Download a. Trace the history of the theory.

Name __________________________________ date _________________ class____
Evolution Test Review Spring 2016
SB5. Students will evaluate the role of natural selection in the development of the theory of
evolution.
Define Evolution: ______Change in populations over time______
a. Trace the history of the theory.
1. What question were Miller & Urey trying to answer? What was the conclusion of their
experiment?______Miller and Urey were trying to determine if the conditions of early atmosphere could
produce simple compounds necessary for life to exist. They were able to produce basic organic
compounds_______
2. What does Endosymbiotic theory explain? ______How two prokaryotes could produce a eukaryotic
organism____________
3. What is the evidence for the endosymbiotic theory? ___DNA found in the chloroplast/mitochondria of
eukaryotes, mitochondria/chloroplast also contain their own ribosomes similar to those in bacteria, and
mitochondria/chloroplast divide like bacteria by the process of binary fission.____
4. Who is credited with developing the theory?_____The theory of evolution by natural selection was first
proposed by Charles Darwin_____
5. Where did Darwin make a lot of his observations? ______Galapagos Islands______
6. What is the name of his theory that explained the mechanism of evolution? ______Natural Selection________
7. What are main the points of his theory? The 6 themes from Origin of the Species that are still unifying themes in
biology.______ There is variation among population (not all members of a population look or act the same),
There is an overproduction of offspring (often the will not all survive, more offspring makes passing on of traits
possible, There is a struggle for survival (Due to competition for food and shelter), The fittest survive and
reproduce (The greatest fitness level is due to beneficial adaptations), Heritable variations are passed on to
offspring (The purpose of survival is to pass along genes), Decent with modification (offspring are modified
versions of the parents due to sexual reproduction and mutations)______
8. What was Lamark’s theory of evolution?______Lamark believed in the theory of “use and disuse” meaning that
the more you use a trait the more of this trait you acquired. Ex) a Giraffe stretching its neck to reach food high
up in the tree would eventually have a longer neck. This long neck which was acquired during the giraffe’s
lifetime could then be passed on to its offsprings._____
9. How do we know it is not correct?_______We know that it is not true because individuals do not evolve and
acquired traits cannot be passed along to offspring._____________
b. Explain the history of life in terms of biodiversity, ancestry, and the rates of evolution.
10. Define gradualism______Slow and steady evolutionary changes which occur over a period of time due to
accumulation of adaptations.____
a. Give an example.________Changes in a horse over time as the population changed to better fit its
environment.______
11. Define punctuated equilibrium________Long periods of stability (equilibrium) followed short periods of rapid
change.______
a. Give an example__________A mass extinction, such as the dinosaurs, would open up avenues for new
organisms and drastic change in populations_________
12. Contrast divergent and convergent evolution. ___Divergent evolution means that two populations shared a
common ancestor but now have distinct adaptations due to environmental pressures.______
1
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
Similar structures modified for different functions are called _Homologous__ structures.
Different structures evolved for the same function are called __Analogous__ structures.
What does common ancestor mean? ______The populations share an ancestor in the past._______
How are homologous structures associated with common ancestors? ______________Homologous structures
have the same embryonic forms, but develop into different mature forms due to survival in different
environments. Ex) Turtle Leg, Alligator Leg, Bird Wing, and a Mammal’s Leg_____________________
Homologous structures are associated with _Divergent__ evolution.
Analogous structures are associated with ____Convergent____evolution.
Give an example of divergent evolution. _________Arms of a Bat, Human, and Bird______
Give an example of convergent evolution _______Flippers/Fins of a Dolphin and Shark or Wings of a Bird and a
Butterfly (The structure only looks similar because of environmental pressure, they do not share a common
ancestor)_________
c. Explain how fossil and biochemical evidence support the theory.
