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MCT/CNPq/FNDCT/CAPES/FAPEMIG/ FAPERJ/FAPESP – INSTITUTOS NACIONAIS DE CIÊNCIA E TECNOLOGIA Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia Informação Quântica (INCT-IQ) National Institute of Science and Technology – Quantum Information Coordinator: Prof. Amir O. Caldeira Unicamp Vice-coordinator: Prof. Luiz Davidovich UFRJ Introduction The field of Quantum Information concerns the study of methods for characterizing, transmitting, processing, storing, compressing and utilizing information contained in quantum mechanical systems. This interest has led to the detailed investigation of a large number of physical systems in search of candidate architecture in which to implement these techniques. Quantum Information is a multidisciplinary field, which has developed rapidly in the last few years, motivated by fundamental aspects as well as promising perspectives of applications in computation, communication and cryptography. This proposal regards the creation of a National Institute of Science and Technology – Quantum Information (INCT-IQ). The importance of this institute derives from the need to develop basic research that will in turn generate technology based on quantum computation and communication. In particular, research directed towards communication technology based on quantum cryptography is extremely important, given that quantum cryptography is the only intrinsically secure method for transmitting secret information. This has led to a strong effort in the direction of commercial devices for quantum cryptography, funded directly by government and industry. Moreover, prototypes developed by research groups [GISIN02] and businesses [IDQUANTIQUE, MAGICQ, SMARTQUANTUM] are currently available. Additional interest in Quantum Information is related to the fact that a quantum computer can in principle perform tasks that are intractable with even the most powerful classical computers. One important example is the factorization of large numbers. Factorization and other similar mathematical operations form the basis of present classical cryptography technology. The construction of a quantum computer therefore threatens the security of past and present communication as well as electronic commerce. Therefore, the academic, the commercial and the strategic points of view require that Brazil increase its efforts and pursue the state of the art in this highly international field. In order to situate the proposed INCT-IQ within the international scene and latest developments in the Quantum Information field, we would like to briefly introduce the history of the field, while also summarizing the main achievements in recent theoretical and experimental research. Historically, one can identify interesting similarities between the ``Industrial Revolution´´ in the 18th and 19th centuries, and the ``Information Revolution´´ currently in progress. The former was possible, mostly due to important scientific advances of the time, such as the development and application of the theories of Thermodynamics and Electrodynamics. In the latter, one identify incredible progress, again due primarily to the development and application of two scientific theories: Quantum Mechanics and Information Theory. Quantum Mechanics is essential for the design of semi-conductor devices and lasers, which are crucial components in computers, the Internet, cell phones, CD and DVD players, digital cameras and many other devices. Information Theory has advanced the quantification and manipulation of information, as for instance, in providing methods for compressing digital information such as in MP3 files. The fundamental character of the advances in both theories forms a considerable juxtaposition with their impact on the daily life of ordinary people through the subsequent technologic applications. Currently, we find ourselves at the beginning of a new chapter in the history of the ``Information Revolution´´, where quantum properties play an essential. Even though most information processing devices depend on the laws of Quantum Mechanics (like in a transistor), the information in itself is of a classical nature. Here we are referring to the usual classical bits of information, which are processed in a computer or transmitted in a digital communication channel. However, the current evolution of these electronic devices leads to the reduction of the size of electronic components to the quantum level. This miniaturization thus requires that engineers and physicists face the quantum aspects of information sooner or later. Whether one is interested in taking advantage of the quantum properties of physical systems for quantum information processing and transmission as mentioned above, or one is concerned with the miniaturization of components, it is inevitable that one must eventually consider the quantum character of the information itself. This situation has lead to a great scientific and technological race over the last few years, in which the manipulation of the quantum properties of matter and radiation is the main goal. Atoms, ions, photons, quantum dots (semi-conductor devices) and also superconductor devices, are candidates for applications which have no counterpart in the classical world. The idea of taking advantage of quantum mechanical laws for practical application is not recent. Early work by physicists such as Richard Feynman[FEYNMAN82] and David Deutsch[DEUTSCH84] had already pointed in this direction. Their revolution idea was that the exotic properties of quantum systems could be used to actually improve some tasks in information processing. Ten years later, more concrete ideas in this sense began to appear. Of key importance was the demonstration that certain algorithms, such as those of factoring and search of an unstructured data base, could be improved when implemented with quantum bits, performing better than their classical counterparts [SHOR94,GROVER97]. In addition, a quantum cryptography scheme was proposed by Bennett and Brassard [BENNETT84], in which the security is intrinsically assured due to quantum principles such as the uncertainty principle and the ``no-cloning theorem´´. These early applications contributed to show that not only do quantum bits have the potential to replace classical bits, but also offer incredible improvements. Parallel to this development, there have been considerable achievements concerning fundamental concepts, which are now part of the history of the birth of Quantum Information. In this case quantum entanglement, which has been a point of intrigue for physicists since the early years of Quantum Mechanics [EISTEIN05,BELL64], plays the most prominent role. A principal part of the research efforts in Quantum Information concerns the generation, characterization and transmission of entangled states. To date, entangled states have been produced with two [KWIAT99,MAIR01], three [PAN00], four [LAMAS-LINARES01] and even six photons [LU07]. These photonic entangled states have been used in the implementation of quantum teleportation [BOUWMEESTER97, FURUSAWA98, PAN03B, ZHANG06], which deals with the transfer of an arbitrary quantum state between two parts, for the implementation of quantum cryptography [JENNEWEIN00, WAKS02, GROSSHANS03, URSIN07], entanglement distillation and purification [KWIAT01,PAN01,PAN03A] and implementation of quantum logic gates and quantum algorithms [OBRIEN03,OBRIEN07,POLITI08]. Among all these applications of photonic entangled states, we would like to call special emphasis to the realization of one-way quantum computing [RAUSSENDORF01, WALTHER05,PREVEDEL07], which indicates a possible quantum computer architecture which has no classical analog. In addition, fundamental questions are still subject of intense debate and new tests of quantum mechanical non-locality are being performed [GROBLACHER07,SALART08], which are of utmost importance for the future of Quantum Information. In addition to photons, entangled states have been prepared in other physical systems such as trapped ions [HAFFNER05, LEIBFRIED05, ROOS06, BLATT08, BLOCH08], used in the implementation of quantum logic gates [SCHMIDT-KALER03, LEIBFRIED03, BENHELM08] and basic algorithms and protocols[GULDE03,BARRETT04,RIEBE04, REICHLE06], as well as quantum error correction [CHIAVERINI04]. Semi-conductor based devices are natural candidates for quantum computing devices, given that the present computer technology is also based on silicon [KANE98, KROUTVAR04, ELZERMAN04, GREILICH06, FUSHMAN08, ROBLEDO08], and an exciting new potential candidate are super-conductor qubits [WALLRAFF04, CLARKE08, GRAJCAR08]. These are mesoscopic systems capable of implementing qubits, in analogy with cavity quantum electrodynamics [PASHKIN03, YAMAMOTO03, CHIORESCU04], with the advantage of a higher potential for scalability. Another important issue is the interface between photonic and atomic systems[CHOU05,TANZILLI05, FELINTO06,CHOI07, WILK07], which may be used to transfer quantum information between these two different kinds of systems [MONROE02,KIMBLE08], and to establish long distance entangled states using quantum repeaters [DUAN01,CHOU07,CHEN08]. a) detailed description of the program of the institute, along with justification and demonstration of relevance, with emphasis on the intended advance in Brazil for the field or topic. Research in Quantum Information in Brazil has grown rapidly in recent years. This large growth was motivated in large part by the formation of the Millennium Institute for Quantum Information as part of the “Millennium Institute Program 2002-2005” of the CNPq, and its subsequent extension as part of the “Millennium Institute Program 2005-2008” – CNPq. Today it is clearly evident that the Millennium Institute for Quantum Information had an extremely positive effect, not only by the quantity and quality of research and development, but also due to the notable increase in the interaction between researchers of distinct fields. Previous to the Millennium Institute, several researchers and laboratories in Brazil were already quite active in the field, even though Quantum Information was at the time a very recent area of research. In spite of the fact that these groups conducted research independently, and were not coordinated nationally, they made significant contributions to the field on an international level. The Millennium Institute for Quantum Information consolidated and coordinated these efforts, allowing for the creation of new laboratories, promoting the training of new professionals in the field and consequently producing a sharp increase in the quality of research produced in Brazil. The Institute assisted substantially in the production of a critical mass of researchers, which led to a considerable increase in the number of publications in important scientific journals, including experiments conducted entirely in Brazil and published in journals such as