f., *
effect(verb), effici, -ere, effc, effectum [XXV]
eight, octo, *
either…or, aut…aut, *
elect, cre (1) [X]
eloquence, loquentia,-ae f. [XIX]
embrace, sinus, -s m., *
empty, vacuus, -a, -um, *
enclose, incld, -ere, incls, inclsum, *
encourage, confrm (1) [I], hortor (1) [XXII]
end, fnis, -is (-ium) m., *
endure, fer, ferre, tul, ltum, * patior, pat, passus
sum, * perfer, perferre, pertul, perltum
[II]
enemy, hostis, hostis (-ium) m., *
138
engage, committ, -ere, comms, commissum [IX]
enjoy, fruor, fru, fructus sum (+abl.) [XIII], tor,
t, sus sum (+abl.) [XIII]
enjoyment, fructus, -s m., *
enlist, conscrb, -ere, conscrps, conscrptum
[XIII]
enmity, inimcitia,-ae f. [XXVIII]
enough, satis [XIV]
enroll, conscrb, -ere, conscrps, conscrptum
[XIII]
enter, ine, -re, inv/ini, initum [XX]
enthusiasm, studium,-i n. [XXVIII]
entire, ttus, -a, -um, *
entirely, omnn, *
entrust, committ, -ere, comms, commissum [IX],
crd, -ere, crdid, crditum [XV]
envoy, lgtus,- [VIII]
envy, invidia, -ae f., *
equal, pr, paris [XXV]
escape(noun), fuga, -ae f., *
escape(verb), s ripere [V], vt (1), *
especially, praesertim, adv. [XIV]
establish, cnstitu, -ere, cnstitu, cnstittum,
*
esteem, honor, honris m [V]
Ethiopian, Aethips, Aethiopis m.,
even, aequus, aequa, aequum [XX]
even, etiam, adv.*
even as, velut/velut, adv. [XXIV]
evening, vesper, vesperis m. [XVIII], vespera,-ae f.
[XVIII]
ever, umquam, adv. [VII]
every, omnis, -e, *
everywhere, undique, adv [III]
evil(adj.), malus, -a, -um, *
evil(noun), nefs (indecl.) n. [XXIV]
examine, perspici, -ere, perspex, perspectum
[XVIII]
excellence, virts, virttis f. [IX]
excess, nimium,- n. [XXIX]
exhaust, exanim (1), *
exhausted, fessus, -a, -um, *
exhibit, praest, -re, praestit, praestatum, *
experience, experior, experr, expertus sum
[XXIX], patior, pat, passus sum, * tor,
t, sus sum (+abl.) [XIII]
experienced, pertus,-a,-um [XV]
explain, expn, -ere, exposu, expositum [XIII]
expose, expn, -ere, exposu, expositum [XIII]
extend, pertine, -re, pertinu, pertentum [II],
tend, -ere, tetend, tentum, *
eye, oculus, - m., *
F
faction, facti, factinis [IX]
fail, dfici, -ere, dfc, dfectum [XXV],
dsum, desse, dfu, dfutrus [XV]
fair, aequus, aequa, aequum [XX]
faith, fids, -e f, *
faithful, fidlis,-e [VIII]
fall, csus, -s m., *
fall away, dfici, dficere, dfc, dfectum
[XXV]
fame, gloria, gloriae f [XVII]
family, familia, familiae f. [XVII]
famine, fams, famis f.,
far, long, *
farmer, agricola, -ae m., *
fashion(verb), fing, -ere,finx, fictus [XXIV]
fate, ftum, - n., *
father, pater, patris m., *
favor(noun), beneficium,-, n. [XXIII], gratia, -ae f., *
favor(verb), fave, -re, fv, fautum (+dat.) [XV]
fear(noun), metus,-s, m. [I], terror, terrris m., timor,
timris m.,
fear(verb), time, timre, timu, -----, * vereor,
verr, veritus, *
feed on, vescor, vesc, ---- (+abl.) [XIII]
feel, senti, -re, sns, snsum, *
fetter, vinculum,- n. [V]
few, pauc, -ae, -a, *
field, ager, agr m., * (plain) campus, - m., *
fierce, cer, cris, cre, *
fight, pugn (1), *
finally, tandem, *
find, inveni, -re, invn, inventum [XII] (by
looking), reperi, -re, repper, repertum
[XIX]
fine, bellus,-a,-um [XVIII]
finish, confici, -ere, confc, confectum [XIX],
perfici, -ere, perfc, perfectum [XXV],
transg, -ere, transg, transactum, * (a
life), exig, -ere, exg, exactum [XIV]
fire, ignis, -is (ium) m., *
firm, firmus,-a,-um [IV]
first, prmus, -a, -um, *
five, quinque, *
flame, flamma, -ae f., *
flat, aequus, aequa, aequum [XX]
139
flee, fugi, -ere, fg, fugitrus, *
flight, fuga, -ae f., *
flood, flctus, -s m., *
fly, vol (1), *
follow, cnsequor, cnsequ, cnsectus sum
[XVII], sequor, sequ, secutus sum, *
food, cibus,-, m. [VIII]
foot, ps, pedis m., *
for, enim, conj., * nam, adv. *
for a long time, di, *
for a longer time, ditius (compara. of di), *
for a very long time, ditissim (superl. of di), *
for the longest time, ditissim (superl. of di), *
forbid, vet, -re, vetu, vetitum, *
force (noun), vs, vs f. (pl. vrs, vrium) [VII]
force(verb), cog, -ere, cog, coactum [XIV]
foreign, alinus,-a,-um [XX]
forest, silva, -ae f., *
forget, oblviscor, oblvisc, obltus sum [XXIX]
forgetful, immemor, immemoris [XXV]
forgive, ignosc, -ere, ignv, igntum (+dat.)
