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Biology 231
Anatomy and Physiology I
Sylvania Laboratory Survival Guide
Table of Contents
Lab Topic (Exercise in Marieb Manual):
page:
(in lab
packet)
Safety Guidelines
2
Disposal Guidelines
3
The Language of Anatomy
(Exercise 1, page 1)
Organ Systems Overview
(Exercise 2, page 10)
The Microscope
(Exercise 3, page 21)
The Cell Anatomy and Division
(Exercise 4, page 30 and 5A, page 40)
Histology Study Guide
(Exercise 6A, page 48)
Integumentary System
and Membranes (Exercises 7 and 8, beginning on
page 67)
Bone Histology, Axial & Appendicular Skeleton
(Exercises 9, 10, 11, 12, 13 beginning on page 81)
Muscles Study Guide (Exercise 14, 15, beginning
on page 132) and Nerve Histology (Exercise 17,
beginning on page 185)
5
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Biology 231, Anatomy and Physiology I, Sylvania Laboratory Survival Guide
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BI 231 Human Anatomy and Physiology Survival Guide
Updated August, 2005
1. Upon entering the laboratory, please locate the exits, fire extinguisher, eyewash
station, and clean up materials for chemical spills. The location of fire blanket, safety
kit, and showers will be demonstrated by your instructor.
2. Read the general laboratory directions and any objectives before coming to lab.
3. Food and drink, including water, is prohibited in laboratory. This is per Federal
laboratory guidelines and per College Safety Policy. Do not chew gum, use tobacco
products of any kind, store food or apply cosmetics in the laboratory. No drink
containers of any kind may be on the benches.
4. Please keep all personal materials off the working area. Store backpacks and purses at
the rear of the laboratory, not beside or under benches. Some laboratory spaces have
shelving in rear for this purpose.
5. For your safety, please restrain long hair, loose fitting clothing and dangling jewelry.
Hair ties are available, ask your instructor. Hats and bare midriffs are not acceptable
in the laboratory. Shoes, not sandals, must be worn at all times in laboratory. You
may wear a laboratory apron or lab coat if you desire, but it is not required.
6. We do not wish to invade your privacy, but for your safety if you are pregnant, taking
immunosuppressive drugs or who have any other medical conditions (e.g. diabetes,
immunological defect) that might necessitate special precautions in the laboratory
must inform the instructor immediately. If you know you have an allergy to latex or
chemicals, please inform instructor.
7. Decontaminate work surfaces at the beginning of every lab period using Amphyl
solution. Decontaminate bench following any practical quiz, when given, and after
labs involving the dissection of preserved material.
8. Use safety goggles in all experiments in which solutions or chemicals are heated or
when instructed to do so. Never leave heat sources unattended: hot plates or Bunsen
burners.
9. Wear disposable gloves when handling blood and other body fluids or when touching
items or surfaces soiled with blood or other body fluids such as saliva and urine.
(NOTE: cover open cuts or scrapes with a sterile bandage before donning gloves.)
Wash hands immediately after removing gloves.
10. Keep all liquids away from the edge of the lab bench to avoid spills. Immediately
notify your instructor of any spills. Keep test tubes in racks provided, except when
necessary to transfer to water baths or hot plate. You will be advised of the proper
clean-up procedures for any spill.
11. Report all chemical or liquid spills and all accidents, such as cuts or burns, no matter
how minor, to the instructor immediately.
12. Use mechanical pipetting devices only. Mouth pipetting is prohibited.
Students who do not comply with these safety guidelines
will be excluded from the Laboratory
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Biology 231, Anatomy and Physiology I, Sylvania Laboratory Survival Guide
Disposal of contaminated materials:



2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.


8.
9.
10.
11.
Place disposable materials such as gloves, mouth pieces, swabs, toothpicks and paper
toweling that have come into contact with blood or other body fluids into a disposable
Autoclave bag for decontamination by autoclaving. This bucket is not for general trash.
Place glassware contaminated with blood and other body fluids directly into a labeled bucket
of 10% Bleach solution. ONLY glass or plastic-ware is to be placed in this bucket, no trash.
Sharp’s container is for used lancets only. It is bright red. When using disposable lancets do
not replace their covers.
Properly label glassware and slides, using china markers provided.
Wear disposable gloves when handling blood and other body fluids or when touching items
or surfaces soiled with blood or other body fluids such as saliva and urine. (NOTE: cover
open cuts or scrapes with a sterile bandage before donning gloves.) Wash hands immediately
after removing gloves.
Wear disposable gloves when handling or dissecting specimens fixed with formaldehyde or
stored in Carosafe/Wardsafe.
Wear disposable gloves when handling chemicals denoted as hazardous or carcinogenic by
your instructor. Read labels on dropper bottles provided for an experiment, they will indicate
the need for gloves or goggles, etc. Upon request, detailed written information is available on
every chemical used (MSDS). Ask your instructor.
No pen or pencil is to be used at any time on any model or bone. The bones are fragile, hard
to replace and used by hundreds of students every year. To protect them and keep them in the
best condition, please use pipe cleaners and probes provided instead of a writing instrument.
Probes may be used on models as well. The bones are very difficult and costly to replace, as
are the models and may take a long time to replace.
At the end of an experiment:
clean glassware and place where designated. Remove china marker labels at this time.
return solutions & chemicals to designated area. Do not put solutions or chemicals in
cupboards!
You cannot work alone or unsupervised in the laboratory.
Microscopes should be cleaned before returning to numbered cabinet. Be sure objectives are
clean, use lens paper. Place objectives into storage position, and return to the storage
cabinet. Be sure cord has been coiled and restrained. Your instructor may require microscope
be checked before you put it away. Be sure it is in assigned cupboard.
Please replace your prepared slides into the box from which they came (slides and boxes are
numbered), so students using them after you will be able to find the same slide. Clean slide
with Kimwipes if dirty or covered with oil, before placing back in box. If you break a slide,
please, inform you instructor so the slide can be replaced. Please be aware that there are
hundreds of dollars worth of slides in each box and handle the boxes with care when carrying
to and from your work bench.
Be sure all paper towels used in cleaning lab benches and washing hands are disposed of in
trash container provided.