Nature, Science and Physical Review Letters. Another aspect which has marked the evolution in the field was the realization of several international events in Brazil, most notably the PASI – The Physics of Information school/workshop, in Búzios, RJ, in 2003, and the Quantum Information School and Workshop, in Paraty, RJ, in 2007. Both of these international events were organized by participants of the Millennium Institute for Quantum Information, and relied on the institute for financial and administrative support. These events, together with the annual review meetings of the institute, resulted not only in collaborations and joint publications (involving UFRJ, UFMG, UFF, …), but also played an important role in the development of the field in other institutions, as a results of the exchange of information and ideas. This explains, for example, the increase in research concerning the role of decoherence, which gave rise to publications by researchers at UFRJ, UNICAMP, UFSCAR, USP and UFMG; research concerning the characterization and detection of entanglement, and subsequent publications by researchers at UFRJ, UNICAMP, UFMG; research involving the subtle properties of entangled photons and fields, demonstrated in experiments performed at UFRJ, UFMG, UFF and USP. These events provide and enormous contribution to the students as well in the form of exposure to research performed in other groups, which at times is definitive in determining the subject of research projects and theses. In the duration of the Millennium Institute, a demonstrative number of students have been graduated in this field, many of them now researchers in Brazilian institutions, some of whom which lack consolidated research groups. In order to take advantage of this critical mass of researchers, it is now necessary to aggregate the activity in this field through consistent funding and an integrated organization of research activities. This aggregation could be put into effect through the establishment of the National Institute of Science and Technology – Quantum Information. One can see a considerable oscillation in the amount of funding per researcher or laboratory provided as part of the Millennium Institute for Quantum Information over nearly ten years. The first Millennium Institute administered about 5 million reals, distributed among 10 laboratories and 40 researchers. In the second institute, funding was decreased to 2 million reals, while the number of associated laboratories increased to 14, and the number of researchers to 70, revealing a drastic decrease in investment. Despite this reduction, research in this field in Brazil has increased in quantity and quality. This progress is evident in the sequence of annual reviews and partial reports of the Millennium Institute. The current objective is to focus on the amalgamation of research activities of the National Institute for Quantum Information, so as to increase experimental activities and maintain the current quality of research. As will be described in detail below, we plan to attain this objective by intensifying collaboration through exchange of students, extended scientific visits, topical meetings, and Quantum Information schools. We have also budgeted so as to provide consistent financial support for emergent groups, consisting in most cases of young researchers, many of whom were graduated as part of the Millennium Institute for Quantum Information, and have been recently installed at new or developing institutions. The National Institute will congregate these new research groups together with those currently well-established groups, the positive contribution of which will certainly be present in the graduate programs at these developing institutions. The National Institute will be the impetus to bring international leaders in the field to Brazil, which, in coordination with the advanced study schools of the agency CAPES, will serve to educate and train professionals in the field. The National Institute offers a singular opportunity to stimulate the development of science and technology based on Quantum Information in Brazil and South America. Brazil currently is the Latin American country with the largest number of researchers and production in the field, and thus plays an important role in the establishment of an effective joint Latin American collaboration with countries such as Argentina, Chile, Peru, Uruguay, Colombia and Mexico, all of which have already demonstrated interest in this exchange. The INCT-IQ will congregate researchers in the fields of Classical Optics, Quantum Optics, Atomic Physics, Solid State Physics, Electrical Engineering, Classical and Quantum Information Theory and Computer Science. The INCT-IQ contains more than 20 research groups, including 12 laboratories, associated to15 different institutions located in 7 states, forming a national network which will work in a coherent and coordinated manner. The participating groups: Group Laboratory of Quantum Information in Atomic Systems Optics and Materials Group Laboratory of Quantum Information Technology EnLight Quantum Information and Computation Group Quantum Optics Laboratory Laboratory of Atomic and Molecular Collisions Laboratory of Cold Atoms of Rio de Janeiro Quantum Optics and Quantum Information Group Condensed Matter Theory Group Quantum Optics and Quantum Information Group Quantum Information and Critical Phenomena Group Quantum Information and Quantum Chaos Group Quantum Information Processing with Nuclear Magnetic Ressonance Group Laboratory of Quantum Communication Quantum Information Group Computer Science Quantum Optics Group Theory Group –DFMC Quantum Coding Theory Group Acronym LIQAUFPE Type experiment Institution UFPE Location Recife, PE GOMUFAL LTIQUFC ENLIGHT -UFMG GICQUFU LOQUFRJ LACAMUFRJ LAFRJUFRJ GOIQUFRJ experiment UFAL Maceió, AL experiment UFC Fortaleza, CE both UFMG Belo Horizonte, MG theory UFU Uberlândia, MG experiment UFRJ Rio de Janeiro, RJ experiment UFRJ Rio de Janeiro, RJ experiment UFRJ Rio de Janeiro, RJ theory UFRJ Rio de Janeiro, RJ GMCTUFRJ GOIQUFF theory UFRJ Rio de Janeiro, RJ both UFF; UFF-VR Niterói, RJ; Volta Redonda, RJ GIQFCUFF theory UFF Niterói, RJ GCQIQCBPF theory CBPF Rio de Janeiro, RJ GPIQRM N experiment CBPF; USP/São Carlos; UFES Rio de Janeiro, RJ; São Carlos, SP; Vitória, ES LCQ experiment PUC-Rio Rio de Janeiro, RJ GIQUFABC CCUnicamp GOQUnicamp GTDFMC -Unicamp GTCQUnicamp theory UFABC Santo André, SP theory Unicamp Campinas, SP theory Unicamp Campinas, SP theory Unicamp Campinas, SP theory Unicamp Campinas, SP Laboratory of Atomic Interactions Quantum Information Theory Group Laboratory of Coherent Manipulation of Atoms and Light Theory Group Quantum Information Group LIAUSP/SC GIQT experiment USP/São Carlos São Carlos, SP theory LMCALUSP experiment UFSCAR;USP/São São Carlos, SP, Goiânia, Carlos; UCG GO USP São Paulo, SP GT-USP GIQUEPG theory theory USP UEPG São Paulo, SP Ponta Grossa, PR b) clearly defined objectives and goals which allow for observation and analysis; I. Stimulate and organize research in Quantum Information, resulting in fundamental and practical technological advances. This objective will be attained through the identification and coordination of the topical objectives listed below. II. Amalgamate active research groups with the assistance of the more established groups, through technical visits, student exchange, and periodic meetings. III. Training and education of human resources through undergraduate education and research projects, graduate education and research, post-doctoral research, realization of Quantum Information schools, and training in sophisticated experimental techniques. IV. Support the emergent research groups and laboratories (e.g. UFF-Volta Redonda, UFABC, UFU and UFC). V. Promote the development of experimental research on a national level, in fields that are important and currently in rapid developement on an international scale, but are inexistent or underdeveloped in Brazil. Some examples are: quantum optics in semiconductors, optical lattices, quantum memory, a national quantum cryptography system, and superconducting devices. This promotion will happen through mini-courses given by international experts, prolonged visits from experiences researchers, and student exchange with cutting-edge international laboratories. VI. Dissemination of relevant information about the field to the public, through a website and demonstrations. VII. Publication of results in the leading scientific journals and participation in conferences and workshops in Brazil and the exterior. Topical Objectives of the INCT-IQ Quantum Information is a field, which, aside from uniting researchers from distinct disciplines, provides a common language with which to discuss similar concepts that appear in quite different contexts. The INCT-IQ institute will consist of more than 60 researchers from different disciplines, and has as its principle objective the coordination of these researchers in an effort to maximize production in the field. To attain this goal, the institute will be organized into general research topics, with emphasis on experimental work and the interaction between theory and experiment. These topics were chosen due to their current importance in the field, in combination with the interests of the participating groups of the institute, and in attempt to promote pivotal areas of research, which are currently inexistent or nearly inexistent in Brazil. The INCT-IQ will act through financial support, organization of scientific visits and other types of exchange and interaction. Included in the budget are funds for a completely new laboratory, to specialize in a state of the art experimental technique, which is currently inexistent in Brazil and of great importance to the field in general (see topics 9 and 10 below). 1. Quantum Cryptography and Quantum Communication. The development of secure methods of communication in a crucial goal for the country. A principal objective of the INCT-IQ is the development of quantum cryptography in Brazil. The groups: LTIQ-UFC, ENLIGHT-UFMG, GOIQ-UFF, LOQUFRJ, LMCAL-USP, LCQ-PUC, GOM-UFAL and GOQ-UINCAMP, will work on the practial implementation of already existing quantum cryptography protocols and the design of new protocols for quantum cryptography and quantum communication. The main objectives are the realization of experiments in optical fibers and free space, using attenuated laser pulses and photon pair sources, and continuous variable schemes. Due to the large national interest in this topic, the management of research efforts by the INCT-IQ will be extremely important. A topical meeting “Quantum Cryptography” is planned. 