Download Participles - Magister Jacobs

Mr. Jacobs, what is a participle?
• Participles are verbal adjectives
• modify nouns in case, number, & gender
• Participles retain verbal qualities
• have tenses
• can take objects
• Latin has four participles
Present Active Participle: Formation & Translation
• Like anything called “present”, the present active stem is needed
first.
• Notice the nominative and genitive forms resemble a 3rd declension
adj. (e.g. potens, potentis). Present participles will act similarly.
• An easy way to recognize the present participle is the nt in the stem.
• Present participles = action occurring at the
same time as the main verb’s tense
Let’s try this out.
portō portāre portāvī portātus
PRESENT STEM
Nom.
Gen.
portans = carrying…
portantis
Let’s try some more.
videō vidē re vīdī vīsus
PRESENT STEM
Nom.
Gen.
vide ns = seeing…
videntis
Let’s keep going.
mittō mittere mīsī missus
PRESENT STEM
Nom.
Gen.
mitte ns = sending…
mittentis
Notice that with participles (and infinitives)
that the present stem vowel for 3rd
conjugation does not need to be adjusted
Repetita iuvant!
faciō facere fēcī factus
PRESENT STEM
Nom.
Gen.
facie ns = making…
facie ntis
Notice that with participles (and infinitives)
that the present stem for 3rd –io and 4th
conjugation verbs must to be changed to
“ie” (cf. impf. and fut. tenses).
The last one.
audiō audīre audīvī audītus
PRESENT STEM
Nom.
Gen.
audie ns = hearing…
audie ntis
Notice that with participles (and infinitives)
that the present stem for 3rd –io and 4th
conjugation verbs must to be changed to
“ie” (cf. impf. and fut. tenses).
Exemplī Grātiā
 The
boy, seeing his dog, smiled.
 Puer videns canem rīsit.
 Brutus
was a leader of the men conspiring to kill
Caesar.
 Brutus erat dux virōrum coniurantium interficere
Caesarem.
 They
gave money to gladiators fighting in the
arena.
 Pecūniam gladiātōribus pugnantibus in amphitheātrō
dedērunt.
Exemplī Grātiā
I
watched the men playing games.
 Virōs
 She
lūdentēs lūdōs spectāvī.
took food from the crying baby.
 Cibum
ab infante lacrimantī ea cēpit.
N.B. - In English, in order to avoid confusion and death, it is important
to keep the participle near the noun, which it describes. A misplaced
participle is called a dangling participle.
Perfect Passive Participle
• When you hear the words “perfect” and “passive” together, go
immediately to the fourth principal part of the verb
• The PPP is the 4th principal part of the verb; no change is
needed. It is a 1st/2nd decl. adj.
• It is translated with (having been) verbed
• Perfect participles = action occurring before the tense of the
main verb
= (having
amātus,
been)
-a, -um
loved
amō, amāre, amāvī,
= (having
tentus,been)
-a, -um
held
teneō, tenēre, tenuī,
= (having
positus,
been)
-a, -um
placed
pōnō, ponere, posuī,
(having
been) found
inveniō, invenīre,=invēnī,
inventus,
-a, -um
Exemplī Grātiā
 The
laws, (having been) written on twelve tablets,
were placed in the forum.

Legēs scriptae in tabulīs duodecim in Forō positae
sunt.
 Aeneas,
(having been) warned by Mercury, sailed
from Carthage.

Aeneas, ā Mercuriō monitus, Carthagine navigāvit.
Future Active Participle
• To begin form this participle, first take the stem of the PPP
• Then add –urus, –a, -um
• Translate with “going to” or “about to”
• Future participles = action occurring after the tense of the
main verb
Stem of
PPP
Sign of Fut.
Act. Participle
amāt ūr
us, -a, -um = going to like
tentus,
ūr -a, -um
= about to hold
posit ūr
us, -a, -um
= going to place
invent ūr
us, -a, -um = about to find
Exemplī Grātiā
 The
consuls, about to write the laws, will go to the
forum.

Cōnsulēs scriptūrī lēgēs ad forum ibunt.
 Mercury,
about to warn Aeneas, will fly to
Carthage.

Mercurius monitūrus Aenean Carthāginem volābit.