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Chapter 8 Cellular Energy Section 1: How Organisms Obtain Energy Section 2: Photosynthesis Section 3: Cellular Respiration Click on a lesson name to select. Chapter 8 Cellular Energy 8.1 How Organisms Obtain Energy Transformation of Energy Energy is the ability to do work. Thermodynamics is the study of the flow and transformation of energy in the universe. Q Describe the 1st and 2 laws of thermodynamics in your own words: 1st Law: 2nd Law: Chapter 8 Cellular Energy 8.1 How Organisms Obtain Energy Laws of Thermodynamics First law —energy can be converted from one form to another, but it cannot be created nor destroyed. Second law —energy cannot be converted without the loss of usable energy. (heat is most “useless” form of energy…all convertions of energy loose some as heat. Once energy is in heat form it can never be recovered…fate of the universe???!!! heat heat Q Define Autotroph and heterotroph and give an example of each: a. Autotroph: ex. a. Heterotroph: ex. Chapter 8 Cellular Energy 8.1 How Organisms Obtain Energy Autotrophs and Heterotrophs Autotrophs are organisms that make their own food. Heterotrophs are organisms that need to ingest food to obtain energy. Chapter 8 Cellular Energy 8.1 How Organisms Obtain Energy Metabolism All of the chemical reactions in a cell Photosynthesis—light energy from the Sun is converted to chemical energy for use by the cell Cellular respiration—organic molecules are broken down to release energy for use by the cell Q Write out the overall reaction for photosynthesis (indicate reactants and products): Q Write out the overall reaction for cellular respiration (indicate reactants and products): Photosynthesis overview reaction: Reactants Products Respiration overview reaction: Reactants Products Chapter 8 Cellular Energy 8.1 How Organisms Obtain Energy ATP: The Unit of Cellular Energy ATP releases energy when the bond between the second and third phosphate groups is broken, forming a molecule called adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and a free phosphate group. Q Illustrate in a sketch how ADP + P + energy becomes the energy storage molecule ATP ATP Video ATP / ADP + P Q Describe 2 examples of things ATP does in our cells Ex’s of things ATP does: -Used for building large macromolecules (ex linking Amino acids together to builds protein requires ATP) -Active transport (pumping glucose into cells) -Making muscle cells contract - Mr Kujath’s favorite tree Chapter 8 Cellular Energy 8.2 Photosynthesis Overview of Photosynthesis Photosynthesis occurs in two phases. Light-dependent reactions Light-independent reactions Plants and other autotrophs are the producers of the biosphere • Photosynthesis nourishes almost all of the living world directly or indirectly. – All organisms require organic compounds for energy and for carbon skeletons. • Autotrophs produce their organic molecules from CO2 and other inorganic raw materials obtained from the environment. – Autotrophs are the ultimate sure of organic compounds for all nonautotrophic organisms. – Autotrophs are the producers of the biosphere. • Photosynthesis is two processes, each with multiple stages. (the “point” of each is…) • 1. The light reactions convert solar energy to chemical energy. (Makes: ATP + NADPH) • 2. The Calvin cycle takes CO2 from the atmosphere, adds chemical energy from light reactions (ATP and NADPH) and turns it into sugar. (Makes: Sugar) • -ATP and NADPH are short term en., G is long Chapter 8 Cellular Energy 8.2 Photosynthesis Phase One: Light Reactions The absorption of light is the first step in photosynthesis. Chloroplasts capture light energy. Light Energy Light, like other form of electromagnetic energy, travels in rhythmic waves. • The distance between crests of electromagnetic waves is called the wavelength. – Wavelengths of electromagnetic radiation range from less than a nanometer (gamma rays) to over a kilometer (radio waves). Copyright © 2002 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Q Put these forms of energy in order from most