2. Light-Matter Interface, Quantum Memory and Quantum Repeaters. The transfer of quantum information from atomic degrees of freedom to light degrees of freedom and vice versa is essential for the integration of systems which transmit quantum information with those that process and store quantum information, and also for establishing long distance quantum entanglement. Thus, a main objective of the INCT-IQ is the experimental study of this light-matter interface in the context of quantum information. The laboratories LIQ-UFPE and LMCAL-USP will work with the interaction of light with atomic systems in vapor cells or magneto-optical traps. The goals of this study are the transfer of information between non-classical states of light and matter and the storage of quantum information for the implementation of a quantum repeater. In addition to financing these studies, the INCT-IQ will stimulate the collaboration between these laboratories and theoretical groups of the institute, through technical visits and student exchange. 3. Quantum Computing with Nuclear Magnetic Ressonance. Nuclear Magnetic Ressoance (NMR) has been recognized as a useful technique with which to implement simple quantum algorithms. An objective of the INCT-IQ is the investigation of quantum algorithms and simulation of quantum systems using NMR. The group GPIQRMN, composed of researchers from 3 institutions, will conduct experimental studies of algorithms and quantum operations. At the same time, the group will study new materials, in an effort to identify materials for useful quantum processors. This line of research will converge with that of item 9. 4. Quantum Computing with Cold Atoms and Condensates. The last decade has seen several proposals for the realization of quantum computation and quantum information experiments in atomic systems involving trapped atoms, molecules and condensates. In order to implement these proposals, it is necessary to perfect atom trapping techniques and develop experimental methods with which to implement atomic interactions. The INCT-IQ will coordinate experimental work to be conducted in the laboratories LAFRJ-UFRJ, LIA-USP/SC and theoretical work by the group GICQ-UFU. The laboratories will develop experimental techniques which enable the manipulation of quantum information encoded in the atomic degrees of freedom and the implementation of controlled logic operations between atoms. 5. Quantum Computation with Linear Optics. Linear optics, combined with photodetection, is sufficient to realize quantum computing algorithms. Research conducted in this direction has illuminated certain fundamental aspects of quantum computation. Using the one-way computation model as well as the standard model of quantum computation, the laboratories LTIQ-UFC, ENLIGHT-UFMG, GOIQ-UFF, GOIQ-UFF, GOM-UFAL and LOQ-UFRJ will study the experimental implementation of logic gates and basic algorithms through basic circuits consisting of optical interferometers. One particular aspect to be studied, and one of great interest to the theory groups of the INCT-IQ, is the role of decoherence in both standard quantum computation and the one-way model. The INCT-IQ will manage these experimental efforts and stimulate development through technical visits and student exchange. 6. Production and Detection of Entangled Photons and Single Photons. This research is focused, on the one hand, on the generation of single photons as well as two and four photons, and on the other hand, on the resolved detection of one, two, three, four (or more) photons. The current sources of two and four photons are indispensable for experimental studies of entanglement, quantum computation and communication, while single photons are valuable for secure quantum cryptography. The laboratories LOQ-UFRJ ane ENLIGHT-UFMG have worked with the experimental techniques involved in the generation of entangled photon pairs for some years, and have published important results in international journals. The laboratories LTIQ-UFC, GOIQ-UFF, and LCQ-PUC have implemented the detection of single photons, produced through an attenuated laser. These five laboratories, in collaboration with the laboratories at GOM-UFAL, will focus on the construction of photon sources and detectors. Simultaneously, the laboratory LIQA-UFPE will work on the development of synchronizable singlephoton sources and sources with memory, which are indispensable in quantum communication and computation with photons. The coordination of this research by the INCT-IQ will accelerate fundamental research and development of technology, principally in the area of quantum cryptography, where the generation and detection of single photons and photon pairs is of utmost importance. 7. Entanglement in Continuous Variables and in d (d>2) Dimensional Systems. This line of research will be developed simultaneously from the theoretical and experimental sides, and as such is an excellent point of convergence, from which can also be exploited two complementary experimental techniques. The laboratories specializing in correlated intense beams (GOIQ-UFF, LMCAL-USP) will work with the entanglement of field quadratures of two modes of the electromagnetic field, while the laboratories specializing in correlated photons (ENLIGHT-UFMG, LOQ-UFRJ, GOM-UFAL) will work with the continuous variables in the spatial and spectral degrees of freedom of photon pairs and with ddimensional systems (d>2), also constructed in the spatial and spectral degrees of freedom of photon pairs. These laboratories will rely on intense collaboration with the participating theoretical groups of the institutes (GOIQ-UFF, GOIQ-UFRJ, GTDFMC-UNICAMP, GCQIQ-CBPF, ENLIGHT-UFMG). This work involves both fundamental aspects and applications, such as cryptography in higher dimensional systems, or higher dimensional alphabets. 8. Quantum computing in condensed matter, based on spins and quantum dots. Quantum hardware composed of solid state devices, in particular those based on silicon, have attracted great attention due to the possibility of taking advantage of existing microelectronic technology. The groups ENLIGHTUFMG, GTMC-UFRJ, GOIQ-UFRJ, GICQ-UFU, GIQ-UFABC, GTDFMC-UNICAMP, GIQ-UEPG will work with the objective of designing viable quantum computing schemes based on condensed matter systems. This line of research will unite researchers from quantum optics with those from condensed matter physics, and is considered worldwide as the most promising path towards the realization of the quantum computer. Due to the importance of this topic, and the quantity of groups dedicated to this goal, the coordination of research efforts by the INCT-IQ will have a large positive impact. The realization of a topical meeting in this field is scheduled. The INCT-IQ identifies this field as being of great interest, and recognizes the deficiency of national experimental work devoted to this topic. The INCT-IQ will stimulate experimental work in this field by sponsoring technical visits and student exchange. A new laboratory dedicated to experimental work in this field is a candidate for the reserve funding of the INCTIQ. 9. Quantum Computation with Superconducting Devices. In accord with international opinion, the INCTIQ considers superconducting circuits as promising candidates for the construction of quantum processors. In these systems, quantum information is physically encoded in charge qubits and flux qubits. The groups GTDFMC-UNICAMP, GIQ-UFABC and GIQ-UEPG will investigate these architectures, with the objective of synthesizing devices which are capable of implementing basic operations in quantum computation. These groups will consider also the possibility of coupling other systems, such as quantum dots, with superconducting wires. The principal goal is the development of a candidate architecture as well as the training of professionals in this field. The INCT-IQ identifies this field as being of great interest, and recognizes the deficiency of national experimental work devoted to this topic. The INCT-IQ will stimulate experimental work in this field by sponsoring technical visits and student exchange. A new laboratory dedicated to experimental work in this field is a candidate for the reserve funding of the INCT-IQ. 10. Quantum Optics in Semiconductors, including single photon sources. Another example of a promising application of semiconductor devices in the field of Quantum Information is the controlled generation of photon pairs and single photons. Recent experimental results lead to the conclusion that these devices will form the next generation of photon sources, and are thus of great importance to laboratories specializing in Quantum Information with photons (LTIQ-UFC, ENLIGHT-UFMG, GOIQ-UFF, LOQUFRJ, LMCAL-USP e GOM-UFAL). With this interest in mind, the study of the generation of photons with semiconductor materials is an objective of the INCT-IQ and will involve the collaboration of the groups ENLIGHT-UFMG, GOIQ-UFRJ, GTMC-UFRJ,GIQ-UFABC. The INCT-IQ will stimulate experimental work in this field, given its importance for applications and the cutting edge of basic science research. 11. Quantum Correlations in atomic systems of “twin atoms”. The objective of work on twin atoms is to study, both theoretically and experimentally, the production of two correlated atoms through the fragmentation of H2 molecules, and to verify the quantum aspect of this correlation through Stern-Gerlach interferometry. This experiment, which is the atomic analog to the production of twin photons, will be set up in the laboratory LACAM-UFRJ. A long term goal is the exact realization of the famous EPR-Bohm gedankenexperiment, and the experimental verification of the violation of Bell’s inequality. This experimental technique could open many possibilities of research for members of the INCT-IQ, which will encourage exchange and collaboration. As possible topics of interest, we can mention the study of decoherence in this system and quantum communication with atoms. 12. Cavity Quantum Electrodynamics. This system was used extensively to study phenomena of quantum mechanics and quantum information. New developments in the field originate from the construction of micro-cavities and extremely high-quality cavities. Due to its central role in Quantum Information research, the INCT-IQ will coordinate theoretical research in this field, which will be conducted principally by the groups ENLIGHT-UFMG, GIQT and GIQ-UEPG. The majority of the theory groups associated to the INCT-IQ have worked in this field, which allows for collaboration on a grand scale. 13. Entanglement and Properties of Entangled States, Dynamics of Entanglement and Decoherence, and Measures of Entanglement. The study and use of entanglement is one of the principal objectives of Quantum Information. Members of the INCT-IQ have made important contributions to this goal, witnessed by the publication of research papers in important scientific journals such as Nature, Science and Physical Review Letters. Many of these publications evolved as part of a strong collaboration between theorists and experimentalists. The INCT-IQ will stimulate this line of research, conducted by the groups: LOQ-UFRJ, GOIQ-UFRJ, GOIQ-UFF, GIQ-UFABC, ENLIGHT-UFMG, GCQIQ-CBPF e GTDFMC-UNICAMP, with a strong emphasis on experiment. Due to the large scope and interest of this topic, it is a likely candidate for a topical meeting, as well as an ample opportunity for student exchange and technical visits among members of the institute. 