Students who do not comply with these safety guidelines and directions
will be excluded from the Laboratory
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Biology 231, Anatomy and Physiology I, Sylvania Laboratory Survival Guide
When specimens in laboratory such as human bones (or other body parts),
they may seem like inanimate objects that are far removed from a living
organism. We ask that you remain alert to the fact specimens were once parts
of humans (or other living creatures). Please handle these body parts with
respect and care.
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Biology 231, Anatomy and Physiology I, Sylvania Laboratory Survival Guide
Language of Anatomy (Exercise 1)
1.
Define gross anatomy; differentiate it from Histology.
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
2.
Describe the anatomical position.
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
3.
Be able to describe, define, and locate the following regions:
Abdominal
Antebrachial
Antecubital
Axillary
Brachial
Buccal
Carpal
Cervical
Deltoid
Digital
Femoral
Frontal
Inguinal
Mammary
Mental
Nasal
Oral
Orbital
Palmar
Patellar
Pedal
Pelvic
Pubic
Sternal
Tarsal
Thoracic
Umbilical
Acromial
Calcaneal
Cephalic
Dorsum
Gluteal
Lumbar
Occipital
Olecranal
Otic
Perineal
Plantar
Popliteal
Sacral
Scapular
Vertebral
4.
Define the following terms:
Superior
Inferior
Anterior
Posterior
Medial
Lateral
Cephalic / Cephalad
Caudal
Dorsal
Ventral
Superficial
Deep
Proximal
Distal
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Biology 231, Anatomy and Physiology I, Sylvania Laboratory Survival Guide
Note: these terms are also used for hollow organs: the upper esophagus is proximal, the lower
esophagus is more distal.
5.
Describe the following anatomical planes; give alternate terms if possible.
Frontal
Midsagittal
Parasagittal
Transverse
Which plane could never cut through the kidneys?
What is a longitudinal incision through the small intestine?
6.
7.
Locate the following body cavities. Use your Tortora textbook (lecture text) for this: it
provides better illustrations and gives more detail!
a. Dorsal
b. Ventral: subdivided into thoracic and abdominopelvic.
The thoracic cavity contains smaller cavities inside: Name three. Here are your hints:
a. Which cavity is in between the lungs and contains the heart, trachea, and
esophagus?
b. Which cavity surrounds the heart, and is located in between the parietal and
visceral pericardium?
c. Which cavity surrounds the lungs, and is located in between the parietal and
visceral pleura?
d. Which cavity is in the abdominal cavity, and is in between the parietal and
visceral peritoneum?
e. Is the the liver actually in this cavity, or is it better to say that the liver is
surrounded by this cavity? (Think of a down coat. When you put the coat on, are
you in the coat? Are you in the cavity containing the down?)
8.
Define pericarditis_____________________________________________________
9.
Locate the right upper quadrant, right lower quadrant, left upper quadrant, left lower
quadrant.
10.
Locate the 9 abdominal regions. Pay the most attention to the midline ones:
a. epigastric region
b. umbilical region
c. hypogastric (=suprapubic) region
Often these midline regions are used with the quadrants.
Example: The pain of appendicitis begins in the periumbilical region (peri=around) and shifts
to the right lower quadrant.
Biology 231, Anatomy and Physiology I, Sylvania Laboratory Survival Guide
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Organ Systems Overview (Exercise 2)
1.
2.
3.
4.
Name the human organ systems, and learn the chief functions of each organ system.
List two or three organs of each system.
Identify these organs on models, rats, and/or cadaver if available.
Be able to identify the following organs and structures:
a. Thymus
b. Heart
c. Lungs
d. Parietal Pleura
e. Visceral Pleura
f. Trachea
g. Bronchi
h. Esophagus
i. Diaphragm
j. Stomach
k. Small Intestine
l. Mesentery
m. Greater Omentum
n. Large Intestine: Identify Cecum (first part of large intestine)
o. Pancreas
p. Spleen
q. Liver
r. Kidneys
s. Adrenals
t. Ureter
u. Urinary Bladder
v. Male: Scrotum, testes, vas deferens, seminal vesicles, prostate, penis
w. Female: Ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterine horns in rat (don't call these fallopian
tubes), uterus in human
notes:
Biology 231, Anatomy and Physiology I, Sylvania Laboratory Survival Guide
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The Microscope (Exercise 3)
1. Learn the care of the miscroscope, as described in your lab manual. Which objective
should never be used with oil?
2. Learn the parts of the microscope, such as
a. ocular lenses, objectives lenses
b. nosepiece, arm, stage
c. substage light, iris diaphragm lever, condenser
d. coarse adjustment knob, fine adjustment knob
e. power switch, light control
3. Know the formula for calculating magnification:
Total magnification = (magnification of ocular) x (magnification of objective).
Example: the total magnification is 450x when using a 10x ocular is 10x and 45x objective.
4. Learn how to focus the microscope using the 10x, 45x (or 40x depending on your scope),
and 100x objective lens.
5. Learn how to perform a wet mount of cheek scrapings. (Follow instructor’s directions.)
Biology 231, Anatomy and Physiology I, Sylvania Laboratory Survival Guide
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Exercise 4 The Cell: Anatomy and Division
Be able to identify (on model) and know basic functions of the following cellular structures:
nucleus
chromatin: what is the difference between this and chromosomes?
nucleolus
plasma membrane
ribosomes
smooth endoplasmic reticulum
rough endoplasmic reticulum
Golgi apparatus
Lysosomes
Peroxisomes
Mitochondria
Centrioles
What's the difference between mitosis and cytokinesis?
3. Be able to identify (from both microscopic slides of onion root and whitefish blastula) the
different phases of the cell cycle:
a. interphase
b. prophase
c. metaphase
d. anaphase
e. telophase
4. In anaphase, are the structures that are separating called chromatids or daughter
chromosomes?
5. Which phase of the cell cycle has chromatin?
6. What is the name for the arrangement of microtubules that helps separate chromosomes?
Hint: it is attached to the centrioles.
7. Which phase of mitosis involves chromosomes lined up along the equatorial plane?
8. Cytokinesis begins during late_____________ and extends through (and slightly beyond)
_________________
Biology 231, Anatomy and Physiology I, Sylvania Laboratory Survival Guide
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The Cell (Exercise 5A)
Transport Mechanisms and Cell Permeability
1. Define the two passive cell processes:
a. Diffusion
b. Filtration
2. What is the driving force of diffusion?
3. What determines the direction of diffusion?
4. What is the difference between simple diffusion and osmosis?
5. Diffusion of dye through agar gel: If methylene blue has a molecular weight of 320 and
potassium permanganate has a weight of 158, which should diffuse faster through agar?