energetic/ shortest wavelength to least energetic / longest wavelength(UV, Gamma, Visible, Radio, Xray, Infrared, Microwaves): • The entire range of electromagnetic radiation is the electromagnetic spectrum. • The most important segment for life is a narrow band between 380 to 750 nm, visible light. Q Why do leaves on trees turn orange/ red/ yellow in fall? What is the point of these pigments? • The light reaction can perform work with those wavelengths of light that are absorbed. • Chlorophyll , and other pigments absorb light Plants catch red and blue light. (green, yellow bounce off) Copyright © 2002 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Chlorophyll Accessory pigments Why do leaves turn orange / yellow in fall? Chapter 8 Cellular Energy 8.2 Photosynthesis Electron Transport Light energy excites electrons in photosystem II and also causes a water molecule to split, releasing an electron into the electron transport system, H+ into the thylakoid space, and O2 as a waste product. Q Describe the purpose (or “point”) of the light reactions of photosynthesis: Input of Light Rxns = H20 + ADP + NADP+ Output of Light Rxns = ATP + NADPH + O2 What is NADPH? NADPH = e- e- • During light reaction electrons are energized with photons of light • The electrons will be used to generate ATP and to make sugar • NADP+ is the empty “shuttle bus” that carries high energy electrons for use in making sugar and ATP 1. NADP+ + Electon = NAD 2. NADP + Electron = NAD3. NADP- + H+ = NADH NADPH = 2 electrons being carried • The light reactions use the solar power of photons absorbed by both photosystem I and photosystem II to create ATP and NADPH. Copyright © 2002 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Q Describe the purpose (or “point”) of the Calvin cycle of photosynthesis: Chapter 8 Cellular Energy 8.2 Photosynthesis Phase Two: The Calvin Cycle In the second phase of photosynthesis, called the Calvin cycle, energy is stored in organic molecules such as glucose. Chapter 8 Cellular Energy 8.2 Photosynthesis Six CO2 molecules combine with six 5-carbon compounds to form twelve 3-carbon molecules called 3-PGA. The chemical energy stored in ATP and NADPH is transferred to the 3-PGA molecules to form high-energy molecules called G3P. Q What is NADPH? Q What does Rubisco do? Chapter 8 Cellular Energy 8.2 Photosynthesis Two G3P molecules leave the cycle to be used for the production of glucose and other organic compounds. An enzyme called rubisco converts the remaining ten G3P molecules into 5-carbon molecules called RuBP. These molecules combine with new carbon dioxide molecules to continue the cycle. Input of Calvin cycle is: -NADPH - ATP -CO2 Output of Calvin cycle is: -G3P -ADP -NADP+ Q Draw the overview diagram of photosynthesis showing all inputs (CO2, light, H2O, NADPH, NADP+, ATP, ADP) and outputs (Sugar, O2, ATP, ADP, NADPH, NADP+) of the light reactions and the Calvin Cycle together: Rf value = Is the distance travelled by the pigment band divided by distance travelled by the solvent front in chromatography. How many pigments are in: A. Spinach? B. Parsley? Are any of these pigments the same ones? (find Rf for all pigments and compare) Chapter 8 Cellular Energy 8.3 Cellular Respiration Overview of Cellular Respiration Organisms obtain energy in a process called cellular respiration. The equation for cellular respiration is the opposite of the equation for photosynthesis. 1. Energy caught. Chloroplasts capture light energy and place it into organic molecules (sugar) to store energy 2. Energy released. If Oxygen present: Respiration in mitochondria If No oxygen present; Fermentation in cytoplasm 3. Energy used. Some of the released energy is used to do work (make ATP) and the rest is dissipated as heat. Chapter 8 Cellular Energy 8.3 Cellular Respiration Cellular respiration occurs in three main parts. Glycolysis Krebs cycle Electron transport Mitochondria 1 Glycolysis 2 Krebs cycle 3 Electron transport Q Explain the purpose (“point”) of Glycolysis: What is most important product? Chapter 8 Cellular Energy 8.3 Cellular Respiration