[XV]
form, forma, formae f. [XVII]
formerly, ante, adv. [XXV], quondam, adv.*
fortify, mni, -re, mnv, mntum, *
fortune, fortna, -ae f., *
forum, forum,- n. [V]
found (a city), cond, -ere, condid, conditum [XIII]
four, quattuor, *
free, lber, lbera, lberum, *
free, lber (1) [XIII]
freedom, lberts,-ttis, f. [II]
freely, libenter, *
friend, amcus, - m,
friendly, amcus, -a, -um, *
friendship, amcitia,-ae, f. [III]
frighten, terre, -re, terru, territum, *
from, , ab (+ abl.), *, , ex (+ abl.), *
from above, dsuper, *
from all sides, undique, adv [III]
from here, hinc, adv. [XX]
from there, deinde, adv. [XXV], inde, adv. [XXV]
from this place, hinc, adv. [XX]
from where, unde, adv. [VIII]
fruit, fructus, -s m., *
function, mnus, mneris n. [XXVII]
fury, furor, -ris m., *
gain, cnsequor, cnsequ, cnsectus sum
[XVII]
gain possession of, potior, -r, pottum sum [XIII]
G
Gaius Julius Casear, Caesar, Caesaris m.,
Gallic, Gallus, -a, -um*
game, ldus, - m., *
gate, porta, -ae f., *
gather, cog, -ere, cog, coactum [XIV], compar
(1) [III]
Gaul, Gallus, -a, -um*
general, commnis,-e [XIV]
get, nanciscor, nancisc, nactus sum [VII]
ghost, umbra, -ae f., *
gift, donum, - n., * (of the gods), mnus, mneris n.
[XXVII]
girl, puella, -ae f., *
give, do, dare, ded, datum, *
give a speech, rtinem habre [IX]
give back, redd, -ere, reddidi, redditum, *
give out, d, -ere, did, ditum, *
give thanks, gratias agere (+dat), *
gladness, gaudium,  n., *
glory, decus, decoris n. [XVII], fma, -ae f., *gloria,
gloriae f [XVII]
go, confer, conferre, contul, colltum , * cd, ere, cess, cessum [IX], e, re, i(v),
itum, *
go away, abe, abre, abi (-v), abtum, [XX]
go back, rede, -re, redi (-v), reditum [XXIX]
go forward, prgredior, prgred, prgressus sum, *
go in, incd, -ere, incess, incessum, *
go in, ine, -re, ini (inv), initum, *
go out, gredior, gred, gressus sum [V],
excd, -ere, excess, excessum, * exe, re, exv/exi, extum [XX]
go past, praetere, -re, preateriv/-i, praeteritum
[XX]
go to, ade, adre, adi (-v), adtum [XX]
go toward, ade, adre, adi (-v), aditum, *
accd, -ere, access, accessum [IX]
god, deus, - m., *
goddess, dea, -ae f., *
gold, aurum, - n., *
good, bonus, -a, -um, *
Gorgon, Gorgo(n), Gorgonis f.,
graceful, gracilis, -e, *
grandfather, avus, - m., *
grant, concd, -ere, concess, concessum [IX]
grasp, comprehend, -ere, -hend, -hensum, *
great, magnus, -a, -um, *
greater, mior, maius (comp. of magnus), *
greatly, magnopere, *
140
greed, cupidits,-ttis, f. [II]
greedy, avidus,-a,-um [VII], cupidus,-a,-um [XVIII]
greet, excipio, -ere, excp, exceptum [IV]
grief, dolor, dolris m., *
grieve, dole, -re, dolu, dolitum [XXIII]
groan, fremitus, -s m., *
ground, tells, tellris f. [XXVII]
guard(noun), custs, custdis, m. [XXVII]
guard(verb), serv (1), *
guardian, custs, custdis, m. [XXVII]
hold back, retine, -re, retinu, retentum [II]
hold together, contine, -re, continu, contentum
[II]
holy, sacer, sacra, sacrum, *
home, domus, -s, f, *
honor, decus, decoris n. [XVII], honor, honris m.,
hope(noun), sps, spe f., *
hope(verb), spr (1) [III]
horn, corn, -s n, *
horrible, horribilis, -e, *
horse, equus,  m., *
horseman, eques, equitis m. [XIV]
hostile, inimcus,-a,-um [VII]
hostility, inimcitia,-ae f. [XXVIII]
hour, hra, -ae f., *
household, domus, -s, f, *
household slaves, familia, familiae f. [XVII]
how great?, quantus,-a,-um [VIII]
how long?, quamdi, adv. [VIII]
how many?, quot [VIII]
how much?, quantus,-a,-um [VIII]
how often?, quotins, adv. [VIII]
however, autem, *
huge, ingens, ingentis, *
human, hom, hominis m, *
humble, humilis, -e, *
hundred, centum, *
hunger, fams, famis f.,
hurl, conici, -ere, conic, coniectum, *
hurry, contend, -ere, contend, contentum, *
hurt, vulner (1), *
H
hand, manus, -s f.., *
hand across, trd, -ere, trdid, trditum, *
hand down , trd, -ere, trdid, trditum, *
handsome, bellus,-a,-um [XVIII]
happen, fi, fir, factus sum [X]
happy, betus, -a, -um, * flx, flcis, * laetus, -a,
-um, *
hardly, vix, *
hardness, gravits, gravittis f. [XXVIII]
hardship, labor, labris m., *
hardy, patien, -entis,
harm, noce, nocre, nocu, nocitum (+dat.) [XV]
hasten, curr, -ere, cucurr, cursum, *
hatred, invidia, -ae f., *
have, habe -re, habu, habitum, *
have a reason, causam habre,
have no knowledge of, ignr (1), *
he, she, it, is, ea, id, *
head, caput, capitis n., *
hear, audi, -re, audv, audtum, *
heart, pectus, pectoris n., *.
heaven, caelum, - n., *
heavenly, dvnus,-a,-um [XXVIII]
heavy, gravis, -e, *
helmet, galea, -ae f., *
help(noun), auxilium,-, n. [XXII], beneficium,-, n.