14. Quantum Information Theory: a. Algorithms and Models for Quantum Computation, Quantum Error Correction. The success of the quantum computer dpends upon the possibility of developing a model for quantum computation, as well as an adequate architecture with which to implement this model. On the other hand, in order to implement quantum operations on a large scale using any model of quantum computation, it is essential that there exists methods for quantum error correction. In addition, the development of new quantum algorithms is extremely important. Researchers working primarily in the groups GOIQ-UFRJ, CCUNICAMP, GOIQ-UFF, GIQFC-UFF, GIQ-UFABC, under organization of the INCT-IQ, will confront these problems from different angles, in agreement with the multidisciplinary nature of Quantum Information. Techniques from Quantum Optics, Computer Science, Statistical Physics and Electrical Engineering will be employed. b. Basic Theory of Quantum Information: Classical vs. Quantum Correlations, Entropy of Information, Quantum State and Process Tomography, Quantum Information in Phase Space. The question: “What is quantum correlation?” is currently the focus of a debate between researchers in the field. It was believed that entanglement was necessary in order to obtain the speed up of the quantum computer. Recently, researchers in the United States have shown that separable quantum states which exhibit “Quantum Dischord”, present computational speed up in relation to classical computers in a particular set of algorithms. This has given rise to a theoretical effort to understand the role of entanglement and of quantum and classical correlations in quantum information protocols. Due to its important and fundamental character, the INCT-IQ will support research in this direction, which will be realized by the groups GOIQ-UFRJ, ENLIGHT-UFMG, GIQ-UFABC, CC-UNICAMP, GTDFMC-UNICAMP, GIQUEPG. Another topic of interest from the fundamental and practical points of view is quantum state and quantum process tomography. Tomography is the technique which is used to obtain information about a quantum state or process. The current algorithms, which are used to reconstruct the quantum state from the actual measurement results, are not optimal. The group CC-UNICAMP, with its experience in mathematical methods of optimization and minimization, will work in collaboration with experimetnal groups (such as LOQ-UFRJ) of the INCT-IQ to develop better tomographic methods. This topic is of great general interest, since one of the current limits of quantum information experiments with many qubits is the amount of classical processing required in state reconstruction. A detailed account of the specific objectives and goals of each group/laboratory can be found in Appendix I. c) detailed account of the principle lines of research to be developed, which should be cutting edge and of high-quality, at a level which is competitive on an international scale, or involve a strong contribution towares the development of technology and innovation in a field of strategic interest to the country; General Research Topics of the Institute The INCT-IQ will develop high-level research involving the fundamental aspects of Quantum Information. The results are expected to have a strong impact on the development of new technology based on the quantum properties of matter and radiation. One important advantage of this multidisciplinary field is the exchange of ideas through the unification of common concepts. For instance, the use of a quantum optics approach in condensed matter physics, to design new architectures for quantum computation. The general research lines of the Institute were discussed in item b) above. The details concerning the research lines of each group/laboratory, can be found in Appendix II. d) detailed account of the training program of professionals, through graduate programs, training in a business environment, courses of short and long duration, training in specialized techniques, among others, which ermit the institute to educate scientific researchers and also personnel for businesses with a technological or innovative base, when pertinent to its theme; Education program: 1. Undergraduate and graduate students will directly participate in the research, topical courses will be given in undergraduate and graduate programs. 2 . Post-docs will also participate in the research, improving theoretical and experimental skills. 3. Professionals and students will be involved with the electronic, mechanical and computational tasks, and as such will benefit from the experience in the high level research programs. 4. Realization of Quantum Information schools/workshops to educate and provide exposure to new topics, and an environment of scientific exchange. 5. Student exchange within participating groups in an effort not only to strengthen the education and training of the student, but to facilitate collaboration. 6. Student exchange and internship with leading international groups. 7. Extended research visits to leading international groups by participation researchers, in an effort to intensity development of new experimental techniques which are currently inexistent in the country, such as quantum optics in semiconductors, single photon sources and superconducting devices. e) detailed account of the activities of transfer of knowledge to society, utilizing instruments other than publication of scientific publications, especially education programs and knowledge diffusion programs; Quantum Information is based on quantum mechanical concepts, such as quantum entanglement, the superposition principle, and quantum measurement, which are not present in our everyday intuition. It is exactly because of this counter-intuitive nature that the dissemination of these concepts by researchers in the field can be of great benefit to the public. Moreover, responsible presentation of the promising applications and technological advances involving quantum computation and teleportation, for example, is an additional contribution. Lectures and presentations given by members of the Millennium Institute of Quantum Information at SBPC meetings, inaugural and other events, have been met with great public interest. In addition to scientific diffusion to general society, diffusion among researchers of other fields is very important. This fact originates from the strong interdisciplinary character of the field, which requires the contribution of different kinds of approaches. With these concerns in mind, we intend to implement the following diffusion methods: 1. Construction of a website, containing information and tutorials for the non-specialist. The tutorials will concern the main topics of information, computation and communication, quantum mechanics, quantum information and computation, using texts, figures, animations and videos. The advantage of using this kind of media, is that it can be made available to a large part of the society and remain active after the end of the project. 2. The website will have a ``press room´´ where the main achievements obtained by participants of the Institute as well as key developments in the field can be posted. 3. Diffusion through public scientific talks. The organizers of the Paraty 2007 “Quantum Information School and Workshop”, implemented parallel diffusion activities during the event. They sponsored the demonstration of basic physics experiments in the local public school and a public lecture by Prof. Luiz Davidovich entitled “O Mundo Quântico (The Quantum World)”. These activities were an enourmous success and the present idea is to repeat and expand both the workshop and the diffusion activities. 4. Realization of activities involving high schools, which are centered around quantum physics and information. These activities include visits to participating laboratories, and the development of educational kits and lectures directed towards high school students. f) detailed account, when pertinent, of activities concerning the transfer of knowledge to the business sector or formation of public politics; Even in the current embryonic stage, it is possible to anticipate contemporary technology based on Quantum Information. This technology is under development at the commercial level in some countries, including the establishment of businesses involved in quantum computing [DWAVE], as well as quantum cryptography systems and quantum random number generators [IDQUANTIQUE, MAGICQ, SMARTQUANTUM]. The participating group LCQ-PUC currently maintains a strong connection with the industrial sector, in particular Petrobras, through its activities concerning optical fiber technology. We believe that the research activities of the institute could produce as strong impact on public politics, given the great interest which the federal government has shown regarding the development of communication security and cryptography. On the other hand, research in this cutting-edge field will be of key strategic importance, putting the country in conditions to develop technology based on quantum information and computation, which could be pivotal in the next decade. g) detailed description of the proposing group emphasizing the qualification of the researchers. The research team should have at minimum eight persons with doctorate degree, whose names should be related to the body of the project, with indication of a coordinator and vice-coordinator; COORDINATOR: Name: Amir Ordacgi Caldeira (membro permanente) Degree: PhD (University of Sussex, UK, 1980) Position: Professor Titular Researcher CNPq: 1A CPF: 347.787.137-53 Nacionality: Brazilian Birth Date: 06/10/1950 VICE-COORDINATOR: Name: Luiz Davidovich Degree: Doutor Position: Professor Titular Researcher CNPq: 1A CPF: 532487597-04 Nacionality: Brazilian Birth Date: 25/06/1946 List of Participating Researchers The highly-qualified team is composed by 66 researchers with permanent positions in Brazilian institutions. 