21. What is comparative embryology? ______Comparing the development of different embryos _______
a. How does it provide evidence for evolution? __Early embryos look very similar showing a common
ancestor___
22. What is comparative biochemistry? ____Looking at the DNA/RNA/Protein structure of different populations__
a. How does it provide evidence for evolution? _______Very few differences would signify that the
populations share a very recent common ancestor, numerous differences would signify that their
common ancestor was further back in history allowing more time for change.__________________
23. What is comparative anatomy? ______Looking at the physical (anatomical) structure of organisms_____
a. How does it provide evidence for evolution? __________The more they have in common the more
closely related they are.____________
24. What are vestigial structures? _______Structures which no longer serve a function but still exist within an
organism______
a. Give 2 examples? _________Human appendix, Ear Muscle, Whale hind limbs_____
b. How do they provide evidence for evolution? _____The existence of such organisms suggest that at one
time they had a function, but no longer do meaning that there has been change in the population over
time._______
25. Define fossil. ____Preserved remains of organisms, commonly found in rocks.____
a. Give 3 examples of types of fossils. ______Bones, Mineralized Shells, Preserved Imprints in Rock______
b. How do they provide evidence for evolution ____Using relative dating you can determine which
organisms lived in what order (what was around first, second, third, etc). Using ratiometric (ratioactive)
dating you can use isotopes to determine a more exact age of how old a specific fossil is._______
26. How old is the earth?_______4.6 Billion Years Old____
27. What was the first life on earth?_____Prokaryotic Organisms (Bacteria)________
a. When did that life first appear? _____3.5 Billion Years Ago______
28. Contrast relative dating and radiometric dating.________ Using relative dating you can determine which
organisms lived in what order (what was around first, second, third, etc). Using ratiometric (ratioactive) dating
you can use isotopes to determine a more exact age of how old a specific fossil is.____________
2
d. Relate natural selection to changes in organisms.
29. Define natural selection ____The natural environment selects for organisms with adaptations which are best
suited for that environment.______
30. Define mutation ____A Change in a DNA sequence_____
31. Define variation_____Different versions of something. There is variation in all populations, meaning they are
not all exactly the same.____
32. Define adaptation___Any trait which is beneficial to the organism_______
33. When does a mutation become an adaptation?_______When it allows that organism to survive and
reproduce_______
34. Define gene pool.______All of the different alleles that are present in a population. Ex) Mouse fur color p. 394
in book_____
35. Define speciation___Formation of a New Species____
36. Define geographic isolation___When two organisms are separated from each other by a physical barrier, this
physical barrier leads to reproductive isolation._____
37. Define reproductive isolation____When two organisms cannot reproduce together anymore due to physical
barrier, changes in genetic material, mechanical, or behavioral differences._______
38. Explain how geographic and or reproductive isolation can lead to speciation.__ If organisms are isolated from
each other for a long period of time there will begin to be difference in the gene pool of the two different
populations. These two populations will no longer be able to interbreed, meaning that they are no longer
considered part of the same species.________________
39. Which range of a trait is selected for with directional selection?____One Extreme Phenotype____
40. Draw a graph to prove you understand
41. Which range of a trait is selected for with stabilizing selection? ___Average phenotype____
Draw a graph to prove you understand.
42. Which range of a trait is selected for with disruptive selection? ___Both extreme phenotypes___
Draw a diagram to prove you understand.
3
43. Define co-evolution._______When two species evolve in response to each other______
a. How does it explain the adaptations of predators and their prey? ____If there is a change in the prey
population, the predator population must evolve in order to continue to catch their prey._______
b. How does it explain the adaptations of plants and their pollinators?___Plants need their pollinator and
the pollinators (like the honeybee) need their nectar source. If once changes the other must change as
well otherwise they will lose their symbiotic partner._____
44. Define artificial selection/selective breeding___Breeding of organisms to pass on traits is decided by someone
other then the organism themselves (humans commonly decide which dogs breed together.)____
a. Explain how it supports the theory of natural selection. ___By selecting which organisms breed
commonly mutations are eliminated if they are not beneficial, only the best traits are selected for.____
45. Define structural adaptation _____Beneficial trait which is a physical feature of the organism_______
Give an example. ____Bird’s beak, Sticky Tongue of an Anteater_____
46. Define behavioral adaptation ____Something an organism does to increase its chances of survival______
47. Give an example_____Bears hibernate, Birds have specific calls to attract mates or warm other birds, others are
nocturnal hunters, monkey using tools (a rock) to open a shell.___________
48. Define Physiological adaptation.______Chemical change or adaptation in the body_____
49. Give an example_____Skunk spray, snake venom________
e. Recognize the role of evolution to biological resistance (pesticide and antibiotic resistance).
49. Define biological resistance.__________When organisms, such as bacteria, are no longer affected by
chemicals or medicines. (Antibiotic Resistance)_______________
50. How do organisms become resistant?___Through generations of mutations___
51. Explain how this is an example of natural selection? (use details) ________ Within a population certain
mutations are found which allow those specific organisms to survive (not be impacted by the chemical), those
will then reproduce increasing that population of bacteria within the host. _____________
4