_________________________________
6. Observing diffusion through nonliving membranes. Our three artificial cells will be
constructed from sealed tubes. The tubing is a semipermeable membrane (like a cell membrane).
The “intracellular fluid,” inside the sac and the “extracellular fluid” in the beaker is different in
each of our three artificial cells.
Sac 1: 40% glucose in the sac, in a beaker of distilled water
weight of sac before hour long soak: _________________________________
weight of sac after hour long soak: _________________________________
net change: _________________________________
Result of Benedict's test of beaker fluid: _________________________________
What color does the blue benedict's reagant change to after boiling it (if a sugar such as glucose
is present)? _________________________________
Conclusion regarding diffusion of glucose through sac: _________________________________
Sac 3: 10% NaCl in the sac, in a beaker of distilled water
weight of sac before hour long soak: _________________________________
weight of sac after hour long soak: _________________________________
net change: _________________________________
Results of testing beaker fluid with Silver Nitrate (AgNO3): Did white precipitate
form?___________
Conclusion regarding diffusion of NaCl through sac: _________________________________
Biology 231, Anatomy and Physiology I, Sylvania Laboratory Survival Guide
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Sac 4: 1% starch in the sac, in a beaker of 40% glucose
weight of sac before hour long soak:_________________________________
weight of sac after hour long soak: _________________________________
net change: _________________________________
Results of testing beaker fluid with Lugol's solution: _________________________________
(What color does Lugol's solution=IKI change to in presence of starch?)_____________
Did starch diffuse through the sac? _________________________________
What conclusions can you make about the relative sizes of glucose, starch, and NaCl?
__________________________________________________________________
Looking at the concentrations of the various solutions, what seems to make water diffuse the
fastest?
________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
7. Define the following terms:
isotonic_________________________________________________________________
hypertonic_______________________________________________________________
crenation________________________________________________________________
hypotonic________________________________________________________________
hemolysis________________________________________________________________
Note: Isotonic saline has the same salinity as plasma; it is 0.9%NaCl. Would you call 0.45%
hypertonic or hypotonic? _________________________________
What about 1.5%NaCl? _________________________________
What are the three types of endocytosis? (Distinguish between the three).
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________
Biology 231, Anatomy and Physiology I, Sylvania Laboratory Survival Guide
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Histology Study Guide (Exercise 6)
We will limit our focus to epithelial and connective tissue because we will study nervous and
muscle tissue later this year.
Answer the following questions:
1. Rearrange the following from highest to lowest order of magnitude: atoms, cells, tissues,
organs, molecules
________________________________________________________________________
2. List the distinguishing features of epithelial tissue:
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
3. Describe the way that epithelial tissues are named
1st part of name:_______________________________________________________________
2nd part of name:______________________________________________________________
4. Name the two epithelial tissues that do not follow the naming process in #3, and explain
the meaning of their names:
_______________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
5. On your own paper, draw a concept map connecting the following terms with their
functions: squamous cells, cuboidal cells, columnar cells
6. For each epithelial tissue type, in the left hand column below its name, draw a brief
sketch of its appearance and write a short phrase reminding you of what it looks like. For
example, underneath a sketch of simple squamous epithelium write “fried eggs”. In the
middle column write down the functions the type is especially suited for and why. For
example, for simple squamous write: “allows easy diffusion because of thin shape.” In
the right hand column list one representative location that helps you remember its
function(s). Also, be able to identify these tissues from microscope slides.
Biology 231, Anatomy and Physiology I, Sylvania Laboratory Survival Guide
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Epithelial Tissue, sketch,
and reminder of what it
looks like
simple squamous
Functions this type is
especially suited for and
why.
One location that helps you
remember its function
simple cuboidal
nonciliated simple columnar
ciliated simple columnar
ciliated pseudostratified
columnar
non-keratinized stratified
squamous
keratinized stratified
squamous
Biology 231, Anatomy and Physiology I, Sylvania Laboratory Survival Guide
p.13
transitional
7. List the distinguishing features of connective tissue, especially focusing on how it differs
from epithelial tissue:
_______________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
8. Differentiate between matrix, ground substance, and fibers.
a. Matrix: _______________________________________________________
b. Ground Substance: ______________________________________________
c. Fibers:________________________________________________________
9. If you put Libby’s fruit in Jell-O and added celery fibers, what would be included in the:
a. connective tissue?________________________________________________
b. matrix? ________________________________________________________
c. fibers? _________________________________________________________
d. ground substance?________________________________________________
10. For the 3 fiber types in connective tissue, in the first column draw the fiber(s). Sketch the
fiber and briefly describe some structure in your life that they remind you of. In the
middle column write down the functions the type of fiber is especially suited for and why.
In the third column list a location of the fibers that helps you remember them. Be able to
identify these from a slide of loose areolar tissue.
fiber type, sketch, and
reminder
Elastic
function(s) & why fiber
suited for this
example of where found
reticular
collagen
Biology 231, Anatomy and Physiology I, Sylvania Laboratory Survival Guide
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11. Give an example of fluid, gel, and solid ground substance.
a. fluid________________________________
b. gel_________________________________
c. solid________________________________
12. List the functions of the following cells
a. fibroblasts_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
b. mesenchymal_______________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
c. adipocytes_________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
d. macrophages_______________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
e. plasma cells
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
f. mast cells
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
13. For each connective tissue type, in the left hand column below its name, draw a brief
sketch of its appearance; label cells, ground substance, & fibers. In the middle column
write down the functions the type of connective tissue is especially suited for and why.
For example, for adipose tissue write: “energy storage because of huge fat droplets
inside cells; insulation because of the thick fatty layer under the skin.” In the right hand
column list one representative location that helps you remember its function(s).
Connective Tissue type,
sketch cells, matrix
Functions this type is
especially suited for and
why.
