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Participles **Verbal adjectives – so they must decline to match the noun they modify in gender, number and case. Examples: I saw the girl crying. Having spoken to the soldier, Caesar walked away. He was on his horse, about to ride away. Ex: present participle declines like the 3rd Declension Adjective with an ‘e’ in the ablative: m/f n Nom. laudans laudans Gen. laudantis --Dat. laudanti --Acc. laudantem laudans Abl. laudante --- m/f laudantes laudantium laudantibus laudantes laudantibus n laudantia ----laudantia --- Ex: All other participles decline like ‘magnus,a,um’ **Most transitive verbs have FOUR participles: present and future active; perfect and future passive Active Pres. laudans (praising) (present stem + ns (ntis) Perf. ------------ Fut. Passive ----------- laudatus, a, um (having been praised) (participle stem + us,a,um) laudaturus (about to praise, laudandus, a, um (to be Going to praise) praised, fit to be praised) (participle stem + urus,a,um) Pres. stem + ndus,nda,ndum Pres. Videns (videntis) (seeing) Perf. --------------Fut. Pres. Perf. Fut. visurus, a, um (going to see, about to see) ---------visus,a,um (having been seen) videndus,a,um (to be seen, fit to be seen) Ducens (ducentis) (leading) ------------------------------ductus,a,um (having been led) ducturus,a,um (going ducendus,a,um (to be led, to lead, about to lead) fit to be led) Pres. Perf. audio, audire (hearing) -------------------- Fut. auditurus,a,um (going to be heard) ---------------auditus,a,um (having been heard) audiendus,a,um (to be heard, fit to be heard **Participle tenses: 1. Present participle = SAME TIME as that of the main verb (no matter if the main verb is present, past, or future) 2. Perfect participle = PRIOR to that of main verb 3. Future participle = SUBSEQUENT (AFTER) ((This will flow naturally in the English translation)) **As is common with adjectives, your participle can act as a substantive adjective – sapiens (a wise man), ridens (those laughing) **Examples: Romani viri, vocantes omnes, ad naves ambulaverunt. The Roman men, calling everyone, walked to the ships. Romani viri, omnibus vocati, ad naves ambulaverunt. The Roman men, having been called by everyone, walked to the ships. Romani viri, visuri omnes, ad naves ambulaverunt. The Roman men, about to call everyone, walked to the ships.