[XXIII]
help(verb), iuv, -re, iv, itum [XIX]
here, hc, adv. [XX]
high, altus, -a, -um, *
highest, summus,-a,-um [XV]
hindrance, impedmentum,-, n. [V]
his, her, its, suus, -a, -um, *
hither, hc, adv., *
hold, habe -re, habu, habitum, * obtine, -re,
obtinu, obtentum [II], tene, -re, tenu,
tentum, *
hold (up), sustine, -re, sustinu, sustentum [II]
I
I, ego, *
idle, ignvus, -a, -um, *
ignorant, impertus,-a,-um [XXIX]
imagine, fing, -ere,finx, fictus [XXIV], reor, rr,
ratus sum [XXVII]
immediately, confestim, adv. [I], statim, *
imprison, incld, -ere, incls, inclsum, *
improper, prvus,-a,-um [XXIX]
in, in (+abl.), *
in a higher position, super (+acc), *
in front of, praeter (+acc.) [XII]
in front of, pr (+abl.), *
in order that, ut (+ subj.) [II]
in the presence of, apud (+ acc.) [X]
in vain, frustr, adv. [XX]
increase, auge, -re, aux, auctum [X]
inevitable, necessrius,-a,-um [XXVIII]
141
inexperienced, impertus,-a,-um [XXIX]
infant, infans, infantis (-ium) m/f, *
influence(noun), auctrits,-ttis, f., [II]
influence(verb), addc, -ere, addx, adductum,
[X], indc, -ere, indx, inductum [XII]
inhabit, incol, -ere, incolu, ---- [VIII]
inhabitant, incola, -ae m., *
innate quality, ingenium,- n. [XIX]
intention, mens, mentis (-ium) f., *
into, in (+acc.), *
iron, ferrum, - n., *
island, insula,-ae, f. [III]
it is fitting, oportet, oportere, oportuit [XXVII]
it is necessary, necesse esse [XXVII]
it is permitted, licet, licre, licuit or licitum est
[XXVII]
Italy, talia, -ae f.,
lazy, ignvus, -a, -um, *
lead, dc, -ere, dx, ductum, *
lead a life, vtam agere, *
lead across, trdc, -ere, trdux, trductum
[XII]
lead away, ddc, -ere, ddx, dductum [X]
lead in, indc, -ere, indx, inductum [XII]
lead out, dc, -ere, dx, ductum, *
lead through, perdc, -ere, perdx, perductum, *
lead to, addc, -ere, addx, adductum, [X]
leader, dux, ducis m., * princeps, principis m. [XVII]
learn, disc, -ere, didic,---- [XVIII]
learned, doctus,-a,-um [XXIX]
leave, discd, -ere, discess, discessum, * gredior,
gred, gressus sum [V], relinqu, -ere,
relqu, relictum, *
leave behind, relinqu, -ere, relqu, relictum, *
left, sinister, sinistra, sinistrum [XXVII]
left hand, sinister, sinistra, sinistrum [XXVII]
legate, lgtus,- [VIII]
letter, epistula, -ae f., * littera,-ae, f. (pl.) [III] (of the
alphabet), littera,-ae, f. [III]
level, aequus, aequa, aequum [XX]
liberate, lber (1) [XIII]
life, vta, -ae f., *
lift, toll tollere, sustul, subltum [XVIII]
light, lmen, lminis n., * lx, lcis f., *
like(verb), am (1), *
like(adj.), pr, paris [XXV], similis, -e, *
likewise, item, adv. [IV]
limit, fini, -re, finv/fini, finitum [XXIII]
listen to, audi, -re, audv, audtum , *
literature, littera,-ae, f. (pl.) [III]
little (a), paul, adv. [XXVII]
little, parvus, -a, -um, *
live(inhabit), habit (1), *
live, vv, -ere, vx, vctum, *
Livy, (Titus Livius), Livius, Livi m.,
long, longus, -a, -um, *
long for, cupi, -ere, cupv, cuptum [XXIII]
longing, cupidus,-a,-um [XVIII]
look down on, despici, -ere, despex, despectum
[XVIII]
look into or upon, inspici, -ere, inspex, inspectum, *
look out, exspect (1), *
loosen, solv, -ere, solv, soltum [XIV]
lose, mitt, -ere, ms, missum [IX]
love(noun), amor, amris, m. [XII]
love(verb), am (1), *
low, humilis, -e, *
J
javelin, tlum,  n., *
jealousy, invidia, -ae f., *
journey, iter, itineris n., *
joy, gaudium,- n. [XXIII]
joyful, laetus, -a, -um, *
Jupiter, Iuppiter, Iovis m., *
Juppiter, Iove (abl. sg. of Iuppiter),
just, modo, *
just as, velut/velut, adv. [XXIV]
K
keen, cer, cris, cre, *
keenness, studium,-i n. [XXVIII]
keep off, prohibe, -re, prohibu, prohibitum [XIII]
kill, interficio, -ere, -fc, -fectum, *
kind, genus, -eris n., *
kindness, beneficium,-, n. [XXIII]
king, rx, rgis m., *
kingdom, rgnum, - n., *
know, sci, -re, scv (or sci), sctum,
L
labor, labor, labris m., *
lack, inopia, inopiae f. [XVII]
lament, dplr (1), *
land, tells, tellris f. [XXVII], terra, -ae f., *
large, magnus, -a, -um, *
Larisa, Larisa, -ae f.,
last, nvissimus,-a,-um,
late, tardus,-a,-um [XVIII]
law, is, iris n., * lx, lgis f., *
142
lowest, mus,-a,-um [XVIII]
loyal, fidlis,-e [VIII], pius, -a, -um, *
loyalty, fids, -e f, *
luck, fortna, -ae f., *
most, plurimus, -a, -um (superl. of multus), *
most recent, nvissimus,-a,-um, C
mother, mter, mtris f., *
Mount Olympus, Olympus, - m.,
mountain, mns, montis (-ium) m., *
mourn, dplr (1), *
mouth, s, oris n., *
move, adfici, -ere, -fc, -fectum, * move, -re,