52 are CNPq research fellows, including 29 researchers level 1 in the CNPq hierarchy, broken down as: 9 researchers level 1A, 5 researchers level 1B, 7 researchers level 1C, 8 researchers level 1D and 23 level 2. In addition to the researchers with permanent positions, the institute includes more than 100 graduate students and post-docs. The list of permanent researchers is presente below, along with their affiliation and classification as a CNPq fellow. The full list of participants including all pertinent information can be seen in Appendix III. CNPq research fellows level 1 Coordinator - Amir Ordacgi Caldeira - UNICAMP – 1A Vice-coordinator - Luiz Davidovich - UFRJ – 1A Alfredo Miguel Ozorio de Almeida – CBPF – 1A Jean Pierre von der Weid – PUCRJ – 1A Mahir Saleh Hussein – USPSP – 1A Maria Carolina Nemes – UFMG – 1A Nicim Zagury - UFRJ – 1A Belita Koiller - UFRJ – 1A Reginaldo Palazzo Júnior – UNICAMP 1A Carlos Henrique Monken – UFMG – 1B Marcus Aloizio Martinez de Aguiar – UNICAMP – 1B Nelson Velho de Castro Faria - UFRJ – 1B Raimundo Rocha dos Santos - UFRJ – 1B Tito José Bonagamba – USP SC – 1B Kyoko Furuya – UNICAMP – 1C Luis Gustavo Marcassa – USP SC – 1C Mauricio Porto Pato – USPSP – 1C Miled Hassan Youssef Moussa – UFSCAR – 1C Paulo Henrique Souto Ribeiro - UFRJ - 1C Salomon S. Mizrahi – UFSCAR – 1C Sebastião de Pádua – UFMG – 1C Cláudio Lenz Cesar - UFRJ – 1D Ginette Jalbert de Castro Faria - UFRJ – 1D Ivan dos Santos Oliveira Júnior – 1D José Antonio Roversi – UNICAMP – 1D Jose Wellington Rocha Tabosa – UFPE – 1D Paulo Alberto Nussenzveig – USPSP – 1D Raul Oscar Vallejos – CBPF – 1D Sandra Sampaio Vianna – UFPE – 1D CNPq research fellows level 2 Antonio Vidiella Barranco – UNICAMP Antonio Zelaquett Khoury – UFF Arnaldo Gammal - USPSP Augusto Miguel Alcalde Milla – UFU Carlile Campos Lavor – UNICAMP Celso Jorge Villas Boas – UFSCAR Daniel Felinto Pires Barbosa - UFPE Dilson Pereira Caetano – UFAL Eduardo Ribeiro de Azevedo – USP SC Fabricio Toscano – UFRJ Kaled Dechoum – UFF Marcelo França Santos - UFMG Marcelo Martinelli – USPSP Marcelo Silva Sarandy – UFF Marcos Cesar de Oliveira – UNICAMP Norton Gomes de Almeida – UFSCAR Qu Fanyao – UFU Roberto Menezes Serra – UFABC Roberto Silva Sarthour Júnior - CBPF Ruynet Lima de Matos Filho – UFRJ Stephen Patrick Walborn – UFRJ Tatiana Gabriela Rappoport – UFRJ Thereza Cristina de Lacerda Paiva – UFRJ Researchers Antonio Sergio Magalhães de Castro – UEPG Carlos Renato de Carvalho – UFRJ Daniel Jonathan – UFF Eduardo Inácio Duzzioni – UFU Eduardo J. S. Fonseca - UFAL Emerson Jose Veloso de Passos – USPSP Ernesto Fagundes Galvão – UFU Fernando Luis Semião da Silva - UEPG Giuliano Gadioli La Guardiã – UNICAMP Guilherme Penello Temporão – PUCRJ Jair Carlos Checon de Freitas - CBPF José Geraldo Peixoto de Faria – CEFETMG Liliana Sanz de la Torre – UFU Marcelo de Oliveira Terra Cunha - UFMG Rubens Viana Ramos – UFC h) specification of the activities to be performed by each member of the team, informing previous experience in similar activities, as well as a description of networking activities; The activities to be carried out by each group/laboratory, within the general structure of the institute, are described in item k), while the forms of integration are described in detail in items i) and j). The list of activities of each member of the institute is provided in Apendix IV. i) mechanisms that will be used to promote the interaction between participating research groups of the projetct and with other research groups, including those not participating in the institute (national collaboration); The mechanisms of integration between participants of the INCT-IQ and between INCT-IQ members and external researchers are listed below and described in detail in what follows. The concept which we intend to implement is based on the objective of stimulating interaction without creating unnecessary internal bureaucracy. Our collective experience with national and international collaboration has shown that the format and regulations of the exchange programs at times severely limits participation, which has a negative effect on exchange and collaboration, and inhibits success of the interaction. In addition, the present proposal has an objective that on the one hand is much larger than simply stimulating interaction, while on the other had is much more specific than a general topic of research. In this fashion, we propose a structural hierarchy of events, which will privilege actions which serve specific results, but may take on a wide variety of forms. For example, theoretical or experimental groups might be in search of solutions for a specific problem, which may allow for a variety of technical approaches. This kind of situation is typical in Quantum Information, given its interdisciplinary nature. In this case, an interaction in the form of a meeting or workshop would be the most adequate. In another situation, we might envision two or more groups interested in the practical implementation of some system, such as a prototype of a quantum key distribution system. In this case, the interaction would take the format of fieldwork and should occur within a previously established schedule and format. Currently, there is no available funding in Brazil which allows for this type of dynamic flexibility. The management and organization of this type of structure is of course a challenge. We believe that the present proposal unites several ingredients, which will have a decisive role in the success of the institute. One of these is the amount and flexibility of funding via the INCT, with which to promote scientific events and to allow for the purchase of necessary equipment and infrastructure. The other component is the existence of an operational center, which will localize the events with a scientific format. To this end the CIFMC in Brasília will participate in the INCT-IQ, providing adequate infrastructure and efficiency with which to realize the primary forms of interaction organized by the INCT-IQ. In what follows is a detailed account of each of the proposed mechanisms. 1 – National Quantum Information meetings; These are annual meetings, at which it will be possible to obtain a general vision of the advances attained by the institute. This is the most traditional and conventional form of interaction. Although, from the point of view of intensifying internal collaborations, these meetings have an effective yet restricted impact, this type of meeting is extremely important from the point of view of strategic planning of the institute. 2 – Topical meetings; The administrative committee will promote topical meetings, based on the strategic plan of the institute and the principal research activities. With this initiative, we intend to avoid unnecessary or counterproductive overlap in theoretical and experimental effort. Some possible themes are: quantum computing with photons, quantum communication, quantum algorithms, entanglement and decoherence theory, and quantum computing with solid state devices. 3 – Conferences and workshops sponsored by the institute. Two international events were recently held in Brazil: in 2003, an edition of the PASI school – The Physics of Information, in Búzios, RJ, and in 2007 an international school/workshop on quantum information in Paraty, RJ. These events were an enormous success and were sponsored by the Millenium Institute for Quantum Information. We intend to sponsor this type of event and encourage the realization of others with the same type of format. 4 – Graduate student exchange program. The administrative committee will encourage students exchange within the participating groups. The INCT-IQ will pay for travel and stay of the students, in particular for those students who are members of recently established groups and have arranged to visit larger, more established groups, preferably experimental in nature. The visits will be of various forms, in accordance with the necessity of each case. We judge that the aforementioned flexibility in funding will be of fundamental importance in this type of initiative. 5 – Visits and seminars by laboratory/group leaders. The participating groups and institutions will be able to solicit funds with which bring group/laboratory leaders from other institutions for technical visits and seminars. 6 – Review visits. The groups and laboratories directly funded by the INCT-IQ will receive periodic visits from the representatives of the administrative committee, in an effort to accompany the application of financial resources and the results obtained with these funds. The evaluation of the committee will influence future funding and purchase of new equipment. j) forms of interaction with cutting-edge international groups (international collaboration); The INCT-IQ intends to invite international researchers to actively participate in a variety of events. In addition, funds will be available for the participating groups and laboratories to invite leading international researchers for short technical visits. Under judgment of the administrative committee, leading international researchers will be invited to administer short courses in topics which are as of yet inexistent in Brazil, such as quantum optics in semiconductors, single photon sources and superconducting devices, and to even assist in the creation of a new laboratory. k) definition of the specific tasks of each partipating group, with emphasis on the points of integration; The topical objectives, presented above in item b), are built around the collaboration and participation of all the participating groups of the INCT-IQ. The specific tasks of each group reflect the activities necessary to realize these topical objectives. The points of integration and collaboration are emphasized specifically in item b). Laboratory of Quantum Information in Atomic Systems - UFPE Realization of experiments involving quantum memory and synchronizable single-photon sources. Optics and Materials Group - UFAL Development of sources of high-dimensional entangled photons, realization of quantum imaging experiments, implementation of Quantum Information protocols with photons. Laboratory of Quantum Information Technology - UFC Construction and study of a quantum cryptography system, development of photon detectors, realization of cryptography protocols in fiber optics. Enlight – UFMG Realization of experiments and studies of entangled photons: study of the effects of anisotropy in the generation of spatial and polarization entanglement, production of heralded photons, production and study of beams with fourth order polarization, production of high-dimensional entangled states and realization of quantum information protocols. Theoretical study of entanglement and decoherence, with the goal of future experiments. Quantum Information and Computation Group - UFU Investigation of physical aspects related to the implementation of quantum information processing based on semiconductor quantum dots, elaboration of quantum error correction protocols using Bose-Einstein condensates in optical lattices and formulation of one and two-qubit phase gates in condensates. Quantum Optics Laboratory – UFRJ Realization of studies of entanglement and decoherence, development of photon-number sensitive detectors, implementation of quantum cryptography and communication protocols in optical fibers and free space, implementation of photonic quantum computing. Laboratory of Atomic and Molecular Collisions – UFRJ Generation of twin atoms and their utilization in studies related to Quantum Information. Laboratory of Cold Atoms of Rio de Janeiro – UFRJ Experimental study of qubits encoded in the atomic degrees of freedom