One location that helps you
remember its function
loose areolar
Adipose
Biology 231, Anatomy and Physiology I, Sylvania Laboratory Survival Guide
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dense regular
dense irregular
Elastic
hyaline cartilage
bone
blood
If your instructor has time, also look slides of :
Muscle tissue: skeletal, smooth, and cardiac
Nervous tissue: look at multipolar neuron
Biology 231, Anatomy and Physiology I, Sylvania Laboratory Survival Guide
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Integumentary System and Membranes (Exercises 7 and 8)
1. Identify from model, microscope slide, pictures:
a. Epidermis: subdivided into stratum corneum, stratum granulosum, stratum
spinosum, stratum basale. Note: also see a stratum lucidum in palms and soles.
b. Dermis: subdivided into papillary and reticular dermis
c. Hypodermis=superficial fascia: note adipose tissue
d. Hair root
e. Hair shaft
f. Hair follicle: note the enlarged, deepest region called the hair bulb. Also note the
projection of dermis at the base of the bulb: the papilla.
g. Eccrine sweat gland
h. Sebaceous gland
i. Arrector pili muscle
j. Pacinian corpuscle (look at fetal palm slide)
2. From a surface view of the fingernail
a. free edge
b. body
c. lateeral fold
d. lunula
e. cuticle
3. From a sagittal section, note the
a. root of the nail
b. matrix
4. What is the difference between eccrine sweat glands and apocrine sweat glands?
Exercise 8: Body Membranes
1. Define mucous membranes.
2. Note the histology of trachea, esophagus, and small intestine: which is lined with ciliated
epithelium?
3. How do serous membranes differ from mucous membranes?
4. Are synovial membranes lined with connective tissue or epithelium?
Biology 231, Anatomy and Physiology I, Sylvania Laboratory Survival Guide
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Bone Histology, Axial & Appendicular Skeleton (Exercises 9, 10, 11, 12, 13)
Part 1: Bone-Histology Models and Slides:
1. Spaces: canaliculi, Haversion Canal, lacunae, Volkman's Canal
Which way do vessels in Haversion Canals run as opposed to Volkman's?
2. Cells: Osteocytes, Osteoblasts, Osteoclasts
What are the functions of each?
3. Coverings: Periosteum, endosteum
4. Types of bone: compact (also called cortical bone), trabecular
5. Marrow types, where located: red, yellow
6. Special structures: trabeculae
Long bone structure: from long bone, identify
1. Diaphysis, epiphyses, metaphyses, epiphyseal plate(disk)
Is there an epiphyseal plate in adults? Explain.
2. Medullary cavity, endosteum, periosteum
3. Red vs. yellow marrow
Part 2: Axial Skeleton
1. Know its components: skull, spine, thoracic cage, hyoid bone
2. Cranial Bones: recognize from inside & outside
a. Frontal
b. Parietals-pair
c. Temporals-pair
d. Occipital
e. Sphenoid
f. Ethmoid
g. What is the difference between cranial bones and facial bones?
3. Cranium-Sutures:
a. Sagittal
b. Coronal
c. Squamosal
d. Lambdoidal
e. Wormian (sutural) bones: these are small islands of bone that fill gaps in sutures;
they are not always present. Look in the lambdoidal sutures.
4. Cranium-Special Landmarks, processes, structures, foramina, fontanels
a. Orbit: identify all of the bones in the orbit
b. Mandibular fossa
c. External acoustic (auditory) meatus
d. Styloid, mastoid processes
Biology 231, Anatomy and Physiology I, Sylvania Laboratory Survival Guide
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e. Greater wing of sphenoid
f. Fontanels (The anterior fontanel is easily visible.)
5. Cranium-Floor
a. Bones (See your textbook.)
b. Fossae: Anterior, middle, and posterior cranial fossae; hypophyseal(shallow
depression in middle of sella turcica)
c. Cribiform plate, cristae galli
d. Sella turcica
1. Hypophyseal fossa
2. Dorsum sella(ridge on posterior aspect of sella)
e. Carotid canal
f. Jugular foramen
g. Foramen Magnum
h. Occipital Condyles
6. Face: Bones
a. Maxilla
b. Mandible
c. Palatine-2
d. Zygomatics-2
e. Lacrimal-2
f. Nasals-2
g. Vomer
h. Superior, Middle, & Inferior Nasal Conchae
i. Mandible
7. Face: special processes, structures
a. Alveoli(tooth sockets)
b. Perpendicular plate of ethmoid
c. Mandible: body, rami, coronoid process, mandibular condyle, angle
d. Paranasal sinuses: frontal, maxillary, sphenoidal, ethmoid air cells
e. Zygomatic arch
8. Spine: 33 separate bones in fetus & infant; in children & adults it's made of 26 bones:
coccyx( 4 fused vertebrae), sacrum (5 fused vertebrae), & 24 individual vertebrae. Know
number of vertebrae in each part of back (7 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar)
a. Direction of curves in cervical (concave posterior), thoracic (convex posterior),
lumbar (concave posterior) regions
9. Structures of Typical Vertebra
a. Body, vertebral foramen, spinous process, transverse process, superior & inferior
articular processes
b. vertebral arch: made of laminae & pedicles
c. intervertebral foraminae between vertebrae
d. transverse foraminae in cervical vertebrae
e. facets: on super & inferior articular processes: smooth surfaces for joints
between processes
Biology 231, Anatomy and Physiology I, Sylvania Laboratory Survival Guide
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10. Intervertebral Disk: annulus fibrosus (fibrocartilage), nucleus pulposus
11. Cervical vertebrae
a. How many(7), direction of curve- concave posterior, note have foraminae in
transverse processes: what for?. Note bifid spinous processes
b. C1=atlas: superior articular facet for articulation with occipital condyle
c. C2=axis(know odontoid process)
12. Thoracic Vertebrae
a. How many-12, direction of curve-convex posterior
b. long spinous processes, point inferiorly
13. Lumbar
a. How many-5, direction of curve-concave posterior, have thick bodies& spinous
processes
14. Sacrum: convex posterior, sacral promontory, sacroiliac joints
15. Coccyx-4 rudimentary vertabrae
16. Thoracic cage = Bony Thorax
a. Sternum:
1. manubrium
2. sternal angle: separates manubrium from body
3. body
4. xiphoid process (cartilage when young, ossifies about age 40)
b. Ribs:
1. true: 1st 7 pairs;, cartilage of rib(costal cartilage) articulates with
sternum
2. false: 8-10, cartilage of rib articulates with cartilage above, while lowest
2 pairs are floating false ribs
17. Note how the ribs attach to the vertebrae. Looking at them from the posterior side of the
back, there is an acute angle created between the 12th rib and the spine due to the
downward direction of the 12th rib as it heads anteriorly. This angle is the costovertebral
angle. Tenderness upon palpation of the costovertebral angle (performed with one
finger) is a physical sign associated with pyelonephritis, which is a kidney infection.
