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AP Psychology Challenge 1. Jeff mistakenly assumes that everybody around him enjoys listening to country music just as much as he does. Jeff best illustrates: • • • • • • A) the false consensus effect. B) the hindsight bias. C) an illusion of control. D) the placebo effect. Answer: A 2. If the correlation between the physical weight and reading ability of elementary school students is +.85, this would indicate: • A) the relationship between weight and reading ability among elementary school students is not statistically significant. • B) low body weight has a negative effect on the reading abilities of elementary school children. • C) better reading ability is associated with greater physical weight among elementary school students. • D) body weight has no causal influence on the reading abilities of elementary school children. • Answer: • C 3. Which of the following is a measure of the degree of variation among a set of events? • A) mean • B) scatterplot • C) standard deviation • D) normal distribution • E) correlation coefficient • Answer: •C 4. The relief of pain following the ingestion of an inert substance that is presumed to have medicinal benefits illustrates: • • • • • • • A) random assignment. B) the hindsight bias. C) the false consensus effect. D) the placebo effect. E) illusory correlation. Answer: D 5. In its early years, psychology focused on the study of ___, but from the 1920’s into the 1960’s they focused on: • A) environmental influences; hereditary influences. • B) maladaptive behavior; adaptive behavior. • C) unconscious motives; conscious thoughts and feelings. • D) mental processes; observable behavior. • Answer: • D 6. In order to evaluate various theories of human behavior, contemporary psychologists rely most heavily on the process of: • • • • • • A) introspection. B) psychoanalysis. C) natural selection. D) scientific observation. Answer: D 7. Which perspective is most concerned with the unique ways in which individuals perceive, think and solve problems? • • • • • • A) behavior genetics B) cognitive C) biological D) behavioral Answer: B 8. Which perspective is most directly concerned with assessign the relative impact of both nature and nurture on our psychological traits? • • • • • • A) behavior genetics B) social-cultural C) biological D) behavioral Answer: A 9. After Miguel's recent automobile accident, doctors detected damage to his cerebral cortex in Broca's area. It is likely that Miguel will have difficulty: A) remembering past events. B) speaking fluently. C) reading. D) understanding other people when they speak. Answer: B 10. The somatic nervous system is a component of the ________ nervous system. A) Peripheral B) Autonomic C) Central D) Sympathetic E) Parasympathetic Answer: A 11. You come home one night to find a burglar in your house. Your heart starts racing and you begin to perspire. These physical reactions are triggered by the: A) somatic nervous system. B) sympathetic nervous system. C) parasympathetic nervous system. D) limbic system. Answer: B 12. Which of the following is the component of the limbic system that plays an essential role in the formation of new memories? A) Hypothalamus B) Thalamus C) Hippocampus D) Medulla Answer: C 13. The ability to simultaneously copy different figures with the right and left hand is most characteristic of those whose ______ has been lesioned. A) angular gyrus B) reticular formation C) corpus callosum D) motor cortex Answer: C 14. After Mark's serious scooter accident, doctors detected damage to his cerebellum. Mark is most likely to have difficulty: A) experiencing intense emotions. B) reading a book. C) understanding what others are saying. D) Playing a drum set. Answer: D 15. The reuptake of a neurotransmitter such as serotonin would involve the reabsorption of serotonin into a(n): A) axon terminal. B) receiving neuron. C) myelin sheath. D) glial cell. Answer: A 16. The function of dendrites is to: A) receive incoming signals from other neurons. B) release neurotransmitters into the spatial junctions between neurons. C) coordinate the activation of the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems. D) control pain through the release of opiate-like chemicals into the brain. Answer: A 17. Evolutionary psychologists emphasize that environmentally adaptive behaviors are those that have promoted: • • • • • • A) reproductive success. B) personal happiness. C) cultural diversity. D) genetic mutations. Answer: A 18. The theory that children learn from their cultures a concept of what it means to be male and female and that they adjust their behavior accordingly is: • • • • • • A) gender role theory. B) social learning theory. C) gender identity theory. D) gender schema theory. Answer: D 19. According to Piaget, egocentrism refers to: • A) a sensorimotor need for selfstimulation. • B) young children’s