of cold atoms, studies of one and two-qubit gates in this system. Quantum Optics and Quantum Information Group – UFRJ Studies of decoherence in multi-qubit states, detailed development of a quantum computer architecture based in impurities implanted in silicon photonic crystal cavities, identification of entanglement measurements and quantifiers which identify entanglement in subgroups of a given multidimensional quantum state, detailed investigation of the propagation of transverse correlations of twin photons in spontaneous parametric down conversion. Condensed Matter Theory Group – UFRJ Development of quantum computing devices in condensed matter systems, studies of macropscopic entanglement. Quantum Optics and Quantum Information Group – UFF Implementation of quantum cryptography protocols, study of the transfer of spatial properties between fields in optical parametric oscillation, studies of fundamental aspects of quantum computation and information, development of cryptography protocols based on parametric oscillators. Quantum Information and Critical Phenomena Group – UFF Studies of the impact of decoherence in adiabatic quantum computation, development of theories of quantum computation based on the theory of invariants, studies of entanglement and critical phenomenon in condensed matter systems, studies of decoherence in general quantum computation. Quantum Information and Quantum Chaos Group – CBPF Construction of semi-classical theories and application to the search for entangled states with slow decoherence times, analysis of the problem of equilibrium relaxation of generic pure bipartite states. Quantum Information Processing with Nuclear Magnetic Ressonance Group– CBPF/USPSC/UFES Implementation of quantum algorithms and quantum simulations using nuclear magnetic resonance, studies of entanglement in spin chains, studies of architectures and materials for quantum computation. Laboratory of Quantum Communication – PUC-Rio Realization of quantum communication experiments in optical fibers, implementation of quantum cryptography in optical fibers. Quantum Information Group – UFABC Study of quantum computation via continuous evolution, investigation of quantum information processing in solid state devices, search for alternative entanglement measurements of entangled states subject to decoherence. Computer Science – Unicamp Development of novel mathematical methods of quantum state and process estimation via state and process tomography. Quantum Optics Group – Unicamp Theoretical investigation of cavity quantum electrodynamics and trapped ions and applications to quantum information, study of the implications of decoherence, development of quantum cryptography protocols using coherent states (continuous variables). Theory Group –DFMC – Unicamp Study of entanglement and Quantum Information in continuous variables, research and development of physical systems for quantum information processing and design of architectures. Quantum Coding Theory Group – Unicamp Sistematization of the description of maximally entangled pure states using the basic classical coding methods, analysis, construction and study of topological quantum codes. Laboratory of Atomic Interactions – USP-SC Experimental trapping of Rydberg atoms, construction of atom trapping system, realization of photoassociation of the KRb molecule and detection of molecule via photo-association, study of the Stark effect in potentials between Rydberg atoms through the study of atomic collisions. Quantum Information Theory Group – UFSCAR/USP-SC/UCG Theoretical studies of manipulation and processing of quantum information in cavity quantum electrodynamics. Laboratory of Coherent Manipulation of Atoms and Light – USP Experimental studies of quantum communication, amplification of quantum images and multi-particle entanglement in continuous variables using optical parametric oscillators (OPO), studies of coherent processes in cold atoms, with the aim of generating non-classical states with long life times suitable for quantum memory, production of a one-dimensional optical lattice for the preparation and characterization of non-classical atomic states. Theory Group – USP Investigation of the physics of Bose-Einstein condensates (BEC) and quantum chaos, investigation of confinement of BECs of neutral atoms in free space using quantum reflection, investigation of the Bogoliubov spectrum of condensates with the aim of better understanding of the order-chaos transition. Quantum Information Group- UEPG Studies of Quantum Mechanics with emphasis on geometric and algebraic aspects of Hilbert space, study of the dynamical properties of cavity quantum electrodynamics, coupled bosonic fields (including linear optics), trapped ions and superconducting qubits. l) analysis of the actual situation with the expected situation, demonstrating the unequivocal benefit that will be provided by the project; Enormous progress has been made in Quantum Information research in Brazil over the last eight years since the creation of the Millennium Institute for Quantum Information as part of the Millennium Institute Program. The initial level of research was practically null, consisisting of a few groups active in different areas which were advancing toward the field. Currently, there are more than ten consolidated laboratories, dedicated exclusively to the experimental study of Quantum Information, and obtaining results that are outstanding on an international level. More than a dozen theoretical groups have been established and are active in the field. Many of these groups began as part of the initiatives of the Millennium Institute, and are obtaining excellent results. Therefore, it can be said that Brazil is currently “on the world map” of the international community of Quantum Information, and has the potential to occupy an even more important role, given proper and adequate investment. By means of the National Institutes of Science and Technology program, the brazilian Quantum Information community will be able to evolve to a new phase in which the search for more concrete objectives and applications are adequately associated to fundamental research in a coherent and organized manner. The financial resources provided by this program are sufficient to maintain and modernize the associated laboratories as well as establish new ones. Several new or recently established laboratories will benefit greatly from this support: a new laboratory specializing in the study of quantum memory and quantum repeaters at UFPE in Recife, a new quantum cryptography laboratory at UFC in Fortaleza, two new twin photon laboratories at UFAL in Maceió, a new laboratory to be equipped with an optical parametric oscillator at UFF-Volta Redonda, in the state of Rio de Janeiro, a new cold atoms and molecules laboratory specializing in quantum computation at USP-São Carlos in the state of São Paulo, and a quantum communications laboratory at PUC – Rio de Janeiro. In addition, taking full benefit from the possibility of postponing the allocation of funds provided by the National Institute program, a new laboratory specializing in a to-be-determined experimental technique and location will be inaugurated as part of the INCT-IQ. From the point of view of theoretical research, several new groups have recently been established at institutions such as the recently inaugurated UFABC in Santo André, São Paulo, UFU in Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, UFPG in Ponta Grossa, Paraná, and the UFF campus in Volta Redonda, Rio de Janeiro. In addition, several well-established researchers from solid state physics community have joined the institute. In this form, it is our goal to create a national research environment in which a large part of these theoretical groups work in consonance with the experimental techniques pursued by the institute’s laboratories, and in collaboration with other theoretical groups engaged in similar research. An additional part of the research effort will be directed towards the study of physical systems that the institute does not investigate experimentally, with the expectation that this will build incentive for the creation of new laboratories and new lines of research. Finally, a part of the researchers will work with fundamental aspects of Quantum Information and the design of new algorithms. The implementation of this elevated level of production and network of collaboration will only be possible with the help of the resources solicited for travel technical visits and computational resources. With the National Institute for Science and Technology – Quantum Information, we will witness consistent theoretical and experimental activity of an elevated level, resulting in a strong contribution towards the development of new technology based in the transmission and processing of quantum information. m) adequate and justified budget. The budget should include importation and service costs (custeio), costs of material (capital) and grants in accordance with the items indicated in the Proposal Form. The proposal should indicate the allocation of at least 70% of the funds (excluding the grants) among the associated groups and laboratories, reserving the remaining value for future allocation following posterior decisions of the administrative committee of the institution. Budget The budget for this project is R$ 9.000.000,00. The majority (R$ 5.600.000,00) of these funds will be invested in the associate laboratories, including R$ 4.000.000,00 for equipment, R$ 700.000,00 for improvements and installation of existing laboratories in new spaces and R$ 900.000,00 for a future investment which will be used to develop a new line of experimental investigation, to be defined by the Institute members under the coordination of the administration committee, among the research lines considered to be of priority. This new line of experimental research will be among the most promising for the development of a quantum computer and will be an area which is not currently under experimental development in Brazil. The new equipment will upgrade the existing experimental approaches in the active laboratories and begin the operation of new ones outside the already well established institutions. Besides providing support to the experimental investigation of new physical processes, to be used in systems for quantum computation and communication, the new laboratories will have a positive impact in their local institutions. The amount of R$ 700.000,00 will be used to install the three laboratories of the Institute of Physics of UFRJ, in a new area provided by the Institute administration (please see attached letter from UFRJ institute director). The installation will include a high quality electrical system, with a ground network, phone and internet communication infra-structure, supply of compressed air and other fluids like nitrogen and water, ambient temperature and humidity control, in addition to the