mv, mtum, *
much(adv.), multum, *
much(adj.), multus, -a, -um, *
multitude, multitd, multitdinis f. [IX]
my, meus, -a, -um, *
M
magical, magicus, -a, -um,
magistracy, magistrtus,-s, m. [I]
magistrate, magistrtus,-s, m. [I]
maiden, virg, virginis f., *
mainland, continens, continentis f., *
make, faci, -ere, fc, factum, * fing, -ere,finx,
fictus [XXIV]
make a journey, iter facere, *
make a mistake, err (1), *
make effort, contend, -ere, contend, contentum, *
make ready, confici, -ere, confv, confectum
[XIX]
make up, fing, -ere,finx, fictus [XXIV]
man, hom, hominis m, * vir, vir m., *
manner, modus, - m., *
many, multus, -a, -um, *
march, contend, -ere, contend, contentum, * iter
facere, *
march forward, prgredior, prgred, prgressus
sum, *
marketplace, forum,- n. [V]
marry, in mtrimnium ducere, *
master, dominus, - m., *
matter, rs, re f., *
meanwhile, interim, adv. [XIV]
Medusa, Medusa, -ae f.,
meet, conveni, -re, convn, conventum [XII]
memory, memoria, memoriae f. [XVII]
mention, memor (1) [XXIV]
merely, modo, adv. [XXII]
messenger, nntius, - m., *
mind, animus, - m., * mens, mentis (-ium) f., *
mindful, memor, memoris [XXV]
mine, meus, -a, -um, *
Minerva, Minerva, - ae f.,
misfortune, csus, -s m., *
mistaken, falsus,-a,-um [XXIV]
moist, midus,-a,-um [XXIV]
money, pecnia,-ae, f. [III]
monster, monstrum, - n.,
more(adv.), magis (comp. of magnopere), *
more(noun), pls, plris n. [XXIX]
moreover, autem, *
most, maximus, -a, -um, (superl. of magnus) *
N
name(noun), nmen, nminis n., *
name(verb), appell, (1) [I]
narrow, angustus,-a,-um, [V]
nation, gns, gentis (-ium) f., *
native land, patria, -ae, *
natural, ntrlis,-e [XXVIII]
nature, ntra,-ae f. [XV]
near(prep.), prope (+acc.) [XXV]
near(adj.), propinquus,-a,-um [V]
nearly, fer, adv. [II]
necessary, necessrius,-a,-um [XXVIII]
neck, collum, - n., *
neighboring, finitimus,-a,-um [VIII], propinquus,-a,-um
[V]
neither, neuter, neutra, neutrum, *
neither…nor, neque…neque, *
Neptune, Neptnus, - m.,
never, numquam, adv. [XXV]
nevertheless, tamen, *
new, novus, -a, -um, *
next(adv.), deinde, adv. [XXV]
next(adj.), proximus, -a, -um, *
nice, bellus,-a,-um [XVIII]
night, nox, noctis (-ium) f., *
nine, novem, *
no, nullus, -a, -um, *
no one, nm, nminis m., *
noble, nbilis,-e [VIII]
nobody, nm, nminis m., *
nod, nmen, nminis n. [XXVIII]
noise, clmor, clmris, m. [IX]
none, nullus, -a, -um, *
nor, nec/neque, *
not, nn, *
not any, nullus, -a, -um, *
143
out of, , ex (+ abl.), *
outrage, incend, -ere, incend, incensum [III]
over, super (+acc), *
not at all, haud, adv. [I]
not know, nesci, nescre, nescv/nesci,
nesctus [XII]
not only … but also, nn modo … sed etiam, *
not to want, nl, nlle, nlu, -----, *
not to wish, nl, nlle, nlu, -----, *
not yet, nndum [XXV]
nothing, nihil (indecl.) n., *
notice, animadvert, -ere, animadvert,
animadversum, , [III]
now, iam, adv., *nunc, adv. *
number, numerus,-, m. [IV]
P
pain, dolor, dolris m., *
painfully, aegr, *
palace, rgia, -ae f., *
panic, pavor, pavris m., *
part, pars, partis (-ium) f , *
past, praeter (+acc.) [XII]
patient, patien, -entis,
pay a penalty, poens dare, *
pay attention to, animadvert, -ere, animadvert,
animadversum, , [III]
peace, pax, pacis, f. [III]
people, populus,-, m. [IV]
perceive, cern, -ere, crv, crtum, * senti, -re,
sns, snsum, *
perfect, perfici, -ere, perfc, perfectum [XXV]
perform, fungor, fung, functus sum (+abl.) [XIII]
perhaps, fortasse, adv. [XXVIII]
peril, perculum,- n. [V]
Perseus, Perseus, Perse m.,
persuade, persuade, -re, persuas, persuasum
[XXII]
pertain, pertine, -re, pertinu, pertentum [II]
pick out, leg, ere, lg, lctum, *
pierce, transg, -ere, transg, transactum, *
pirate, prta, -ae m., *
place(noun), locus, - m (loca, -rum n. pl.), *
place(verb), pn, -ere, posu, positum, *
plain, campus, - m., *
plan, cnsilium, - n, *
playing field, campus, - m., *
pleasing, grtus, -a, -um, *
plebs, plebs, plebis f. [XVII]
plunge, merg, -ere, mers, mersum, *
poet, pota, -ae m., *
Pompey , Pompeius Magnus, Pompei Magn m.,
power, facults, faculttis f. [X], imperium, - n., *
ops, opis f. [XIII], potests,-ttis, f. [II],
powerful, potens,-ntis [I]
practically, paene, *
practice, sus, -s m., *
praise(noun), laus, laudis f. [XVII]
praise(verb), laud (1), *
prefer, ml, mlle, mlu, -----, *
prepare, compar (1) [III], par (1), *
pretty, bellus,-a,-um [XVIII]
O
obey, pre, -re, pru, pritum (+dat) [XV]