Glycolysis Glucose is broken down in the cytoplasm through the process of glycolysis. Two molecules of ATP and two molecules of NADH are formed for each molecule of glucose that is broken down. • No CO2 is produced during glycolysis. • ***Glycolysis occurs whether O2 is present or not***. • Glycolysis is occurring in the cytoplasm • • Important output of Glycolysis: – ATP & NADH & 2Pyruvate per glucose What is NADH? NADH = e- e- • During glycolysis electrons are removed from food • The electrons will be used to generate a lot of ATP in phase #3 “Electron Tranport” • NAD+ is the “shuttle bus” that carries electrons that are removed during glycolysis (step 1) to the electron transport chain (step 3) 1. NAD+ + Electon = NAD 2. NAD + Electron = NAD3. NAD- + H+ = NADH NADH = 2 electrons being carried What is the most important product of glycolysis? A. B. C. D. oxygen carbon dioxide NADH ADP Q Explain the purpose (“point”) of Krebs cycle: What is most important prod? Chapter 8 Cellular Energy 8.3 Cellular Respiration Krebs Cycle Glycolysis has a net result of two ATP and two pyruvate. Most of the energy from the glucose is still contained in the pyruvate. The series of reactions in which pyruvate is broken down into carbon dioxide is called the Krebs cycle. Chapter 8 Cellular Energy 8.3 Cellular Respiration The net yield from the Krebs cycle is six CO2 molecules, two ATP, eight NADH, and two FADH2. • The Krebs cycle consists of eight steps. 2nd C gone Each cycle produces: -one ATP -three NADH, -one FADH2 (another electron carrier) Final C gone • The conversion of pyruvate and the Krebs cycle produces large quantities of electron carriers. • **The whole point of Krebs cycle is to grab these high energy e-’s (ie make NADH & FADH2)** If you go on a diet –where does the fat go? How does the fat molecules specifically leave your body? Q What is NADH? NADH = “fancy” shuttle for high energy electrons FADH2 = “not fancy” shuttle for lesser energy electrons What is the point of Kreb’s cycle? A. B. C. D. To make ATP To make CO2 To make O2 To make NADH and FADH2 Q Explain the purpose (“point”) of Electron transport: What is most imp prod? Chapter 8 Cellular Energy 8.3 Cellular Respiration Electron Transport Final step in the breakdown of glucose Point at which most ATP is produced Produces 24 ATP The vast majority of the ATP a cell makes, comes from the energy in the electrons carried by NADH (and FADH2). Why do you need to breathe specifically…? • Electrons carried by NADH are transferred to the first molecule in the electron transport chain,. – The electrons are passed along the chain. As they move down the chain they lose energy • (The electrons carried by FADH2 have lower free energy and are added to a later point in the chain) High energy electrons Low energy “worthless” electrons This is why we need to breathe? What a let down! Purpose of the e- transport chain? • A H+ (proton) concentration gradient is produced by the movement of electrons along the electron transport chain. • Several chain molecules can use the energy from the flow of electrons down the chain to pump H+ from the matrix to the intermembrane space. • This concentration of H+ is a form of stored energy. H+’s being pumped out of mito Q How is ATP actually / directly made in mitochondria and chloroplasts? The ATP synthase molecules are the only place that will allow H+ to diffuse back to the matrix. • ATP synthase, in the mito membrane, actually makes ATP from ADP and Pi. • ATP synthase uses the energy of the flowing H+’s to power ATP synthesis. Outer Mito Memb. Q Draw the overview diagram showing inputs and out puts of the three stages of respiration (things to include on drawing: 3 steps of resp, glucose, NAD+, ADP, Pyruvate, ATP NADH, CO2, O2, H2O) 38 ATPs max. per 1 glucose through respiration 38 ATPs max. per 1 glucose through respiration • How efficient is respiration in generating ATP? = 40% of food energy becomes ATP. – The other approximately 60% is lost as heat. • Cellular respiration is remarkably efficient in energy conversion. • 40% on Bio test = bad news • 