transport and installation of heavy equipment such as the optical tables. This institution will invest in the project providing this new area, which will allow the expansion and improvement of the experimental activity performed at the UFRJ, as described in detail in the present proposal. The UFRJ laboratories contribute significantly to the experimental research in the framework of the Institute and they have potential for considerable expansion. This expansion is currently constrained by the lack of physical space. These new installations will relieve this problem, and allow for increased experimental activities. We will allocate R$ 2.000.000,00 for travels and living expenses, including the funding of the scientific events outlined in the present proposal. These funds will be used by nearly 70 researchers, graduate students, as well as brazilian and foreign visitors. In order obtain an authentic research network, we propose to actively stimulate the interaction between participants and strong interaction with the leading researchers and research groups in the world. This will require considerable investment in travel. On top of this consistent investment, we will implement mechanisms that will ensure the focus of the interaction and collaboration. These mechanisms will be described in detail below. We propose R$ 1.000.000,00 for investment in computational resources. This is a relatively low investment, if one considers the number of researchers and students involved. However, it is known that many of them have access to computational resources through other funding sources. Mechanisms will be implemented to ensure that the focus of the research is in direct connection to the objectives of the present proposal. The number of participants and the administration complexity of this institute require a proper administration structure. Through the FUNCAMP foundation at UNICAMP, we will hire two people to take care of the secretarial and budget activities, including the management of the importation processes contained within the framework of the Institute. We also propose the eventual employment of professional services concerning the realization of scientific events, and the design and maintenance of a web site, among others. The amount of R$ 400.000,00 designated towards these issues is slightly lower than the reference value of 5%, according to the funding regulations of the INCT program. We present below, the global budget of the institute, followed by a detailed description and justification. Global budget: Item Equipment Investment Installation Travel expenses Computational resources Administration TOTAL Value in US$ Value in R$ Import fees Total in R$ 1.406.871,00 460.000,00 0,00 (CAPITAL) 3.483.910,00 782.000,00 350.000,00 (CUSTEIO) 522.585,00 118.000,00 343.505,00 4.006.495,00 900.000,00 693.505,00 0,00 0,00 0,00 1.000.000,00 2.000.000,00 0,00 2.000.000,00 1.000.000,00 0,00 1.866.871,00 0,00 5.615.910,00 400.000,00 3.384.090,00 400.000,00 9.000.000,00 Mechanisms for funding travel and computational resources We will allocate a maximum amount of R$ 10.000,00 for national and international travel expenses during the first year of the project. These funds can only be used for visiting other research groups within INCT-IQ, participation in national and international scientific events that include at least one Quantum Information session or funding visitors with recognized activity in the field of Quantum Information, under approval of the administrative committee. At the end of the first year, the remaining travel funds will be cancelled and a new maximum amount will be allocated to each researcher, according to the remaining resources. The goal here is to encourage the immediate initiation of interactions and collaborations. For the computational resources, we will also allocate a maximum amount of R$ 10.000,00 per participant during the first year. However, in order to be able to use these resources, the participant should present at least one publication in the field of Quantum Information, under approval of the administration committee. At the end of the first year, the remaining funds will be cancelled and a new maximum amount will be allocated to each researcher, according to the remaining resources. The goal is to encourage the immediate application of the funds followed by activity in the field. Budget for the associate laboratories (Conversion rate = R$ 1,70 import expenses 15%) Item UFRJ 1 UFRJ 2 UFRJ 3 UFMG USP SP UFF UFC PUC RJ UFPE USP SC UFAL 1 UFAL 2 TOTAIS Value US$ Value in R$ Import fees Total in R$ 125.000,00 114.000,00 91.300.00 384,000.00 150.000,00 194.000,00 95.000,00 241.000,00 258.800,00 141.000,00 166,470.00 88.071,00 1.406.871,00 (CAPITAL) 212.500,00 193.800,00 155.210,00 561.51000 255.000,00 329.800,00 161.500,00 409.700,00 439.980,00 239.700,00 282.999,00 149.721,00 3.483.910,00 (CUSTEIO) 31.875,00 29.070,00 23.282,00 98.100,00 38.250,00 49.470,00 24.225,00 61.455,00 65.997,00 35.955,00 42.450,00 22.456,00 522.585,00 244.375,00 222.870,00 178.492,00 752.100,00 293.250,00 379.270,00 185.725,00 471.155,00 505.977,00 275.655,00 3254.49,00 172.177,00 4.006.495,00 Overall justification: Nearly R$ 1.400.000,00 will be invested in laboratories working with entangled photons. Two of these are well established and there will be two new laboratories created. This approach contributed strongly for the success of the last two versions of the Millennium Institute for Quantum Information, obtaining international visibility. Therefore, the investment in the existing laboratories is well justified by the results obtained so far. The new laboratories will be installed in Maceió-AL and will have a positive local impact, in a region where research activity is still incipient. Another approach that obtained excellent results is concerned with Optical Parametric Oscillators, allowing applications of continuous variable systems in Quantum Information. The proposed budget is nearly R$ 700.000,00 for maintaining the existing laboratories and to contribute to the installation of a new laboratory at the UFF in Volta Redonda, in the state of Rio de Janeiro. Once again, we stress the support to developing research centers. Nearly R$ 1.300.000,00 will be invested in laboratories working with atomic systems, two of them well established and two of them to be created, one in Recife-PE and another in São Carlos-SP. Atomic systems have an important role in the field of quantum memories and have been investigated for the employment in quantum repeaters. This investment has a strong fundamental appeal, besides the applications to Quantum Information. The remaining R$ 600.000,00 will be invested directly in quantum cryptography with optical fibers, including a well established laboratory at the PUC-RJ and a new laboratory which is being installed at the UFC in Fortaleza-CE, both of them located in Engineering departments. Besides the fiber based quantum cryptography, the twin photon laboratories will also develop cryptography based in free space propagation and studies for using new degrees of freedom of the photon. In this Institute, we will have for the first time, a concentrate effort towards the creation of a secure communication network, based on quantum cryptography, following the example of other countries like USA, Austria, Germany and Switzerland. Therefore this investment is of a strategic character for telecommunication. Detailed budgets and justifications for each laboratory can be found in Appendix V. n) explanation of any potential for the generation of patents, prototypes and technological products, of mechanisms for the transfer of technology and of institutional support for this activity; Despite the fundamental character of the research to be performed in the framework of this Institute, we observe a potential for the generation of patents and or technological products, mainly connected to quantum communication systems and the development of new photon detectors. In the following we present the details about this potential, for each one of the laboratories. Laboratory of Quantum Information in Atomic Systems – UFPE Potential for patent generation – Group of Quantum Information with Atomic Systems – UFPE We expect that the development of a reliable, synchronizable source of photon will generate patents. Potential for technology production – Group of Quantum Information with Atomic Systems – UFPE The development of the field of quantum networks, with all its applications to quantum information, relies crucially in the development of a robust source of synchronizable single photons, specially for networks completely based on linear optics. This may be the basis then for a new series of products to process quantum information locally using a larger number of quantum bits. Optics and Materials Group – UFAL Generation of Patents: To experimentally perform a quantum teleportation exploiting the momentum entangled states of down converted photons. This is an original idea of a quantum protocol quite fundamental for quantum information, which may open new doors to the long distance quantum communication. Therefore, the propose present here has a great potential to be patented. To experimentally perform a method able to exploit the de Broglie wavelength reduction in three dimensions applied for quantum lithography. This subject has already generated some patents. However, none exploiting the 3D quantum lithography. We have already theoretically shown that this idea is possible to be implemented using Bessel beams quantum interference with down converted photons. We are already in business to see if our idea is eligible to be patented. Laboratory of Quantum Information Technology – UFC Potential generation of patent – LATIQ – UFC We are working in a new single-photon detector prototype operating within the microwave band, which may originate a patent. Potential production of technology – LATIQ – UFC The quantum key distribution systems will be implemented aiming at a direct compatibility with currently existing optical network in the city of Fortaleza, having in consideration physical and logical aspects (layers OSI-ISO), with a potential to be commercialized. Moreover, the produced single-photon detectors can be easily adapted to other optical windows, making possible their use in other applications as, for instance, metrology. Enlight – UFMG Potential generation of patents - Enlight - UFMG We will be developing a system of quantum keys distribution for the spatial qudits so that we will may be able to originate a patent. Potential of technological production - Enlight - UFMG The system of quantum distribution of keys could be mounted in a compact and integrated form to be commercialized. Quantum Optics Laboratory – UFRJ Potential generation of patent – Quantum Optics Laboratory– UFRJ 1 – We are working on quantum key distribution systems involving transverse spatial degrees of freedom that may generate a patent. 