observe, tueor, tur, tuitum [XXVII], conspici, cere, conspex, conspectum [XVIII],
perspici, -ere, perspex, perspectum
[XVIII]
obtain, nanciscor, nancisc, nactus sum [VII],
obtine, -re, obtinu, obtentum [II]
obtain (by asking), impetr (1) [X]
of one’s own accord, spont [X]
offend, offend, -ere, offend, offnsum, *
office, honor, honris m [V], officium,- n. [XIII]
often, saepe, *
old, vetus, veteris, [XXIII]
old man, senex, senis m. [XIX]
on, in (+abl.), *
on account of, ob (+acc), * propter (+acc.), *
on all sides, undique, adv [III]
on behalf of, pr (+abl.), *
once, quondam, *
one, nus, -a, -um, *
only(adv.), modo, adv. [XXII]
only(adj.), slus, -a, -um, *
onto, in (+acc.), *
open, aperi, re, aperu, apertum [XXIII]
opinion, sententia,-ae, f. [III]
opportunity, facults, faculttis f. [X]
opposite, contr (+acc.) [XVII]
or, aut, *
oracle, rculum, - n., *
order(noun), ord, ordinis m. [XVII]
order(verb), imper (1) [XXII], iube, iubre,
iuss, iussum, * praecipi, -ere, praecp,
praeceptum [IV]
order . . . not, vet, -re, vetu, vetitum, *
other, alius, -a, -um, * ( of 2), alter, altera, alterum, *
our, noster, nostra, nostrum, *
144
prevent, prohibe, -re, prohibu, prohibitum [XIII]
previously, ante, adv. [XXV]
prize, praemium,- n. [XXIII]
proceed, tend, -ere, tetend, tentum, *
produce, effici, -ere, effc, effectum [XXV]
profit from, fruor, fru, fructus sum (+abl.) [XIII]
prominent, insignis,-e [XIV]
prophet, vts, vtis m., *
protect, tueor, tur, tuitum [XXVII]
protection, praesidium,- n. [V]
protector, custs, custdis, m. [XXVII]
province, prvincia,-ae, f. [III]
provisions, cpia, cpiae f. (pl.) [XVII]
prudent, prdens,-ntis [I]
public, pblicus, -a, -um, *
Punic, Poenus, -a, -um,
punish, puni (4), *
punishment, poena, -ae f., *
pursue, cnsequor, cnsequ, cnsectus sum
[XVII]
put, pn, -ere, posu, positum, *
put down, dpn, -ere, dposu, dpositum, *
put off, exu, -ere, exu, extum, *
put on, indu, -ere, indu, indtum, *
report, nnti (1), * perfer, perferre, pertul,
perltum [II]
reputation, fma, -ae f., *
rescue, ripi, -ere, ripu, reptum [V]
resolute, firmus,-a,-um [IV]
resolve, cnsul, -ere, cnsulu, cnsultum, *
resources, ops, opis f. [XIII]
respect, vereor, verr, veritus, *
respond, responde, -re, respond, responsum
[XXIII]
rest(noun), quis, quitis f., *
rest(adj.), reliquus,-a,-um [V] cter, -ae, -a, *
restore, refici, -ere, refc, refectum [XXV]
restrain, retine, -re, retinu, retentum [II]
retreat, s recipere [IV]
return(noun), reditus, -s m., *
return(verb), rede, -re, redi (-v), reditum
[XXIX], revert, -ere, revert, ---- (usu,
deponent in pres.) [XIV]
reveal, aperi, re, aperu, apertum [XXIII]
reward, praemium,- n. [XXIII]
right(adj.), dexter, dextera, dexterum [XXVII]
right(noun), is, iris n., *
right hand, dexter, dextera, dexterum [XXVII]
rim, ra, -ae f., *
rise, orior, -r, ortus sum [XXVII], surg, -ere,
surrx, surrctum, *
road, iter, itineris n., * via, -ae f., *
roar, fremitus, -s m., *
rock, saxum, - n., *
roll, volv, -ere, volv, voltum, *
Roman, Rmnus, -a, -um,
Rome, Rma, -ae f.,
room, spatium,- n. [XXIII]
rouse, excit (1), *
rule(noun), imperium, - n., *
rule(verb), reg, -ere, rx, rctum, *
rumble, fremitus, -s m., *
rumor, fma, -ae f., * rmor, rmris m. [XII]
run, curr, -ere, cucurr, cursum, *
run away, fugi, -ere, fg, fugitrus, *
run through, transg, -ere, transg, transactum, *
run to, accurr, -ere, accurs, accursum, *
Q
queen, rgna, -ae f., *
quick, celer, celeris, celere, *
quiet, quis, quitis f., *
R
rage, furor, -ris m., *
raise, toll tollere, sustul, subltum [XVIII]
rank, ord, ordinis m. [XVII]
read, leg, -ere, lg, lctum, *
reason, rati, ratinis, f. [IX]
receive, accipi, -ere, -cp, -ceptum, * excipio, ere, excp, exceptum [IV], recipi, -ere,
recp, receptum [IV]
recently, nper, adv. [XXV]
regard, existim (1) [XXIII]
relate, narr (1) [XII], refer, referre, rettul,
reltum [XIX]
release, solv, -ere, solv, soltum, *
remain, mane, -re, mns, mnsum, *
remaining, cter, -ae, -a, * reliquus,-a,-um [V]
remarkable, mrbilis,-e [XXIV]
remember, memin, meminisse [XXIX]
remove, ddc, -ere, ddx, dductum [X]
repair, refici, -ere, refc, refectum [XXV]
S
sad, trstis, -e, *
safe, incolumis,-e [XIV], salvus,-a,-um [XXIX], ttus,a,-um [XVIII]
safe conduct, fds pblica,
safety(personal), salus, saltis [XXII]
145
sailor, nauta, -ae m., *
same, dem, eadem, idem, *
sand, harna, -ae f., *
save, serv (1), *
say, dc, -ere, dx, dictum, *
scan, tueor, tur, tuitum [XXVII]
scarcely, vix, *
