Download Participles (Part II)

PARTICIPLES (II)
are verbal adjectives, in that
they are formed from a verb, conveying an idea of action,
but also act like an adjective, agreeing with a noun, e.g.
broken glass, sliced tomatoes, a written complaint. Being
an adjective, a past participle must agree with its noun in
number, gender and case.
The past participle in English is indicated by having –ed
or having been –ed, depending on whether the participle
is active or passive, e.g. having cooked dinner, having
been observed. With an active past participle, the subject
performs the action.
P E R F E C T
P A R T I C I P L E S
Ingressus regiam, pirata regem interfecit.
Having entered the palace, the pirate slaughtered the king.
With a passive past participle, the subject receives or
suffers the action.
Visus a custodibus, explorator e regia effugit.
Having been seen by the guards, the spy fled from the palace.
It is important to note that Latin verbs have no active
past participle; they only have a passive past participle,
i.e. having been –ed. This means that Latin simply cannot
express, “having seen the gold.” Instead, some rephrasing
into the passive is usually required, such as, “with the gold
having been seen”.
Auro viso, milites oppidum acrius oppugnaverunt.
With the gold having been seen, the soldiers attacked the town more
fiercely.
A
is formed from the supine
(fourth principal part). Simply change the final –um to
make it an –us, –a, –um adjective like bonus, –a, –um.
Past participles agree with their noun in number, gender
and case.
P E R F E C T
P A R T I C I P L E
I
portatus, –a, –um
carried, having been carried
II
monitus, –a, –um
warned, having been warned
III
rectus, –a, –um
ruled, having been ruled
III-io
captus, –a, –um
seized, having been seized
IV
auditus, –a, –um
heard, having been heard
can
be literal, but often a phrase or clause expresses the idea
more naturally and more effectively. It is better in English
to avoid “having been —ed.”
T R A N S L A T I O N
O F
A
P E R F E C T
P A R T I C I P L E
Aedificata e ligno, villa facile ardebat.
Having been built of wood, the house was burning easily.
Since it was made of wood, the house was burning easily.
The house, which was made of wood, was burning easily.
Circle the past participles in the following
English sentences.
E X E R C I S E
I .
1. The soldier left the captured city at dawn.
2. There is no better cooked breakfast than bacon and eggs.
3. The injured camel limped slowly across the scorched desert.
4. Stunned by his reaction, we gave him the stolen book.
5. The book was written in red ink and bound in leather.
Choose a suitable past participle to agree
with the noun, and translate the phrase.
E X E R C I S E
I I .
1. milites
_______________________
_________________________________________
2. urbis
_______________________
_________________________________________
3. puellis
_______________________
_________________________________________
4 . o p p i d u m _______________________
_________________________________________
5. librorum
_______________________
_________________________________________
6 . a e d i f i c i a _______________________
_________________________________________
7. musicam
_______________________
_________________________________________
8. pontes
_______________________
_________________________________________
9. auro
_______________________
_________________________________________
10. regem
_______________________
_________________________________________
constructa
interfectum
captae
auditam
fracti
amissorum
vulnerati
invento
munitum
adoratis
Write down the past participle of the verb,
and an English derivative formed from it.
E X E R C I S E
I I I .
1. dormio –ire, sleep
________________________ ____________________________
2. respondeo, –ere, answer
________________________ ____________________________
3. texo, –ere, weave
________________________ ____________________________
4. nubo, –ere, marry
________________________ ____________________________
5. quaero, –ere, search for
________________________ ____________________________
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Translate the following sentences, using a
clause as the equivalent of each underlined participle.
E X E R C I S E
I V .
1. Juvenis cibum a fratre militis captum rogavit.
____________________________________________________________________________________________________
2. Femina trans flumen transportata nautae gratias egit.
____________________________________________________________________________________________________
3. Pecuniam in mari amissam invenire non potui.
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4. Auxilium a milite ad portam vocato petivi.
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5. Coquus et ancilla, e culina emissis, in triclinium intraverunt.
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6. Illa villa in summo colle aedificata est maior quam haec in campo.
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7. Itinera a comitibus meis incepta longa et periculosa erant.
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8. Corpora animalium interfectorum in templo ponemus.
____________________________________________________________________________________________________
9. Num illum leonem e silva expulsum iterum videbimus?
____________________________________________________________________________________________________
10. Gladio fracto, miles magna hasta se defendebat.
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T H E O R Y
R E V I S I O N . Answer the following questions.
1. What letters indicate a present participle in English?
____________________________________________________________________________________________________
2. What letters indicate a present participle in Latin?
____________________________________________________________________________________________________
3. What two endings can the ablative singular of a present participle take?
____________________________________________________________________________________________________
4. What is the neut. acc. pl. of the pres. part. of resisto, –ere?
____________________________________________________________________________________________________
5. A participle must agree with the noun it describes in what three ways?
____________________________________________________________________________________________________
6. Is a perfect participle in Latin active or passive?
____________________________________________________________________________________________________
7. How do you form a perfect participle?
____________________________________________________________________________________________________
8. Find three Latin verbs which do not have past participles.
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