exaggerated interest in their own pleasure. • C) the inability to perceive things from another person’s point of view. • D) the inability to realize that things continue to exist even when they are not visible. • Answer: • C 20. Ben attempts to retrieve his teddy bear after his father hides it under a blanket. This suggests that Ben has developed a sense of: • • • • • • A) egocentrism. B) object permanence. C) conservation. D) accommodation. Answer: B 21. Five-year-old Tim mistakenly believes that he has more than his sister because his candy bar is broken into 5 pieces and his sister’s remains in one piece. Tim lacks the concept of: • • • • • • A) egocentrism. B) object permanence. C) accommodation. D) conservation. Answer: D 22. According to Kohlberg, morality based on a desire to uphold the laws of society is characteristic of the ____ stage. • • • • • • A) preconventional B) conventional C) preoperational D) postconventional Answer: B 23. Erik Erikson maintained that the two basic aspects of life that dominate adulthood are: • • • • • • A) independence and generativity. B) intimacy and generativity. C) intimacy and identity. D) identity and independence. Answer: B 24. Research suggests that during early and middle adulthood, crystallized intelligence ___ and fluid intelligence ___. • • • • • • A) decreases; increases B) increases; decreases C) increases; increases D) decreases; decreases Answer: B 25. According to the Young-Helmholtz theory: • A) the retina contains three kinds of color receptors. • B) color vision depends on pairs of opposing retinal processes. • C) the size of the difference threshold is proportional to the intensity of the stimulus. • D) certain nerve cells in the brain respond to specific features of a stimulus. • Answer: • A 26. Dilation and constriction of the pupil are controlled by the: • • • • • • A) optic nerve. B) iris. C) lens. D) cornea. Answer: B 27. A subliminal message is one that is presented: • A) while an individual is under hypnosis. • B) below the absolute threshold for awareness. • C) in a manner that is unconsciously persuasive. • D) with very soft background music. • Answer: • B 28. The area of the retina where the optic nerve leaves the eye is called the: • • • • • • A) blind spot. B) pupil. C) visual cortex. D) cornea. Answer: A 29. Our inability to consciously perceive all the sensory information available to us at any single point in time best illustrates the necessity of: • • • • • • A) perceptual constancy. B) selective attention. C) perceptual adaptation. D) retinal disparity. Answer: B 30. Which of the following cues do artists use to convey depth on a flat canvas? • • • • • • A) convergence. B) interposition. C) continuity. D) closure. Answer: B 31. As the retinal image of a horse galloping toward you becomes larger, it is unlikely that the horse will appear to grow larger. This best illustrates the phenomenon of: • • • • • • A) visual capture. B) size constancy. C) closure. D) convergence. Answer: B 32. The perceptual tendency to fill in gaps in order to perceive disconnected parts as a whole object is called: • • • • • • A) closure. B) constancy. C) interposition. D) convergence. Answer: A 33. The perception of an object as distinct from its surroundings is called: • • • • • • A) perceptual set. B) perceptual constancy. C) figure-ground perception. D) the phi-phenomenon. Answer: C 34. A split in consciousness in which some thoughts occur simultaneously with and yet separately from other thoughts is called: • • • • • • A) narcolepsy. B) dissociation. C) paradoxical sleep. D) posthypnotic amnesia. Answer: B 35. In Pavlov’s experiments on the salivary conditioning of dogs, the UCS was: • A) a tone. • B) salivation to the sound of a tone. • C) the presentation of food in the dog’s mouth. • D) salivation to the food in the mouth. • Answer: •C 36. After learning to fear a white rat, Little Albert responded with fear to the sight of a rabbit. This best illustrates the process of: • • • • • • A) secondary reinforcement. B) generalization. C) shaping. D) latent learning. Answer: B 37. You would be most likely to use operant conditioning to teach a dog to: • A) fear cats in the street. • B) dislike the taste of dead birds. • C) wag its tail whenever it is emotionally excited. • D) retrieve sticks and balls. • Answer: •D 38. Watching the night sky for shooting stars is likely to be reinforced on a _____ schedule. • • • • • • A) fixed-interval B) fixed-ratio C) variable-interval D) variable-ratio Answer: C 39. The fact that learning can occur without reinforcement is most clearly demonstrated by studies of: • • • • • • A) shaping. B) latent learning. C) spontaneous recovery. D) computer-assisted instruction. Answer: B 40. A child’s fear at the sight of a hypodermic needle is a(n): • • • • • • A) unconditioned response. B) unconditioned stimulus. C) conditioned stimulus. D) conditioned response. Answer: D