40% efficiency capturing energy = great work! Done resp Fermentation In the home and in industry, microbes are used in the production of fermented foods. Yeast's are used in the manufacture of beer and wine and for the leavening of breads, while lactic acid bacteria are used to make yogurt, cheese, sour cream, buttermilk and other fermented milk products. Vinegars are produced by bacterial acetic acid fermentation. Other fermented foods include soy sauce, sauerkraut, dill pickles, olives, salami, cocoa and black teas Energy is captured by photosynthesis, and released by respiration …or FERMENTATION!! • 1. Energy caught. Chloroplasts capture light energy and place it into organic molecules (sugar) to store energy • 2. Energy released. • If Oxygen present: Respiration in mitochondria • If No oxygen present; Fermentation in cytoplasm 3. Energy used. Some of the released energy is used to do work (with ATP) and the rest is dissipated as heat. Q What is the difference between aerobic respiration and anaerobic fermentation? Two types of processes for getting ATP out of fuel: • Aerobic: Getting (a lot ) energy out of food molecules with Oxygen – Respiration does this • Anaerobic: Getting ( a little) energy out of food molecules without oxygen – Fermentation does this Respiration involves glycolysis. Glycolysis “pretty much” is fermentation • Respiration overview Glycolysis is related to fermentation Glycolysis • During glycolysis, glucose, a six carbonsugar, is split into two, three-carbon sugars. 6C 3C + 3C called pyruvate If no O2…need to do something with Pyruvate and the NADH that is accumulating NAD+ • Glucose NADH 2 e- 2 Pyruvate + 2ATP • The process can continue ***as long as there is a supply of NAD+ to accept electrons***. Q Write out the reaction for alcohol fermentation: Q Under what conditions would an organism use fermentation? • Fermentation: Anaerobic (No O2) use of sugars for energy. – If the NAD+ pool is exhausted, glycolysis shuts down. – Under aerobic conditions, NADH transfers its electrons to the electron transfer chain, recycling NAD+. We need to find another way to free up NAD+ under anaerobic conditions • Under anaerobic conditions organisms recycle NAD+ by transferring electrons from NADH to Pyruvate Q Why do yeast make ethanol (alcohol) during fermentation? (What is the purpose of the step that creates ethanol?) • In alcohol fermentation, pyruvate is converted to ethanol in two steps. – First, pyruvate is converted to a two-carbon compound, acetaldehyde by the removal of CO2. – Second, acetaldehyde is reduced by NAD to ethanol. – Alcohol fermentation by yeast is used in brewing and winemaking. • During lactic acid fermentation, pyruvate is reduced directly by NADH to form lactate (ionized form of lactic acid). – Lactic acid fermentation by some fungi and bacteria is used to make cheese and yogurt. – Your muscle cells switch from aerobic respiration to lactic acid fermentation to generate ATP when O2 is scarce. • The waste product, lactate, causes muscle fatigue/pain. • (ultimately it is converted back to pyruvate in the liver) Al-Corn Plant “Inner workings Drawing” Steps to making alcohol for fuel 1. Grind corn into flour 2. Add water and enzymes and heat (to convert starch to simple sugar) 3. Put sugar and yeast cells into an airtight chamber (where ferm happens) 4. Distill alcohol out of mixture. (Heat mixture of alcohol and corn. Alcohol evaporates first at a lower temp, run steam through cooler and collect the drops of ethanol) Calories Q Define a calorie Food Calorie definition: 1 science calorie (cal) is the amount of energy required to raise the temperature of one gram of water by 1 °C 1 Food Calorie = 1000 science calories 1 F.C. = amt heat needed to raise 1kg H2O 1 degree One Twinkie has the energy to heat one ml of water from 0 degrees to 150000 degrees Recommended calories per day Average Adult Females = ~1950 calories per day (teenage females need ~2300) Average Adult Males = ~2500 calories per day (teenage males need ~2800) Q What is a basal metabolic rate (BMR)? Basal Metabolic Rate -the number of