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Download Participles - Magister Jacobs
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Mr. Jacobs, what is a participle? • Participles are verbal adjectives • modify nouns in case, number, & gender • Participles retain verbal qualities • have tenses • can take objects • Latin has four participles Present Active Participle: Formation & Translation • Like anything called “present”, the present active stem is needed first. • Notice the nominative and genitive forms resemble a 3rd declension adj. (e.g. potens, potentis). Present participles will act similarly. • An easy way to recognize the present participle is the nt in the stem. • Present participles = action occurring at the same time as the main verb’s tense Let’s try this out. portō portāre portāvī portātus PRESENT STEM Nom. Gen. portans = carrying… portantis Let’s try some more. videō vidē re vīdī vīsus PRESENT STEM Nom. Gen. vide ns = seeing… videntis Let’s keep going. mittō mittere mīsī missus PRESENT STEM Nom. Gen. mitte ns = sending… mittentis Notice that with participles (and infinitives) that the present stem vowel for 3rd conjugation does not need to be adjusted Repetita iuvant! faciō facere fēcī factus PRESENT STEM Nom. Gen. facie ns = making… facie ntis Notice that with participles (and infinitives) that the present stem for 3rd –io and 4th conjugation verbs must to be changed to “ie” (cf. impf. and fut. tenses). The last one. audiō audīre audīvī audītus PRESENT STEM Nom. Gen. audie ns = hearing… audie ntis Notice that with participles (and infinitives) that the present stem for 3rd –io and 4th conjugation verbs must to be changed to “ie” (cf. impf. and fut. tenses). Exemplī Grātiā The boy, seeing his dog, smiled. Puer videns canem rīsit. Brutus was a leader of the men conspiring to kill Caesar. Brutus erat dux virōrum coniurantium interficere Caesarem. They gave money to gladiators fighting in the arena. Pecūniam gladiātōribus pugnantibus in amphitheātrō dedērunt. Exemplī Grātiā I watched the men playing games. Virōs She lūdentēs lūdōs spectāvī. took food from the crying baby. Cibum ab infante lacrimantī ea cēpit. N.B. - In English, in order to avoid confusion and death, it is important to keep the participle near the noun, which it describes. A misplaced participle is called a dangling participle. Perfect Passive Participle • When you hear the words “perfect” and “passive” together, go immediately to the fourth principal part of the verb • The PPP is the 4th principal part of the verb; no change is needed. It is a 1st/2nd decl. adj. • It is translated with (having been) verbed • Perfect participles = action occurring before the tense of the main verb = (having amātus, been) -a, -um loved amō, amāre, amāvī, = (having tentus,been) -a, -um held teneō, tenēre, tenuī, = (having positus, been) -a, -um placed pōnō, ponere, posuī, (having been) found inveniō, invenīre,=invēnī, inventus, -a, -um Exemplī Grātiā The laws, (having been) written on twelve tablets, were placed in the forum. Legēs scriptae in tabulīs duodecim in Forō positae sunt. Aeneas, (having been) warned by Mercury, sailed from Carthage. Aeneas, ā Mercuriō monitus, Carthagine navigāvit. Future Active Participle • To begin form this participle, first take the stem of the PPP • Then add –urus, –a, -um • Translate with “going to” or “about to” • Future participles = action occurring after the tense of the main verb Stem of PPP Sign of Fut. Act. Participle amāt ūr us, -a, -um = going to like tentus, ūr -a, -um = about to hold posit ūr us, -a, -um = going to place invent ūr us, -a, -um = about to find Exemplī Grātiā The consuls, about to write the laws, will go to the forum. Cōnsulēs scriptūrī lēgēs ad forum ibunt. Mercury, about to warn Aeneas, will fly to Carthage. Mercurius monitūrus Aenean Carthāginem volābit.