18. Hyoid Bone: attachment for muscles of tongue, neck, & pharynx
Part 3: Appendicular Skeleton : Upper & Lower extremities, Shoulder Girdle, Pelvic
Girdle
clavicle
acromial and sternal ends
scapula
spine
medial, lateral, & superior borders and angles (superior, lateral, inferior)
acromion or acromial process
coracoid process
fossa (supraspinous, infraspinous & subscapular)
Biology 231, Anatomy and Physiology I, Sylvania Laboratory Survival Guide
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glenoid fossa (cavity)
scapular notch
humerus
head
greater & lesser tubercle
intertubercular (bicipital groove or sulcus)
anatomical & surgical necks
deltoid tubercle
groove for the radial nerve
trochlea
capitulum
olecranon fossa
medial & lateral epicondyles
radial fossa & coronoid fossa
supracondylar ridges (medial and lateral)—region proximal to each epicondyle
ulna
head of the ulna
styloid process of the ulna
olecranon process
coranoid process
semilunar or trochlear notch
radial notch of the ulna
interosseous ridge of the ulna
radius
radial head
radial tubercle (tuberosity)
ulnar notch of the radius
interosseous ridge of the radius
styloid process of the radius
carpals
a. proximal row, lateral to medial: scaphoid, lunate, triquetrum, pisiform
b. distal row, lateral to medial: trapezium, trapezoid, capitate, hamate
metacarpals
phalanges
proximal, middle, distal (on an articulated hand)
os coxae (ilium, ischium, pubis), acetabulum, obturator foramen
ilium
spines (anterior-superior, anterior-inferior, posterior-superior, posteriorinferior)
iliac crest; iliac fossa (on the anterior surface)
body of the ilium
auricular surface
greater sciatic notch
arcuate line
inferior gluteal line
Biology 231, Anatomy and Physiology I, Sylvania Laboratory Survival Guide
p.21
ischium
ischial tuberosity
spine (ischial or sciatic)
body of the ischium
superior & inferior rami
lesser sciatic notch
pubis
symphysis, body of the pubis
superior & inferior rami
pubic tubercle
pubic arch
pubic angle
femur
head of the femur
neck of the femur
greater & lesser trochanter
intertrochanteric line and crest
linea aspera
fovea capitus
medial and lateral condyles of the femur
adductor tubercle—located proximal to medial epicondyle
medial & lateral epicondyles of the femur
patellar surface
intercondylar notch or fossa
gluteal tubercle
patella
medial and lateral articular surfaces
tibia
medial & lateral condyles of the tibia
intercondylar eminence
tibial tuberosity
fibular surface of the tibia
diaphysis
medial malleolus
anterior crest of the tibia
fibular notch
tibular articular surface for the talus
fibula
head of the fibula
styloid process (apex) of the fibula
lateral malleolus
fibular articular surface for the talus
tarsals
talus-bears body's weight, calcaneus, navicular, cuboid, 1st-3rd cuneiforms
metatarsals,
phalanges (proximal, middle, distal)—on articulated foot only
Biology 231, Anatomy and Physiology I, Sylvania Laboratory Survival Guide
p.22
OTHER IMPORTANT STRUCTURES
anterior, middle, and posterior cranial fossa—skull with calveria removed
compact and cancellous bone
pelvis—be able to distinguish between male & female and know characteristics of each
type
1. Male pelvis: vertical iliac bones, pubic arch <90 degrees, deep iliac fossa, heart shaped
pelvic inlet
2. Female pelvis: less vertical iliacs, arch >90, shallow iliac fossa, round pelvic brim(inlet)
Part 4: Articulations and Body Movements (Exercise 13):
1. Knee
a.
b.
c.
d.
medial & lateral collateral ligaments(=tibial & fibular collaterals)
anterior & posterior cruciates
medial & lateral menisci
Quadriceps tendon, patellar ligament
2. Joint Movements:
a. flexion and extension
b. hyperextension
c. dorsiflexion and plantar flexion of ankles
d. abduction and adduction
e. circumduction
f. pronation and supination
g. inversion and eversion
Biology 231, Anatomy and Physiology I, Sylvania Laboratory Survival Guide
p.23
Muscles Study Guide (Exercise 14-15) and Nerve Histology (Exercise 17)
1. Complete the following table:
Muscle type
# nuclei per
cell
Visible
striations
locations
voluntary or
involuntary
cell shape
Cardiac
Skeletal
Smooth
2. histology of skeletal muscle
a. cross section of muscle
b. longitudinal section of individual cells
c. sarcomere
d. neuromuscular junction
Biology 231, Anatomy and Physiology I, Sylvania Laboratory Survival Guide
p.24
MUSCLE
ORIGIN
INSERTION
ACTION
NERVE
MUSCLES OF THE PECTORAL REGION AND ANTERIOR ABDOMINAL WALL
Pectoralis major
Lateral lip of intertubular groove of
humerus
Pectoralis minor
Medial half of clavicle, sternum, costal
cartilages, aponeurosis of external
abdominal oblique
Anterior surface of ribs 3 to 5
Subclavius
Cartilage of first rib
Inferior groove of clavicle
Flexes, abducts, and medially rotates
humerus, draws body upward in
climbing
Draws scapula down and forward and
elevates ribs
Draws shoulder down and forward
External abdominal
oblique
External surface of lower 8 ribs
Anterior half of iliac crest and linea
alba
Compresses abdomen, rotates and
flexes vertebral column
Internal abdominal
oblique
Lateral half of linguinal ligament,
anterior iliac crest and thoracolumbar
fascia
Lateral third of inguinal ligament,
anterior iliac crest, and thoracolumbar
fascia
Pubis symphysis and crest of pubis
Lower four ribs, linea alba and by
conjoined tendon to pubis
Compresses abdomen, rotates and
flexes vertebral column
Linea alba, and by conjoined tendon
to pubis
Compresses abdomen and depresses
ribs
Xiphoid process and cartilages of