scatter, differ, differre, distul, diltum [II]
sea, flctus, -s m., * mare, maris (ium) n., *
seat, sds, sdis f., *
second, secundus, -a, -um, *
second time, rursus [XXVII]
secretary, scrba, -ae m., *
secretly, clam, adv. [I]
see, vide, -re, vd, vsum, *
seek, pet, -ere, petiv, pettum, *
seek, quaer, -ere, quaesv, quaestum, *
seem (pass.), vide, -re, vd, vsum, *
seer, vts, vtis m., *
seize, capi, -ere, cp, captum, * (understand)
comprehend, -ere, -hend, -hensum,
*(military) occup (1), *
-self (intensive), ipse, ipsa, ipsum, *
-self(reflexive), su (gen. sg.), *
senate, sentus, -s m., *
send, mitt, -ere, ms, missum, *
send away, mitt, -ere, ms, missum [IX],
dmitt, -ere, dms, dmissum [IX]
send back, remitt, -ere, rems, remissum [IX]
Seneca, Seneca, -ae, m.,
sensible, prdens,-ntis [I]
serious, gravis, -e, *
seriously, graviter,
seriousness, gravits, gravittis f. [XXVIII]
service, beneficium, - n., *
set, certus,-a,-um [VII]
set fire to, incend, -ere, incend, incensum [III]
set out, proficiscor, proficisc, profectus sum [VII]
set up, pn, -ere, posu, positum, *
seven, septem, *
severity, gravits, gravittis f. [XXVIII]
shadow, umbra, -ae f., *
shameful, turpis,-e [XIV]
shared, commnis,-e [XIV]
sharp, cer, cris, cre, *
shelter, teg, -ere, tx, tctum, *
ship, nvis, nvis (-ium) f., *
shore, ltus, ltoris n., * ra, -ae f., *
short, brevis, -e, *
shoulder, umerus, - m., *
shout(noun), clmor, clmris, m. [IX]
shout(verb), clm (1), *
show, monstr (1), * ostend, -ere, ostend, ostentum
[XV], praest, -re, praestit, praestatum, *
shut off, intercld, -ere, intercls, interclsum
[XIII]
shut up, incld, -ere, incls, inclsum, *
Sicily, Sicilia, -ae f.,
sick, aeger, aegra, aegrum, *
sickle, falx, falcis, f., *
sight, cnspectus,-s, m. [I], specis, - f., *
sign, signum,- [V]
signal, signum,- [V]
similar, similis, -e, *
sing, cant (1), *
sink, merg, -gere, mers, mersum, *
sister, soror, sorris f., *
sit, sede, -re, sd, sessum, *
situation, rs, re f. *
six, sex, *
skill, ars, artis f. [XXIX], facults, faculttis f. [X],
sus, -s m., *
skilled, pertus,-a,-um [XV]
skip, praetere, -re, preateriv/-i, praeteritum
[XX]
sky, caelum, - n., *
slave, servus, - m., *
slavery, servits, servittis f. [IX]
sleep(noun), quis, quitis f., * somnus,  m., *
sleep(verb), dormi, - re, dormv, dormitum , *
slender, gracilis, -e, *
slip, lbor, lb, lapsus sum, *
slow, tardus,-a,-um [XVIII]
small, parvus, -a, -um, *
smaller, minor, minus (comp. of parvus), *
smallest, minimus, -a, -um (superl. of parvus), *
snake, anguis, -is m./f., *
snatch, ripi, -ere, ripu, reptum [V]
so, ade, adv. [IV], ita, adv. [IV], (with verbs only)
sc, adv. [IV], (with adj. and adv. only) tam
[IV]
so great, tantus,-a,-um [IV]
so many, tot, adv [IV]
so much, tantum,- n.,
so that, ut (+ subj.) [II]
soldier, mles, mlitis m., *
sole(only), slus, -a, -um, *
sometime, aliquand, adv. [XXIII]
somewhat, paul, adv. [XXVII]
son, flius, - m., *
146
song, carmen, carminis n, *
soon, mox, *
sort, genus, -eris n., *
space, spatium,- n. [XXIII]
spare, parc, -cere, peperc,---- [XV]
speak, dc, -ere, dx, dictum, * loquor, loqui,
loctus sum [VII]
speech, rti, rtinis, f. [IX]
speed, celerits, celerittis, f. [X]
spirit, animus, - m., *
sport, ldus, - m., *
spot, conspici, -ere, conspex, conspectum [XVIII]
spouse, coniunx, coniugis m./f., *
stain, infici, -ere, infc, infectum, *
stand, st, -re, stet, statum, *
standard, signum,- [V]
star, sdus, sderis n., *
state, cvits,-ttis, f. [II], rs pblica, re
pblicae f., *
stay, mane, -re, mns, mnsum, *
step, gradus, -s m., *
still, adhc, adv.* tamen, adv.*
stir up, turb (1), *
stone, saxum, - n., *
stop, cnsist, -ere, cnstit, cnstitum, *
intercld, -ere, intercls, interclsum
[XIII]
storm(noun), tempests, tempesttis f., *
storm(verb), expugn (1) [XXIII]
strength, vs, vs f. (pl. vrs, vrium) [VII],
virts, virttis f. [IX]
strengthen, confrm (1) [I]
stretch out, tend, -ere, tetend, tentum, *
stretch out before, ostend, -ere, ostend, ostentum, *
stretch upward, surg, -ere, surrx, surrctum, *
strike(noun), ictus, -s m., *
strive(verb), contend, -ere, contend, contentum, *
strong, firmus,-a,-um [IV], fortis, -e, *
struggle, certmen, certminis n., *
student, discipulus, - m., *
such, tlis,-e [IV]
suddenly, subit, *
suffer, patior, pat, passus sum, *
suitable, idneus, -a, -um, *
sun, sl, slis, m [XIII]
supply, cpia, cpiae f. [XVII]
support(noun), beneficium,-, n. [XXIII]
support(verb), fave, -re, fv, fautum (+dat.)