2 – We plan on developing a photon-number resolving detector, whichmay generate a patent. Potential production of technology – Quantum Optics Laboratory– UFRJ 1 – The quantum key distribution system could be built in a compact device, facilitating commercialization. 2 – The development of a photon-number resolving detector may generate a commercializable product. Quantum Optics and Quantum Information Group – UFF Potential patent generation – Quantum Optics and Information Group – UFF. We are working in a quantum cryptographic key distribution system using polarization and orbital angular momentum of single photons. This could generate a patent. Potential technological production – Quantum Optics and Information Group – UFF. The quantum cryptographic key distribution system could be mounted in a compact and integrated way in order to be commercialized. Laboratory of Coherent Manipulation of Atoms and Light – USP Potencial for patents – Laboratory for Coherent Manipulation of Atoms and Light - IF/USP The development of tools for quantum cryptography may lead to patents for secure communications channels. Technological development – Laboratory for Coherent Manipulation of Atoms and Light - IF/USP Patents may be shared with businesses interested in developing commercial products. o) list of research projects funded over the last 5 years (active or expired) involving members of the institute, including titles, values, period and funding agencies, indicating in what form related to the present proposal; Due to the large number and the intense scientific activity of the participants of INCT-IQ, we have a long list of projects funded by many different agencies in the last few years. We would like to emphasize the participation in projects involving a larger amount of resources like the Millennium Institutes, PRONEX, TEMÁTICO FAPESP and PENSA-RIO FAPERJ. The full list can be found in Appendix VI. q) commitment of eventual institutional infra-structure for the executution of the projetct, such as new construction or modernization of installations, contract of new technical, scientific or administrative personnel, possibility of absorbption of researchers trained by the program, support for administration and management, exemption or partial cover of operational or administrative expenses indicate in item 1.8.4.2 of the program announcement; - Equipment and infra-structure for experimental research in the seven established laboratories: LOQUFRJ, LACAM-UFRJ, LAFRJ-UFRJ, UFMG, USP SP, UFF(Niterói) e PUC RJ; - Basic infra-structure and space for the installation of five laboratories: UFF(Volta Redonda), UFC, UFAL1, UFAL2 e USP SC; - A new area for the expansion and improvement of three laboratories at the IF-UFRJ. - Computational resources already available with the theoretical groups. - Funding from other sources, listed in section o) and funding of the type CNPq “Produtividade em Pesquisa” grant, as well as ``Jovem cientista” and ``Cientista do nosso estado” (FAPERJ). The full list of the facilities available for the execution of the project can be found in Appendix VII. r) detailed timetable of activities for the first two years, and abbreviated timetable for the following three years; Schedule for the activities of the Institute INCT-IQ The Institute will promote interaction and cooperation through national meetings, bi-annual schools and thematic meetings. Year 1 – Promotion of a school/workshop directed to graduate and under graduate students, including the participation of foreign renowned researchers, the first technical meeting of the Institute, thematic meetings proposed by the participants and administration committee and managed by the administration committee. Year 2 – Second technical meeting, thematic meetings proposed by the participants and administration committee and managed by the administration committee. Presentation of reports by the groups and laboratories, and evaluation meeting for the administration committee. Visit to the associate laboratories by the administration committee. Years 3,4 and 5 – Technical meetings each 12 months, thematic meetings proposed by the participants and administration committee and managed by the administration committee. Second and third school/workshop on Quantum Information. Second evaluation meeting for the administration committee. The specific research schedule for each group and laboratory is presented in Appendix VIII. s) indication of the administrative committee of the institute; The administration committee will be composed of the project coordinator and vice-coordinator, and a sub-coordination in charge of administration aspects and a scientific council. Administration Committee: Project coordinator: Prof. Amir O. Caldeira(UNICAMP) Vice-coordinator: Prof. Luiz Davidovich(UFRJ) Local sub-coordination – Prof. Marcelo O. Terra Cunha (Estado de Minas Gerais), Prof. Ruynet L. De Matos Filho(Estado do Rio de Janeiro), Prof. Paulo Nussenzveig (Estado de São Paulo), José W. Tabosa (Região nordeste – Pernambuco, Ceará e Alagoas) Scientific sub-coordination - Prof. Amir O. Caldeira(UNICAMP), Prof. Luiz Davidovich(UFRJ) and Prof. Belita Koiller(UFRJ) Sub-coordination for importation – Prof. Paulo Henrique Souto Ribeiro(UFRJ) Sub-coordination for project and report – Prof. Stephen Patrick Walborn (UFRJ) Sub-coordination for scientific diffusion – Prof. Marcos César de Oliveira (UNICAMP) Sub-coordination for events – Prof. Marcelo P. França Santos (UFMG) List of researcher responsible for each group/laboratory: Group/Laboratory Researcher Responsible Laboratory of Quantum Information in Atomic Systems Optics and Materials Group Daniel Felinto Eduardo Jorge da Silva Fonseca Institution of Responsible UFPE UFAL Laboratory of Quantum Information Technology Enlight Quantum Information and Computation Group Quantum Optics Laboratory Laboratory of Atomic and Molecular Collisions Laboratory of Cold Atoms of Rio de Janeiro Quantum Optics and Quantum Information Group Condensed Matter Theory Group Quantum Optics and Quantum Information Group Quantum Information and Critical Phenomena Group Quantum Information and Quantum Chaos Group Rubens Viana Ramos Carlos H. Monken Eduardo Inácio Duzzioni Paulo H. Souto Ribeiro Nelson Velho de Castro Faria Cláudio Lenz Cesar Ruynet L. Matos Filho Belita Koiller Antônio Zelaquett Khoury Marcelo Sarandy UFC UFMG UFU UFRJ UFRJ UFRJ UFRJ UFRJ UFF; UFF-VR UFF Alfredo Miguel Ozorio de Almeida Ivan dos Santos Oliveira Jr. CBPF Laboratory of Quantum Communication Quantum Information Group Computer Science Quantum Optics Group Theory Group –DFMC Quantum Coding Theory Group Laboratory of Atomic Interactions Jean Pierre von der Weid Roberto M. Serra Carlile Campos Lavor José Antonio Roversi Amir Ordacgi Caldeira Reginaldo Palazzo Júnior Luis Gustavo Marcassa Quantum Information Theory Group Salomon Sylvain Mizrahi PUC-Rio UFABC Unicamp Unicamp Unicamp Unicamp USP/São Carlos UFSCAR;US P/São Carlos; UCG USP Quantum Information Processing with Nuclear Magnetic Ressonance Group Laboratory of Coherent Manipulation of Atoms and Paulo A. Nusssenzveig Light Theory Group Mahir Saleh Hussein Quantum Information Group Fernando Luis Semião da Silva CBPF USP UEPG t) organizational and functional structure of the institute The administrative committee will be responsible for both the scientific and general administration of the Institute. The central coordination, in the charge of the project coordinator, will designate tasks to subcoordinators that will make propositions for solving administration problems and to develop scientific programs. Due to the participation of research groups from several states of the country, we have created one sub-coordination for each region. They will collect information from these regions and propose activity, observing specific aspects concerned to each one of them, keeping permanent connection with the central coordination and other sub-coordination. The scientific sub-coordination will take care of decisions involving subject evaluation. The funding mechanisms depend on a scientific evaluation of the proposed action, taking into account the main purpose of the institute. For instance, the institute will only fund participation in Quantum Information scientific events. Another kind of scientific evaluation will be the realization of visits to the associate laboratories. A great source of problems during the execution of any project in Brazil, including experimental activity, is the importation of equipment. This problem has been addressed by the brazilian government, which realized its strong strategic character. There has been recent progress, but however there are still many points to be improved. In view of this situation, we created a sub-coordination for importation, that will work to make the process of importation of equipment as fast as possible. A project and report sub-coordination will be in charge of collecting and organizing the information about the advances obtained in the framework of the Institute. Providing organized and recent information to the administrative committee, decisions can be made to influence the evolution of the research of the Institute. We will also have a sub-coordination for diffusion, which will take care of the propagation of the basic aspects of several research lines, using many of the available media resources, and especially the internet. They will also take care of the propagation of the results obtained among the different participating research groups. This is another interaction mechanism proposed for this institute. The sub-coordination for scientific events will organize and encourage meetings. Working together with the scientific sub-coordination, they will propose and organize scientific visits, as well as thematic, national and international meetings. In this way, the administration committee will be agile and effective from the scientific and administration point of view. The institute will work for the immediate initiation of experimental activity. Theoretical groups potentially connected to some experimental investigation will be identified. Collaboration and interaction among them will be stimulated by the administrative committee through topical meetings and visits. Theoretical research groups whose activities are connected to experimental investigations that are not performed or incipient in Brazil, will also be identified. In this case, interaction with foreign groups will be encouraged. All scientific effort in the framework of the institute will be dictated by the objectives described at item b). References [ABANTO08] ABANTO M, KOILLER B, DAVIDOVICH L, AND DE MATOS RL; SUBMITTED FOR PUBLICATION. [ABREU06] ENTANGLING POWER OF BAKER’S MAP: ROLE OF SYMMETRIES, R. F. ABREU E R. O. VALLEJOS, PHYS. REV. A 73, 052327 (2006); [ABREU07] STATISTICAL BOUNDS ON THE DYNAMICAL GENERATION OF ENTANGLEMENT, R. F. ABREU E R. O. VALLEJOS, PHYS. REV. 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