calories your body burns at rest to maintain normal body functions. -If you just laid on your back all day without moving you would need this many calories to stay alive (heart, breathing, body temp, making enzymes, cells etc). -BMR Adult Females = ~1500 cal --BMR Adult Males = ~2000 cal Q Describe the most effective method of dieting: Weight Gain / Weight Loss This is like banking….if you put more money in than you spend you will grow your account balance If you take out more than you put in, it will shrink If you take in more calories than you burn you will gain weight (fat) If you burn more than you eat you will loose weight As far as weight loss/ gain goes it doesn’t matter what you are eating, just how many calories there are in your food. Ex. Sue Jones, 26 yr old runner Burned cal’s Consumed Cal BMR = 1500 2000 cal of butter (2.5 sticks) Activity = 750 cal =2250 total burned ==================================== She would loose 250 calories of body fat this day Q If you burn 500 calories / day in excess of what you are consuming, how long will it take you to lose 1 pound of fat? (show work, 1 lb fat =3500Cal) 1 pound of body fat = 3500 cal How long to loose 10 pounds if a man eats 2000 cal/ day but burns 2500? ….each day = 500 cal deficit ….10lb X 3500cal = 35000 cal to loose ….35000 / 500 = 70 days How do you determine how many calories are in a food item? Answer = burn it! (and catch the heat with water) Calorimeter Lab: What are the calories per gram for each: Cheeto, and a Peanut? 1. Build Calorimeter 2. Test each food: a. Get 100ml fresh water each trial and record starting temp. (use fresh water each trial) b. Record mass of food item initial c. Put food item on food holder and ignite d. Record highest water temp reached e. Record final mass of food f. Find change in mass (that is mass of food burned) g. Calculate calories per gram Mass water in g X Temp change= Total Cal Total Cal divided by mass of food burned = Cal/gm 3. Make a bar graph of Cal/gm vs food item for data section Chapter 8 Cellular Energy 8.3 Cellular Respiration Anaerobic Respiration The anaerobic pathway that follows glycolysis Two main types Lactic acid fermentation Alcohol fermentation Cellular Respiration Chapter 8 Cellular Energy Chapter Resource Menu Chapter Diagnostic Questions Formative Test Questions Chapter Assessment Questions Standardized Test Practice biologygmh.com Glencoe Biology Transparencies Image Bank Vocabulary Animation Click on a hyperlink to view the corresponding lesson. Chapter 8 Cellular Energy Chapter Diagnostic Questions Which statement describes the law of conservation of energy? A. Energy cannot be converted or destroyed. B. Energy can be converted and destroyed. C. Energy can be converted but not destroyed. D. Energy can be destroyed but not converted. Chapter 8 Cellular Energy Chapter Diagnostic Questions In which metabolic process are molecules broken down to produce carbon dioxide and water? A. photosynthesis B. cellular respiration C. homeostasis D. fermentation Chapter 8 Cellular Energy Chapter Diagnostic Questions At the end of the Calvin cycle, where is energy stored? A. NADPH B. ATP C. chloroplast D. glucose Chapter 8 Cellular Energy 8.1 Formative Questions Which law of thermodynamics explains why the ladybug receives the least amount of usable energy? Chapter 8 Cellular Energy 8.1 Formative Questions A. the first law of thermodynamics B. the second law of thermodynamics Chapter 8 Cellular Energy 8.1 Formative Questions True or False All of the energy from the food you eat comes from the sun. Chapter 8 Cellular Energy 8.1 Formative Questions Why is cellular respiration a catabolic pathway? A. Energy is used to form glucose and oxygen. B. Energy is converted from water to carbon dioxide. C. Energy that is lost is converted to thermal energy. D. Energy is released by the breakdown of molecules. Chapter 8 Cellular Energy 8.1 Formative Questions Why is adenosine triphosphate (ATP) such an important biological molecule? A. It captures light energy from the sun. B. It is produced in anabolic pathways. C. It stores and