ribs 5 to 7
Tenses abdominal wall and flexes
vertebral column
Transverse abdominis
Rectus abdominus
Coracoid process of scapula
Lateral and
medial pectoral
Medial pectoral
Nerve to
subclavius
Intercostals 8 to
12, iliohypogastric, ilioinguinal
Intercostals 8 to
12, iliohypogastric, ilioinguinal
Intercostals 7 to
12, iliohypogastric, ilioinguinal
Intercostal 7 to 12
SUPERFICIAL MUSCLES OF THE BACK
Trapezius
Latissimus dorsi
Levator scapula
Rhomboid major
Rhomboid minor
Serratus anterior
External occipital protuberance, superior
nuchal line, nuchal ligament, and
spinous process of cervical 7 through 12
Spinous processes of lower 6 thoracic
vertebrae, thoracolumbar fascia, crest of
ilium
Transverse processes of cervical 1
through 4
Spinous process of thoracic 2 through 5
and supraspinous ligament
Spinous processes of cervical 7 through
thoracic 1
Lateral surface of upper 8 ribs
Anterior border of scapular spine,
acromion process, lateral third of
posterior clavicle
Floor of intertubercular groove of
humerus
Medial border above spine of
scapula
Medial border below spine of
scapula
Medial border of scapula at root of
spine
Anterior lip of medial border of
scapula
Adducts, rotates, and elevates scapula
Spinal accessory
XI, C3, and C4
Adducts, extends, rotates humerus
medially, draws shoulder down and
backward
Draws scapula medially and depresses
shoulder
Adducts and laterally rotates scapula
Thoracodorsal
Adducts and laterally rotates scapula
Dorsal scapular
Holds scapula to chest wall, rotates
scapula in raising humerus
Long thoracic
Doral scapular
Dorsal scapular
Biology 231, Anatomy and Physiology I, Sylvania Laboratory Survival Guide
p.25
MUSCLE
ORIGIN
INSERTION
ACTION
NERVE
MUSCLES OF THE SHOULDER AND ARM
Subscapularis
Medial part of subscapular fossa
Lesser tubercle of humerus
Rotates humerus medially
Supraspinatus
Medial part of supraspinous fossa
Abducts humerus
Infraspinatus
Medial part of infraspinous fossa
Rotates humerus laterally
Suprascapular
Teres major
Axillary border at inferior angle of
scapula
Axillary border of scapula
Superior portion of greater tubercle
of humerus
Middle portion of greater tubercle of
humerus
Medial lip of intertubular groove of
humerus
Inferior portion of greater tubercle
of humerus
Deltoid tubercle of humerus
Upper and lower
subscapularis
Suprascapular
Lower subscapular
Olecranon process of ulna
Adducts, extends, and rotates
humerus medially
Laterally rotates humerus and
adducts it
Abducts humerus; aids in flexion,
extension, and adduction
Extends humerus and ulna
Coronoid process of ulna
Flexes ulna
Musculocutaneous and
radial
Musculocutaneous
Teres minor
Deltoid
Circumflex
Triceps brachii
Long head
Lateral head
Medial head
Brachialis
Anterior surface, lateral clavicle,
acromion process and spine of scapula
Long head, infraglenoid tubercle; lateral
head, proximal portion of posterior
humerus; medial head, distal half of
posterior humerus
Distal two-thirds of front of humerus
Circumflex
Coracobrachialis
Coracoid process of scapula
Middle third of humerus
Flexes and adducts humerus
Biceps brachii
Long head
Short head
Anconeus
Long head, supraglenoid tubercle; short
head, coracoid process scapula
Tuberosity of radius and bicipital
aponeurosis
Flexes radius and humerus, and
supinates hand
Musculocutaneous
Lateral epicondyle of humerus
Olecranon process, posterior surface
of ulna
Weak extensor of humerous
Radial
Radial
MUSCLES OF ANT. FOREARM
Pronator quadratus
Flexor digitorum
profundus
Flexor pollicis longus
Flexor digitorum
superficialis
Distal fourth of ulna
Anterior and medial surfaces of ulna and
interosseous membrane
Middle half of radius, interosseous
membrane, coronoid process of ulna
Medial epicondyle of humerus and
coronoid process of ulna
Distal fourth of radius
Distal phalanges of fingers
Pronates hand
Flexes fingers and wrist
Median
Median and ulnar
Distal phalanx of thumb
Flexes thumb
Median
Middle phalanges of fingers
Flexes fingers and wrist
Median
Biology 231, Anatomy and Physiology I, Sylvania Laboratory Survival Guide
p.26
MUSCLE
ORIGIN
INSERTION
Flexor carpi radialis
Medial epicondyle of humerus
Base of second metacarpal
Flexor carpi ulnaris
Medial epicondyle of humerus,
olecranon process, & posterior ulna
Medial epicondyle of humerus and
coronoid process of ulna
Pisiform, hamate, and fifth
metacarpal
Middle portion of radius
Pronator teres
ACTION
NERVE
Flexes wrist and elbow and abducts
wrist
Flexes and adducts wrist
Median
Pronates hand and flexes radius
Median
Ulna
MUSCLES OF ANTEROLATERAL FOREARM & DORSUM OF HAND
Extensor indicis
Extensor pollicis
longus
Extensor pollicis
brevis
Abductor pollicis
longus
Supinator
Brachioradialis
Extensor carpi
radialis longus
Extensor carpi
radialis brevis
Extensor digitorum
communis
Extensor carpi ulnaris
Exten. digiti minimi
Posterior surface of ulna and
interosseous membrane
Middle third of ulna and interosseous
membrane
Middle third of radius and interosseous
membrane
Posterior surface of ulna and radius, and
interosseous membrane
Lateral epicondyle of humerus,
supinator crest of ulna
Lateral supracondylar ridge and lateral
intermuscular septum
Lateral supracondylar ridge of humerus
and intermuscular septem
Lateral epicondyle of humerus
Dorsal extensor expansion of index
finger
Base of distal phalanx of thumb
Extends index finger
Radial
Extends thumb and abducts hand
Radial
Base of proximal phalanx of thumb
Extends thumb and abducts hand
Radial
First metacarpal
Abducts thumb and hand
