Download Biotechnology - Elgin Local Schools

B. Insect/machine combinations
C. Synthetic Transplants
D. Animal Surrogate Transplants
E. Engineered Plants/Animals
Types of Biotechnology Applications
1. Blue Biotechnology
- Marine and aquatic
applications
- rare
2. Green Biotechnology
-agricultural applications
-micropropagation
-transgenic plants (Roundup ready beans, Bt Corn)
3. Red Biotechnology
- Medical applications
Ex. Antibiotics, genetic
manipulations
4. White Biotechnology
- Industrial applications
Ex. Catalysts and enzymes
Review of the Cell and Chemistry
Basic Organic Chemistry
Monomer: a subunit of a
larger macromolecue
Polymer: a large
macromolecule made of
monomers
4 Most Important Biological Polymers
1. Lipids: greasy compounds that do
not dissolve in water
Monomer: fatty acids
Important Lipids:
1. Steroids
2. Phospholipids: cell
membrane
2. Carbohydrates: twice the hydrogen
atoms as oxygen
Monomer:
monosaccharides: simple
sugars (C6H12O6)
Disaccharides: 12 carbon,
double sugars
Polysaccharides: chain of
monosaccharides
(cellulose; starch)
3. Proteins: polymer of many amino
acids
4. Nucleic Acids:
- Monomers:
- Large macromolecules
found in the nucleus of
cells
- Contain genetic
information
- Deoxyribonucleic acid
(DNA)
- Ribonucleic Acid (RNA)
- Four bases: Adenine (A),
thymine (T), cytosine (C),
Guanine (G)
Cell Theory – 3 postulates
1. All cells come from pre-existing cells
2. Cells are the basic unit of life
3. All living organisms are composed of cells
Two Types of Cells
1. Prokaryotic Cells: small simple cells
-lack a nucleus
-DNA called chromatin
2. Eukaryotic Cells: complex cells
-membrane bound nucleus
-DNA in nucleus
-complex organelles
Cell Organelles: Cell’s “organs”
1. Cell Membrane:
FX: regulates what
enters/leaves the cell
-phospholipid bi-layer
-
2. Nucleus:
FX: 1. store DNA
2. control center of
the cell
3. Cytoplasm: gel like substance in the
cell
FX: site of all cell activities
4. Endoplasmic Reticulum
Two Types
1. Rough ER: makes and
transport proteins (has
ribosomes)
2. Smooth ER: transport
proteins, makes
steroids
5. Ribosomes: small organelles
FX: produce proteins
-500,000 per cell
6. Mitochondria: rod shaped; double
membrane
FX: Produce energy
molecules – adenosine
triphosphate (ATP)
“Powerhouse” of the cell
7. Golgi Apparatus: flat sacs
FX: Package, sort, and
transport proteins
8. Lysosome:
FX: to break down foreign
contaminants
Filled with enzymes
9. Microtubules
FX: support the cell shape
Cytoskeleton
10. Centrioles: Cylindrical structures
FX: assist in cell division
Other Organelles
-Chloroplast: used for
capturing sunlight for
photosynthesis
-Cilia: small hair like
structures used for
movement
-Flagella: “tail” used for
locomotion
Cellular Respiration
-set of metabolic reactions
-Produces ATP (adenosine
triphosphate)
-breaks down carbs
Major Components:
A. Glycolysis
B. Krebs Cycle
C. Electron Transport
D. Oxidative
Phosphorylation
Glycolysis
-occurs in cytoplasm
-aerobic or anaerobic
Net Reaction:
Glucose 2 pyruvate2
ATP
Krebs Cycle
- Takes pyruvate
- Creates electron
carriers
- Produces NADH,
FADH2, NADPH
- Occurs in
mitochondria
Electron Transport Chain
- Moves electrons
through mitochondrial
membrane
- Uses protienaceous
electron carriers
- Used to move protons
out of mitochonria
- Produces chemical
gradient
- Moves ATP synthetase
Oxidative Phosphorylation
- Requires Adenosine
Diphosphate (ADP) and
inorganic phosphate
- Protons cause ATP
Synthase to bond ADP
and Pi together