releases chemical energy. D. It converts mechanical energy to thermal energy. Chapter 8 Cellular Energy 8.2 Formative Questions Where in the plant cell does photosynthesis take place? A. chloroplasts B. Golgi apparatus C. mitochondria D. vacuoles Chapter 8 Cellular Energy 8.2 Formative Questions Which range of wavelengths is reflected by chlorophylls a and b? A. 400-500 nm B. 500-600 nm C. 600-700 nm Chapter 8 Cellular Energy 8.2 Formative Questions Which mechanism of photosynthesis uses the movement of hydrogen ions (H+) across a concentration gradient to synthesize ATP? A. absorption B. chemiosmosis C. electron transport D. C2 pathway Chapter 8 Cellular Energy 8.2 Formative Questions How are the C4 pathway and the CAM pathway an adaptive strategy for some plants? A. They accelerate photosynthesis. B. They release more oxygen. C. They help the plant conserve water. D. They reduce the requirement for ATP. Chapter 8 Cellular Energy 8.3 Formative Questions What is the overall purpose of cellular respiration? A. to make ATP B. to process H2O C. to store glucose D. to deliver oxygen Chapter 8 Cellular Energy 8.3 Formative Questions Which represents the general sequence of cellular respiration? A. TCA cycle chemiosmosis B. glycolysis Krebs cycle C. electron absorption phosphorylation D. aerobic pathway fermentation glycolysis electron transport catalysis anaerobic pathway Chapter 8 Cellular Energy 8.3 Formative Questions Which stage of cellular respiration is the anaerobic process? A. glycolysis B. Krebs cycle C. electron transport Chapter 8 Cellular Energy 8.3 Formative Questions Which molecule generated by the Krebs cycle is a waste product? A. CoA B. CO2 C. FADH2 D. NADH Chapter 8 Cellular Energy Chapter Assessment Questions Look at the following figure. Which part of the chloroplast is a sac-like membrane arranged in stacks? A. grana B. stroma C. thylakoids D. Golgi apparatus Chapter 8 Cellular Energy Chapter Assessment Questions During the Krebs cycle, pyruvate is broken down into what compound? A. H2O B. O2 C. CO D. CO2 Chapter 8 Cellular Energy Chapter Assessment Questions Look at the following figure. Which molecule is released when ATP becomes ADP? A. phosphate group B. water molecule C. ribose sugar D. energy cells Chapter 8 Cellular Energy Standardized Test Practice Which metabolic process is photosynthesis? A B Chapter 8 Cellular Energy Standardized Test Practice At the beginning of photosynthesis, which molecule is split to produce oxygen (O2) as a waste product? A. CO2 B. H2O C. C6H12O6 D. 3-PGA Chapter 8 Cellular Energy Standardized Test Practice Which molecule helps provide the energy that drives this cycle? A. 3-PGA B. CO2 C. NADPH D. rubisco Chapter 8 Cellular Energy Standardized Test Practice Which product of the Calvin cycle is used for the production of glucose and other organic compounds? A. ADP B. CO2 C. G3P D. NADP+ Chapter 8 Cellular Energy Standardized Test Practice What is the final step of cellular respiration? A. O2 and H+ form H2O. B. Electrons and H2O generate ATP. C. C6H12O6 is broken down into CO2. D. NADH and FADH2 gain electrons. Chapter 8 Cellular Energy Standardized Test Practice What prevents pyruvate from entering the Krebs cycle and instead results in this pathway? A. a buildup of CO2 B. a lack of oxygen C. an excess of glucose D. an increased demand for ATP Chapter 8 Cellular Energy Standardized Test Practice Which is not a process that occurs in both cellular respiration and glycolysis? A. chemiosmosis B. electron transport C. glycolysis D. production of G3P Chapter 8 Cellular Energy Glencoe Biology Transparencies Chapter 8 Cellular Energy Image Bank Chapter 8 Cellular Energy Vocabulary Section 1 energy thermodynamics metabolism Photosynthesis cellular respiration adenosine triphosphate (ATP) Chapter 8 Cellular Energy Vocabulary Section 2 thylakoid granum stroma pigment NADP+ Calvin cycle rubisco Chapter 8 Cellular Energy Vocabulary Section 3 anaerobic process aerobic respiration aerobic process glycolysis Krebs cycle fermentation Chapter 8 Cellular Energy Animation Visualizing Electron Transport