Radial
Lateral surface and posterior border
of radius
Styloid process of radius
Supinates hand
Radial
Flexes radius
Radial
Second metacarpal
Extends and abducts hand
Radial
Third metacarpal
Extends and abducts wrist
Radial
Lateral epicondyle of humerus
Into distal phalanx by 4 tendons
Extends fingers and wrist joint
Radial
Lateral epicondyle of humerus and
posterior border of ulna
Lateral epicondyle of humerus
Fifth metacarpal
Extends and adducts hand
Radial
Extensor expansion of little finger
Extends little finger
Radial
MUSCLES OF THE PALMAR SURFACE OF THE HAND
MUSCLE
Flexor pollicis brevis
Abductor pollicis
brevis
Flexor digiti minimi
ORIGIN
Flexor retinaculum and trapezium
Flexor retinaculum, scaphoid and
trapezium
Flexor retinaculum and hook of hamate
INSERTION
ACTION
NERVE
Proximal phalanx of thumb
Proximal phalanx of thumb
Flexes thumb
Abducts thumb and aids in flexion
Median
Median
Proximal phalanx of fifth digit
Flexes fifth digit
Ulnar
Biology 231, Anatomy and Physiology I, Sylvania Laboratory Survival Guide
p.27
MUSCLE
Abductor digiti
minimi
ORIGIN
INSERTION
Pisiform and tendon of flexor carpi
ulnaris
Proximal phalanx of fith digit
ACTION
NERVE
Abducts fifth digit
Ulnar
Obturator
MUSCLES OF ANT. HIP AND THIGH
Adductor brevis
Inferior pubic ramus
Adductor magnus
Pubic arch and ischial tuberosity
Upper part of linea aspera and
pectineal line
Linea aspera and adductor tubercle
Adductor longus
Between pubic rami near symphysis
Middle third of linea aspera
Pectineus
Gracilis
Quadriceps femoris
Rectus femoris
Vastus lateralis
Pectineal line of pubis
Inferior pubis near symphysis
Anterior inferior iliac spine and upper
margin of acetabulum
Intertrochanteric line and linea aspera of
femur
Intertrochanteric line and linea aspera of
femur
Upper shaft of femur
Anterior superior iliac spine
Iliac crest
Pecinteal line of femur
Upper portion of tibia
Tibial tuberosity
Adducts, flexes, and medially rotates
femur
Adducts, flexes, and laterally and
medially rotates femur
Adducts, flexes & medially rotates
femur
Adducts femur
Adducts, flexes, medially rotates tibia
Extends tibia and flexes femur
Tibial tuberosity
Extends tibia
Femoral
Tibial tuberosity
Extends tibia
Femoral
Tibial tuberosity
Medial margin of tibial tuberosity
Iliotibial tract
Extends tibia
Flexes both femur and tibia
Tenses fascia lata
Femoral
Femoral
Superior gluteal
Vastus medialia
Vastus intermedius
Sartorius
Tensor fasciae latae
Obturator &
sciatic
Obturator
Obturator femoral
Obturator
Femoral
MUSCLES OF THE GLUTEAL REGION AND POSTERIOR THIGH
Gluteus minimis
Lower portion of ilium
Piriformis
Pelvic surface of sacrum
Gluteus medius
Middle portion of ilium
Greater trochanter and capsule of
hip joint
Greater trochanter of femur
Abducts and medially rotates femur
Superior gluteal
Rotates femur laterally
Oblique ridge on greater trochanter
of femur
Abducts and medially rotates femur
Twigs from sacral
one and two
Superior gluteal
Biology 231, Anatomy and Physiology I, Sylvania Laboratory Survival Guide
p.28
MUSCLE
Gluteus maximus
Biceps femoris
Long head
Short head
Semimembranosus
Semitendinosus
ORIGIN
INSERTION
ACTION
Upper portion of ilium, the sacrum and
coccyx
Long head, ischial tuberosity; short
head, supracondylar ridge of femur
Gluteal tuberosity and iliotibial tract
Principal extensor and powerful rotator
of femur
Flexes leg and rotates leg laterally; long
head extends femur
Inferior gluteal
Ischial tuberosity
Medial condyle of tibia
Sciatic
Ischial tuberosity, fused with long head
of biceps
Tuberosity of tibia
Extends thigh, flexes and medially
rotates tibia
Extends thigh and flexes tibia
Head of fibula and lateral condyle
of tibia
NERVE
Sciatic
Sciatic
INTERNAL MUSCLES OF THE THIGH & GLUTEAL REGIONS
Quadratus lumborum
Iliolumbar ligament and crest of ilium
Psoas
Major
Transverse processes of bodies of
lumbar vertebrae
Lower border of 12th rib, transverse
process of upper lumbar vertebrae
Lesser trochanter of femur with
iliacus
Depresses rib cage inferiorly and
abducts trunk to same side
Flexes and laterally rotates femur
Nerve to quadratus lumborum
Major by 2nd and
3rd lumbar
Flexes vertebral column
Minor
Iliacus
Bodies of 12th thoracic and 1st lumbar
vertebrae
Iliac fossa and lateral margin of sacrum
Gemelli
Superior
Inferior
Obturator internus
Ischial spine
Quadratus femoris
Ischial tuberosity
Margin of obturator foramen
Pectineal line on ilium
Minor by 1st
lumbar
Femoral
Lesser trochanter of femur with
psoas major
Tendon of obturator internus to
greater trochanter
Flexes and laterally rotates femur
Rotates femur laterally
Twigs from sacral
plexus
Medial surface of greater trochanter
of femur
Greater trochanter and shaft of
femur
Rotates femur medially and aids
abduction
Rotates femur laterally
Twigs from lumbar 5 and sacral 1
Twigs from lumbar 4 and 5, and
sacral 1
Biology 231, Anatomy and Physiology I, Sylvania Laboratory Survival Guide
p.29
MUSCLE
ORIGIN
INSERTION
ACTION
NERVE
MUSCLES OF THE POSTERIOR LEG
Tibialis posterior
Interosseous membrane and tibia and
fibula on either side
Flexor hallucis longus
Distal two-thirds of fibula and
intermuscular septum
Middle half of tibia
Flexor digitorum
longus
Popliteus
Plantaris
Soleus
Gastrocnemius
Lateral condyle of femur
Popliteal surface of femur
Upper third of fibula and soleal line of
tibia
Medial and lateral condyles of femur
Navicular, with slips to cuneiform;
cuboid; second, third, and fourth
metatarsals
Distal phalanx of great toe
Adducts and inverts foot and aids in
