Download Sum and Perfect System Review PPT

REVIEW TOPIC: WEEK 2
Sum, Possum, Perfect Indicative System
Sum and Possum
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The Latin verb “sum, esse” (to be) is as common in Latin
as its equivalent is in English.
To the untrained eye, its forms are very irregular, but if
you know a little linguistics, it can help make sense of
this otherwise difficult word.
You should put a lot of effort into memorizing the correct
forms of sum, not just because it is so common, but also
because it is regularly used as the auxiliary helping verb
in the perfect system, which we will review next.
Possum is extremely easy to form once you have
memorized all the correct forms of sum, as you shall see
below.
Sum – Linguistically Speaking
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The actual root of the verb sum is “*es-”, which helps explains
many of its forms.
The present infinitive, for example, esse, is a combination of
the root “*es-”, plus the infinitive ending “-se” > esse.
Note: the infinitive ending that you know as “-re”, is really the
rhotacized form of the word. Infinitives all used to end “-se”,
but at some point in their history Latin speakers began to
change the “s” sound, when it occurred between two vowels,
to an “r” sound. The “s” of the infinitive marker here never
rhotacized because sum, esse has no theme vowel (i.e., it is
“Athematic”), so the “s” was never intervocalic.
Note: Because sum is an intransitive verb, its voice is neither
active nor passive, so it only has one set of forms for each
tense.
Sum – Present Indicative
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1st S
2nd S
3rd S
1st P
2nd P
3rd P
To form the present indicative of the verb sum,
combine the root: *es- with the present active personal
endings:
Sum, esse, fuī
sum
Note: The 2nd sing. form should be “*ess” (es- +
-s), but double “ss” is often reduced to a singl “s”
es
in Latin.
est
Note that the 1st pers. (sing. + pl.) and 3rd pers. pl.
sumus
forms drop the initial “e-” of the stem in a process
called monosyllabization, this is merely because the
estis
pronunciation of the word changed over time. If you
look at very old graffiti and inscriptions, you will
sunt
find forms like: esom, esum, esumus, esunt.
Sum – Future Indicative
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1st S
2nd S
3rd S
1st P
2nd P
3rd P
To form the future indicative of the verb sum, combine
the root: *es- + future tense marker “i/o” (PIE theme
vowel) + personal endings:
Note: Because of the addition of the “i/o”, the “s” of the
root will rhotacize to an “r”, as noted in the earlier slide.
Sum, esse, fuī
erō
Note: Just as occurs in other verbal forms where Latin
eris
incorporates the PIE thematic vowels, the 1st sing. and 3rd
erit
pl. use the “o” (with regular weakening to “u,” while all
other persons and numbers use the “i”.
erimus
eritis
erunt
Sum – Imperfect Indicative
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To form the imperfect indicative of the verb sum, combine
the root: *es- + imperfect tense marker “a” + personal endings:
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Note: Because of the addition of the “a”, the “s” of the root will
rhotacize to an “r”, as noted in the earlier slide.
1st S
2nd S
3rd S
1st P
2nd P
3rd P
Sum, esse, fuī
eram
erās
erat
erāmus
erātis
erant
Possum – All Tenses
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To form possum in any tense of the indicative, simply attatch the prefix:
“pot-” to the appropriate form of sum.
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Note: When the prefix “pot-” comes into contact with an initial “s-” in the
form of sum, the “t” will assimilate to an “s”
possum, posse, potuī
1st S
2nd S
3rd S
1st P
2nd P
3rd P
Present
possum
potes
potest
possumus
potestis
possunt
Future
poterō
poteris
poterit
poterimus
poteritis
poterunt
Imperfect
poteram
poterās
poterat
poterāmus
poterātis
poterant
Note: The prefix “pot-” means “powerful, capable”, so the combination of
sum with pot-, literally means “be capable…”
Sum and Possum
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Sum and possum are both intransitive verbs, meaning that they
do NOT take direct objects. Instead, they each take a different
type of syntactical construction.
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Sum takes a predicate, which is equivalent to the subject:
e.g.- “the dog is awesome” is essentially: dog = awesome
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Thus, in Latin, a predicate will agree with its subject as much as
it possibly can. A predicate adjective will agree with its subject in
gender, number, and case. A predicate noun will agree in case
and number (but will retain its own gender).
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Possum instead requires a complementary infinitive, which
completes the sense of the verb.
e.g.- The dog is able to run quickly.
The infinitive “to run” completes the sense of the verb “is able”.
Perfect Active System
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The Perfect Active System is built on the perfect active stem, which is
found in the 3rd principal part of any verb.
1st: laudō, laudāre, laudāvī, laudātum
2nd: moneō, monēre, monuī, monitum
3rd: sucō, ducere, duxī, ductum
3rd “io”: capiō, capere, cepī, captum
4th: audiō, audīre, audivī, auditum
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The perfect active stem is simply the 3rd principal part minus the “-ī”
ending (which is the 1st pers. sing. pf. ind. act. ending):
e.g.- laudāv-, monu-, dūx-, cēp-, audīv-
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Though there is no exact way to guess how the 3rd principal part will form
if you don’t have it memorized, here are a few of the trends: add “v”/“u”
(which are actually the same letter), lengthen internal vowel, add “s”,
reduplication , loss of nasal infix, or some combination of the above.
Perfect Active Indicative
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The Perfect Active Indicative uses a new set of endings, the
perfect active endings, which are as follows:
1st sing:
2nd sing:
3rd sing:
1st pl:
2nd pl:
3rd pl:
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-ī
-istī
-it
-imus
-istis
-ērunt/-ēre
One great thing about the Perfect Active System as a whole is that
there is no distinction between the various conjugations of verbs.