[XV], suscipi, -ere, suscp, susceptum
[IV]
suppose, reor, rr, ratus sum [XXVII]
surely, nnne (introduces a question expecting “yes”
answer) [VIII]
surely…not, num (introduces a question expecting
“no”answer) [VIII]
surpass, super (1) [XIII]
sustain, contine, -re, continu, contentum [II],
sustine, -re, sustinu, sustentum [II]
swallow, dvor (1), *
sweet, dulcis, -e, *
swell, surg, -ere, surrx, surrctum, *
swift, celer, celeris, celere, *
swiftness, celerits, celerittis, f. [X]
sword, ferrum, - n., * gladius, - m., *
sword (curved), falx, falcis, f., *
T
take, capi, -ere, cp, captum, *
take off, exu, -ere, exu, extum, *
take up, sm, -ere, smps, smpsum [XIV],
suscipi, -ere, suscp, susceptum [IV]
talk, loquor, loqui, loctus sum [VII]
talk about, d … agere , *
tall, altus, -a, -um, *
task, mnus, mneris n. [XXVII]
task, opus, operis n., *
teach, doce, -re, docu, doctum, *
teacher, magister, magistr m., *
tear, lacrima, -ae f., *
tell, dc, -ere, dx, dictum, * narr (1) [XII]
tell a lie, mentior, mentr, menttus sum, *
tempest, tempests, tempesttis f., *
ten, decem, *
territory fnis, -is (-ium) m (pl.)., *
terror, pavor, pavris m., * terror, terrris m.,
test, experior, experr, expertus sum [XXIX],
tempt (1) [I]
than, quam, *
thank, gratias agere (+dat), *
thanks, gratiae, -rum f., (pl.) *
that, ille, illa, illud, * is, ea, id, *
that(relative), qu, quae, quod, *
that (of yours), iste, ista, istud, *
their own, suus, -a, -um, *
then, deinde, adv. [XXV], tum, * tunc, *
thence, inde, adv. [XXV]
theory, rati, ratinis [IX]
there, ib, adv., *
therefore, igitur, *
these (pl.), hic, haec, hoc, *
147
thing, rs, re f., *
think, existim (1) [XXIII], puto (1), * reor, rr,
ratus sum [XXVII]
third, tertius, -a, -um, *
this, hic, haec, hoc, * is, ea, id, *
those (pl.), ille, illa, illud, *
three, trs, tria, *
three hundred, trecent,-ae,-a [XXVII]
through, per (+ acc.), *
throw, conici, -ere, conic, coniectum, *
throw together, conici, -ere, conic, coniectum, *
thus, ita, adv. [IV], sc (modifies verbs only)[IV]
tie, adlig (1), *
time, tempus, tempris n., *
tired, fessus, -a, -um, *
to, ad (+ acc.), *
to such an extent, ade, adv. [IV]
to that place, e, *
to this place, hc, adv. [XX]
to this point, adhc, *
to where?, qu, adv. [VIII]
today, hodi, adv., *
together, n, adv [XIV]
tolerant, patien, -entis,
tomorrow, crs, *
too, nimis, adv. [XXIX]
too little, parum, *
too much, pls, plris n. [XXIX]
top of, summus,-a,-um [XV]
toward, contr (+acc.) [XVII], ad (+ acc.), *
trade, ars, artis f. [XXIX]
tradition, ms mairs [V]
train, exerce, -re, exercu, exercitum [XXIII]
tranquil, tranquillus, -a, -um, *
transform, mt (1), *
treat, affici, -ere, affc, affectum, [XXV], ag, ere, g, actum, *
treat well, utor bene,
tree, arbor, arbris, f. [XII]
tribe, gns, gentis (-ium) f., *
tribune, tribnus,- [VIII]
troops, cpia, cpiae f. (pl.) [XVII]
true, vrus,-a,-um [XII]
trust, confd, -ere, confsus sum, (semi-deponent)
[XVII]
try, cnor (1), * experior, experr, expertus sum
[XXIX], tempt (1) [I]
turn, vert, -ere, vert, versum, *
turn back, revert, -ere, revert, ---- (usu, deponent in
pres.) [XIV]
two, duo, duae, duo, *
two hundred, ducent,-ae,-a [XXVII]
U
unbind, solv, -ere, solv, soltum, *
uncover, aperi, re, aperu, apertum [XXIII]
under, sub (+abl.), *
undergo, sube, -re, subi (subv), subitum, *
understand, intelleg, -ere, intellg, intellectum [III]
undertake, suscipi, -ere, suscp, susceptum [IV]
uneven, inquus,-a,-um [XX]
unfair, inquus,-a,-um [XX]
unfriendliness, inimcitia,-ae f. [XXVIII]
unfriendly, inimcus,-a,-um [VII]
unhappy, miser, misera, miserum, *
unharmed, incolumis,-e [XIV], salvus,-a,-um [XXIX]
unlike, dissimilis, -e, *
unrelated, alinus,-a,-um [XX]
unsheath, dc, -ere, dx, ductum, *
unskilled, impertus,-a,-um [XXIX]
untie, solv, -ere, solv, soltum [XIV]
untouched, integer, integra, integrum [XVIII]
untrue, falsus,-a,-um [XXIV]
unwilling, invtus,-a,-um [VII]
urge on, incit (1) [V]
use(noun), sus, -s m., *
use(verb), tor, t, sus sum (+abl.) [XIII]
useful, tilis, -e, *
V
Valerius Maximus, Valerius Maximus, Valeri
Maxim m.,
vast, ingens, ingentis, *
Vergil (Publius Vergilius Maro), Vergilius, Vergili
m.,
very greatly, maxim, *
very many, plurimus, -a, -um (superl. of multus), *
very much, nimis, adv. [XXIX]
village, vcus,-, m. [IV]
