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Name _______________________ Chapters 16-17 Notes: Evolution Words to Know: evolution, fitness, adaptation, natural selection, competition, descent with modification, common descent, mimicry, camouflage, homologous structures, analogous structures, vestigial organs, gene pool, relative frequency, genetic equilibrium, directional selection, stabilizing selection, disruptive selection, speciation, convergent evolution, divergent evolution, genetic drift, founder effect, bottleneck effect, species Darwin’s Voyage Evolution: Change over _________________ Charles Darwin • Developed a scientific theory that explains how modern organisms evolved over long periods of time through __________________ from common ancestors. Darwin’s Observations: 1.) Different, yet similar, animal species inhabited separated, but similar, habitats around the __________________. 2.) Different, yet related, animal species occupied different habitats within a __________________area. 3.) Some __________________ of extinct animals were similar to living species. Ideas that Shaped Darwin Public Perception: • All life was only a few __________________ years old. • Since its creation, not much had __________________. Scientists that Influenced Darwin: • (1785) James Hutton: Using geological examples, concluded that the earth must be much __________________than a few thousand years. • (1798) Thomas Malthus: Reasoned that if the human population grew unchecked, there wouldn’t be enough _________________ and _________________ for everyone. • (1830) Charles Lyell: Argued for _________________, which holds that the geological processes we see today must be the same ones that occurred long ago. 1 Jean Baptiste Lamark • (1809) Published a theory of evolution that suggested organisms could change during their lifetimes by _________________ using or not using parts of their bodies. These _________________ traits could then be passed onto their offspring. Natural Selection fitness: the ability to ____________________________________________________________ adaptation: an inherited characteristic that increases an organism’s _____________________________ • Adaptations __________ an organism’s fitness. Natural selection • AKA: _____________________________ • Selected traits __________ an organism’s __________. • No ____________________involvement. (Unlike selective breeding.) In order for natural selection to occur: 1. The population must be __________ in size, which creates __________. (Competition: when two organisms want the same __________ at the same __________.) 2. __________ __________ (of inherited traits) must exist. 3. This variation must affect the organism’s ______________________________. Descent with modification: Species _________________ from other species over time. ex: dogs descended from wolves. Common descent: all things, living and extinct have ______________________________ Evidence of Evolution 1. Structural adaptations a. Mimicry: one species _________________another species b. Camouflage: species _________________in with surroundings 2. Behavioral adaptations a. _________________ b. Courtship c. Defending or claiming _________________ 2 d. Cooperation (Ex: hunting in packs) e. Kin selection: helping a relative _________________ because they share the same genes f. Communication (visual, chemical, sound, language) 3. _________________ 4. Geographic Distribution of Species (similar, but _________________ species live in different parts of the world) 5. ______________________________: basic arrangement of bones in body structures of different species is similar ex: bird wing and whale flipper • Note: Not to be confused with analogous structures (have the same function, but different structures) 6. ______________________________: body structures that serve no purpose in the present day organism ex: an ostrich’s wings 7. ____________________________________________________________________________ 8. ______________________________________________________________________________ Evolution of Populations • _______________, NOT _______________ evolve! Gene pool: all of the _______________ of a population’s genes Relative frequency = Genetic equilibrium: when the ______________________________remains the same over several generations • If the relative frequencies in a gene pool change, _______________ has probably occurred! Sexual vs. Asexual Reproduction • The two main sources of genetic variation in sexually reproducing organisms are through _______________ and ______________________________. 3 • The main source of genetic variation in asexually reproducing organisms is through _______________ . Natural Selection on Single Gene Traits Before After Natural Selection on Polygenic Traits Three Types of Natural Selection for Polygenic Traits: 1.) ______________________________ 2.) ______________________________ 3.) ______________________________ Regular Graph of a Polygenic Trait Directional Selection: Natural selection favors one of the _______________ variations of the trait, so the entire graph moves. Ex: height, beak lengths Before After Stabilizing Selection: Natural selection that favors the _______________ individuals in a population. Ex: birth weight Before After 4 Disruptive Selection: Individuals with either _______________ variation are selected for. (The average drops.)Ex: Light and dark colored limpets Before After Speciation: Occurs when members of the same population can no longer _______________ to produce _______________ offspring. • Can occur from _______________ , _______________ or _______________ isolation. Divergent evolution: members of one species become less and less _______________, eventually resulting in _______________ species Convergent evolution: members of _______________ species evolve _______________ traits because of their environment The Effect of Small Populations Genetic drift: a _______________ in allele frequencies due to something _______________ than natural selection • Ex: Ashkenazi Jews, the Amish, the Holocaust 5 Specific types of genetic drift are… Founder effect: a small group starts a new population elsewhere and their _______________ genes become Bottleneck effect: a _______________ disaster drastically reduces the population 6