Once you know the perfect active stem for any given verb, you can
conjugate it in all forms of the perfect system.
Perfect Indicative Active
To form the Perfect Active Indicative, combine the Perf. Stem +
PERFECT active endings
1st S
2nd S
3rd S
1st P
2nd P
3rd P
laudō, laudāre, laudāvī,
laudātum
laudāvī
laudāvistī
laudāvit
laudāvimus
laudāvistis
laudāvērunt
ducō, ducere, duxī, ductum
dūxī
dūxistī
dūxit
dūximus
dūxistis
dūxērunt
NB: Though you only have two examples (1st and 3rd conjug.) here, you should
know how to conjugate the perfect active indicative for any verb, provided that
you know the 3rd principal part.
Pluperfect Indicative Active
To form the Plupf. Act. Indic., combine the perf. act. stem + the
imperfect of sum (era- + present endings)
1st S
2nd S
3rd S
1st P
2nd P
3rd P
laudō, laudāre, laudāvī,
laudātum
laudāveram
laudāverās
laudāverat
laudāverāmus
laudāverātis
Laudāverant
ducō, ducere, dūxī,
ductum
dūxeram
dūxerās
dūxerat
dūxerāmus
dūxerātis
dūxerant
NB: Though you only have two examples (1st and 3rd conjug.) here, you should
know how to conjugate the pluperfect active indicative for any verb, provided
that you know the 3rd principal part.
Future Perfect Indicative Active
To form the Fut.Pf. Indic. Act., combine the perf. act. stem + the future
of sum (erō, eris, etc.; exception: use “-erint” for 3rd pers. pl.)
1st S
2nd S
3rd S
1st P
2nd P
3rd P
laudō, laudāre, laudāvī,
laudātum
laudāverō
laudāveris
laudāverit
laudāverimus
laudāveritis
laudāverint
ducō, ducere, dūxī,
ductum
dūxerō
dūxeris
dūxerit
dūxerimus
dūxeritis
dūxerint
NB: Though you only have two examples (1st and 3rd conjug.) here, you should
know how to conjugate the future perfect active indicative for any verb,
provided that you know the 3rd principal part.
Perfect Passive System
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The Perfect Passive System is built on the participial stem, which is
found in the 4th principal part of any verb.
1st: laudō, laudāre, laudāvī, laudātum
2nd: moneō, monēre, monuī, monitum
3rd: sucō, ducere, duxī, ductum
3rd “io”: capiō, capere, cepī, captum
4th: audiō, audīre, audivī, auditum
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The 4th principal part, which is simply the perfect passive participle,
functions as one part of the verbs of the perfect passive system.
The Rule: EVERY verb in the perf. pass. system has two parts: A perf.
pass. ppl. + a form of sum
Because the participial part of this formation is technically an adjective
(as are all participles), it will decline to match the subject in case,
number, and gender.
NB: When writing out forms in the perf. pass. system, be sure to include
all possible forms of the participle: (-us/-a/-um for sing.; -i/-ae/-a for pl.)
Perfect Indicative Passive
To form the perf. act. indic., combine the 4th principal part + present
of sum (but make sure the participial part agrees with the subject!)
1st S
2nd S
3rd S
1st P
2nd P
3rd P
laudō, laudāre, laudāvī,
laudātum
laudātus, -a, -um sum
laudātus, -a, -um es
laudātus, -a, -um est
laudātī, -ae, -a sumus
laudātī, -ae, -a estis
laudātī, -ae, -a sunt
ducō, ducere, dūxī,
ductum
ductus, -a, -um sum
ductus, -a, -um es
ductus, -a, -um est
ductī, -ae, -a sumus
ductī, -ae, -a estis
ductī, -ae, -a sunt
NB: Though you only have two examples (1st and 3rd conjug.) here, you should
know how to conjugate the perfect passive indicative for any verb, provided that
you know the 4th principal part.
Pluperfect Indicative Passive
To form the pluperf. act. indic., combine the 4th principal part +
imperfect of sum (but make sure the participial part agrees with the
subject!)
laudō, laudāre, laudāvī, ducō, ducere, dūxī,
laudātum
ductum
laudātus, -a, -um eram
ductus, -a, -um eram
1st S
laudātus, -a, -um erās
ductus, -a, -um erās
2nd S
laudātus, -a, -um erat
ductus, -a, -um erat
3rd S
laudātī, -ae, -a erāmus
ductī, -ae, -a erāmus
1st P
laudātī, -ae, -a erātis
ductī, -ae, -a erātis
2nd P
laudātī, -ae, -a erant
ductī, -ae, -a erant
3rd P
NB: Though you only have two examples (1st and 3rd conjug.) here, you should
know how to conjugate the pluperfect passive indicative for any verb, provided
that you know the 4th principal part.
Future Perfect Indicative Passive
To form the fut.perf. act. indic., combine the 4th principal part + future
of sum (make sure the participial part agrees with the subject!)
1st S
2nd S
3rd S
1st P
2nd P
3rd P
laudō, laudāre, laudāvī,
laudātum
laudātus, -a, -um erō
laudātus, -a, -um eris
laudātus, -a, -um erit
laudātī, -ae, -a erimus
laudātī, -ae, -a eritis
laudātī, -ae, -a erunt
ducō, ducere, duxī,
ductum
ductus, -a, -um erō
ductus, -a, -um eris
ductus, -a, -um erit
ductī, -ae, -a erimus
ductī, -ae, -a eritis
ductī, -ae, -a erunt
NB: Though you only have two examples (1st and 3rd conjug.) here, you should
know how to conjugate the future perfect passive indicative for any verb,
provided that you know the 4th principal part.