violence, vs, vs f. (pl. vrs, vrium) [VII]
virtue, virts, virttis f. [IX]
voice, vx, vcis f., *
voluntarily, spont [X]
W
wage war, bellum gerere, *
wall, mrus, - m., *
walls, moenia, -ium n. pl., *
wander, err (1), *
want, vol, velle, volu, -----, *
148
war, bellum,  n., *
warn, mone, -re, monu, monitum, *
watch over, serv (1), *
water, aqua, -ae f., *
wave, flctus, -s m., * unda, -ae f., *
way(route), iter, itineris n., * (road) via, -ae f., *
way, modus, - m., *
we, ns, *
weapon, tlum,  n., *
weather, tempests, tempesttis f., *
weep, fle, flre, flv, fltum [XXIII]
weight, gravits, gravittis f. [XXVIII]
well(adv.), bene, *
well(adj,), salvus,-a,-um [XXIX]
well-being, salus, saltis [XXII]
what kind of?, qulis,-e [VIII]
what sort of?, qulis,-e [VIII]
what?, quis, quid [VIII]
when, ubi, *
when?, quand, adv. [VIII]
whence, unde, adv. [VIII]
where, ubi, *
whether…or, utrum … an [VIII]
whether…or not, utrum … annn [VIII]
which, qu, quae, quod, * (of two), uter, utra, utrum, *
while, dum, *
whither?, qu, adv. [VIII]
who (relative pron.), qu, quae, quod, *
who? (interrogative pron.), quis, quid [VIII]
whole, integer, integra, integrum [XVIII], ttus, -a, -um,
*
why?, cur, adv. [VIII]
wicked, malus, -a, -um, *
wife, uxor, uxris f., *
will (divine), nmen, nminis n. [XXVIII]
willingly, libenter, *
wind, ventus,  m., *
winged sandals, tlria, -ium n. pl., *
winter, hiems, hiemis f. [XVIII]
wise, sapins, sapientis, *
wish, cupi, -ere, cupv, cuptum [XXIII], vol,
velle, volu, -----, *
with, cum (+ abl.), *
with difficulty, aegr, *
with the result that, ut (+subj) [II]
withdraw, discd, -ere, discess, discessum
[XVII], exe, -re, exv/exi, extum
[XX]
without, sine (+abl.), *
woman, mulier, mulieris f. [XXVII]
wonder at, mror (1) [XXVII]
wonderful, mrbilis,-e [XXIV]
wooden, ligneus, -a, -um, *
woods, silva, -ae f., *
word, verbum, - n., *
work, labor, labris m., * opus, operis n., *
worry, cra, -ae f., * sollicitd, sollicitdinis f.
[IX]
worse, peior, peius (comp. of malus), *
worst, pessimus, -a, -um (superl. of malus), *
worthy, dignus,-a,-um (+ abl.) [V]
wound, vulner (1), *
wrath, ra, -ae f., *
wretched, miser, misera, miserum, *
write, scrb, -ere, scrps, scrptum, *
writer, scrba, -ae m., *
wrong, nefs (indecl.) n. [XXIV]
Y
year, annus, - m., *
yesterday, heri, *
yet , adhc, * tamen, *
yield, cd, -ere, cess, cessum [IX], concd, -ere,
concess, concessum [IX]
you (sg.), t, * (pl.), vs, *
young man, iuvenis,-is m. [XVIII]
your(sg.), tuus, -a, -um, * (pl.), vester, vestra, vestrum, *
yours(sg.), tuus, -a, -um, * (pl.), vester, vestra, vestrum, *
youth, adulscns, adulscentis m./f., * iuvenis,-is m.
[XVIII]
Z
zealous, studisus,-a,-um [XVIII]
149
INDEX
Ablative Absolute: 28
Ablative
Description: 26
Review of uses: 26, 32
Separation: 26
Specification: 26
with special verbs: 26
Certiorem facere: 20
Commands
Direct: 18
Indirect: 44
Negative: 18
Conditions
Future Less Vivid: 34
Future More Vivid: 34
Past Contrary to Fact: 34
Present Contrary to Fact: 34
Simple: 34
Correlatives: 14
Cum clauses: 10
Dative
Agent (with passive periphrastic): 40
Double dative: 30
Interest with special verbs: 30
Possession: 30
Purpose: 30
Reference: 30
Review of uses: 30
Domus: 14
Fearing: clauses of: 56
Fi: 20
Genitive
Description: 58
Forgetting: 58
Partitive: 58
Objective: 58
Gerunds: 36
Gerundives: 38
Hortatory Subjunctive: 2
Imperative Mood: 18
Impersonal Constructions: 54
with Passive Periphrastics: 40
Interrogative Particles: 16
Jussive Subjunctive: 2
Locative Case: 14
Memin: 58
Obviscor: 58
Passive Periphrastics: 40
Impersonal Constructions in: 54
Purpose
Clauses
Primary Sequence: 4
Secondary/Historical Sequence: 6
Relative Clauses: 4, 46
Supines: 48
Review of: 48
Questions
Direct: 16
Indirect: 24
Quin: 56
Result
Clauses: 8
Relative Clause of: 46
Relative Clauses
Characteristic: 46
in Indirect Discourse: 50
Purpose: 4, 46
Result: 46
Review Lessons: 12, 22, 32, 42, 52, 60
Rs: 14
Sequence of Tenses: 6
Subjunctive Mood:
Cum Clauses: 10
Hortatory/Jussive: 2
Imperfect Tense: 6
Indirect Commands: 44
Indirect Questions: 24
Irregular Verbs:4
Perfect Tense: 8
Pluperfect Tense: 10
Present Tense: 2
Purpose Clauses: 4, 6
Result Clauses: 8
Subordinate Clauses in Ind. Discourse: 50
uses of: 12
Supines: 48
Vs: 14
Vocative Case: 18
150