Download Chapter 23 - Participles

Participles
Participles
• General: When we take a verb and make an
adjective out of it, we have constructed a
verbal adjective or participle:
The shouting woman departed.
The men saw the destroyed town.
Participles
• A participle, like any other adjective, must agree
with the noun it modifies in gender,
number and case.
• But the participle also has attributes of tense and
voice:
“shouting” is present active
“destroyed” (i.e., “having been destroyed”) is perfect
passive.
Participles
• Because the participle, although an adjective,
retains verbal force, it may take a direct
object:
We saw Hercules drinking the wine: Vidimus
Herculem vinum bibentem.
“Drinking the wine” modifies Hercules.
Participles
Formation:
Present:
Perfect:
Future:
Active
amāns, amantis
(loving)
----------
amātūrus, -a, -um
(about to love)
Passive
----------
amātus, -a, -um
(having been loved)
amandus, -a, -um
(about to be loved)
Participles
• Present Active Participle:
Agens, agentis – leading, of the one leading (gen)
• Add -ns to the present stem (-ntis for genitive
singular)
• decline like third declension adjectives of one
termination.
• In the case of i-stem verbs,
-ie- will appear: capiëns, capientis.
Participles
• Perfect Passive Participle:
āctus, a, um – led, having been led
• This is the fourth principal part of the verb,
declined as an
adjective of the 1st and 2nd declension.
Participles
• Future Active Participle:
ācturus, a, um – about to lead, going to lead
• Take the fourth principal part of the verb, drop
the -us
• add -ūrus, -a, -um. Then decline as a 1st and
2nd declension adjective.
Participles
• Future Passive Participle:
Agendus, a, um – about to be led, must be led
• Add -ndus, -a, -um to the present stem.
• Then decline as a 1st and 2nd declension adjective.
• In i-stem verbs, -ie- will appear: audiendus, -a,
-um; sentiendus, -a, -um.
Participles
Uses of the Participle:
• The tense of a participle is always relative to that
of the main verb.
• A present participle refers to action
contemporaneous with that of the main verb
(whether the main verb is
past, present or future).
Participles
• A perfect participle refers to action prior to that
of the main verb.
• A future participle refers to action subsequent to
that of the main verb.
• A proper understanding of Latin participles must
always bear in the mind their tense and voice.
Participles
Present active participle: contemporaneous
action, active voice.
Fëmina clämäns eum vidit:
The shouting woman saw him.
Shouting, the woman saw him.
While she was shouting, the woman saw him.
Participles
Perfect passive participle: prior action, passive
voice.
Fëmina territa clämävit.
The having-been-frightened woman shouted.
The woman, having been frightened, shouted.
The frightened woman shouted.
When she had been frightened, the woman shouted.
Participles
Future active participle: subsequent action, active
voice.
Fëmina dictüra virum vïdit.
The about-to-speak woman saw her husband.
The woman, about to speak, saw her husband.
About to speak, the woman saw her husband.
When the woman was about to speak, she saw her
husband.
Participles
Future passive participle (gerundive): subsequent
action, passive voice.
Librös legendös in mënsä posuit.
He placed having-to-be-read books on the table.
He placed books to be read on the table
He placed books which should be read on the table.