plantar flexion
Tibial
Flexes great toe
Tibial
By four tendons into distal
phalanges of lateral four toes
Flexes lateral four toes
Tibial
Posterior tibia above soleal line
Medial calcaneus
With gastrocnemius into calcaneus
via calcaneal tendon
With soleus into calcaneus via
calcaneal tendon
Flexes tibia and rotates femur laterally
Flexes foot
Flexes foot
Tibial
Tibial
Tibial
Flexes tibia and plantar; flexes foot
Tibial
MUSCLES OF THE ANTEROLATERAL LEG AND DORSUM OF THE FOOT
Tibialis anterior
Extensor hallucis
longus
Extensor digitorum
longus
Peroneus tertius
(fibularis)
Peroneus brevis
(fibularis)
Peroneus longus
(fibularis)
Extensor digitorum
brevis
Extensor hallucis
brevis
Upper half of tibia and interosseous
membrane
Middle half of fibula and interosseous
membrane
Tibia, proximal three-fourths of fibula,
& interosseous membrane
Distal third of fibula and interosseos
membrane
Lower two-thirds of fibula
Upper two-thirds of fibula and
intermuscular septa
Dorsal surface of calcaneus
Distal lateral surface of calcaneus
First cuneiform and first metatarsal
Extends and inverts foot
Deep peroneal
Distal phalanx of great toe
Extends great toe
Deep peroneal
Tendons to middle & terminal
phalanges of four lateral toes by
extensor expansion
Fifth metatarsal
Extends toes
Deep peroneal
Extends and everts foot
Deep peroneal
Fifth metatarsal
Everts and abducts foot and aids in
plantar flexion
Everts and aids in plantar flexion
Extends toes
Superficial
peroneal
Superficial
peroneal
Deep peroneal
Extends toes
Deep peroneal
First cuneiform and first metatarsal
By four tendons into extensor
expansion
Proximal phalanx of great toe
Biology 231, Anatomy and Physiology I, Sylvania Laboratory Survival Guide
p.30
MUSCLE
ORIGIN
INSERTION
ACTION
NERVE
MUSCLES OF THE SOLE OF THE FOOT
Flexor hallucis brevis
Abductor hallucis
Quadratus plantae
Flexor digitorum
brevis
Flexor digiti minimi
brevis
Abductor digiti
minimi
Navicular and cuneiform bones, and
long plantar ligament
Calcaneus and plantar aponeurosis
Calcaneus and long plantar ligament
Calcaneus and plantar aponeurosis
Fifth metatarsal and sheath of peroneus
longus tendon
Calcaneus and plantar aponeurosis
2 tendons to medial & lateral sides
of proximal phalanx of great toe
Proximal phalanx of great toe
Into tendons of flexor digitorum
longus
By four tendons into middle phalanx
of lateral four toes
Proximal phalanx of little toe
Flexes great toe
Flexes little toe
Lateral plantar
Proximal phalanx of little toe
Abducts little toe
Lateral plantar
Abducts great toe
Supports action of tendon of flexor
digitorum longus
Flexes lateral four toes
Medial and lateral
plantar
Medial plantar
Lateral plantar
Medial plantar
MUSCLES OF THE FACE
Buccinator
Depressor anguli oris
Depressor labii
inferioris
Frontalis
Levator anguli oris
Mentalis
Nasalis
Orbicularis oculi
Orbicularis oris
Zygomaticus
Temporalis
Masseter
Pterygomandibular raphe and alveolor
processes of mandible and maxilla
Oblique line of mandible
Mandible next to mental foramen
Angle of mouth into orbicular orbis
Compresses cheek during mastication
Facial VII
Angle of mouth
Lower lip
Draws angle of mouth up and back
Draws lower lip down
Facial VII
Facial VII
Epicranial aponeurosis
Skin over forehead
Facial VIi
Maxilla adjacent to canine fossa
Incisor fossa of mandible
Maxilla adjacent to canine and incisor
teeth
Medial orbital margin, medial palpebral
ligament and zygomatic bones
By muscular skips to surround muscles
Zygomatic arch
Temporal fossa and fascia
Zygomatic process and arch
Corner of mouth
Skin over chin
Side of nose above nostril
Elevates eyebrows and wrinkles skin of
forehead
Elevates corner of mouth
Elevates and protrudes lip
Draws margin of nostril towards
septum
Closes eyelids and depresses skin of
forehead
Closes and purses lips
Elevates corner of mouth
Elevates and retracts mandible
Elevates mandible and closes jaw
Skin surrounding eye, and lateral
palpebral ligament
Muscles interlace to surround mouth
Corner of mouth
Coronoid process of mandible
Angle and ramus of mandible
Facial VII
Facial VII
Facial VII
Facial VII
Facial VII
Facial VII
Trigeminal V
Trigeminal V
Biology 231, Anatomy and Physiology I, Sylvania Laboratory Survival Guide
p.31
SUPERFICIAL MUSCULATURE OF THE NECK
MUSCLE
ORIGIN
INSERTION
Omohyoid
Thyrohyoid
Body of hyoid bone
Oblique line of thyroid cartilage
Medial tip of suprascapular notch
Greater horn of hyoid bone
Sternothyroid
Sternohyoid
Posterior surface of manubrium
Posterior surface of manubrium, and
medial clavicle
Styloid process
Mylohyoid line of mandible
Oblique line of thyroid cartilage
Hyoid bone
Lower border of mandible near midline
Intermediate tendon
Mastoid notch of temporal bone
Intermediate tendon
Manubrium and medial third of clavicle
Mastoid process
Stylohyoid
Mylohyoid
Digastric (biventer)
anterior belly
Digastric (biventer)
Posterior belly
Sternocleidomastoid
Hyoid bone
Hyoid bone and median raphe
ACTION
NERVE
Depresses hyoid bone
Depresses hyoid bone, elevates thyroid
cartilage
Depresses thyroid cartilage
Depresses hyoid bone
Ansa cervicalis
Ansa cervicalis
Moves hyoid bone up and back
Elevates hyoid bone and floor of
mouth, depresses mandible
Elevates hyoid bone and base of
tongue, depresses mandible
Moves hyoid bone back
Facial VII
Trigeminal V
Rotates head to same side, elevates
chin, and flexes vertebral column
C2 and C2, spinal
accessory, XI
Ansa cervicalis
Ansa cervicalis
Trigeminal V
Facial VII
DEEP MUSCLES OF THE BACK
Erector Spinae
(Sacrospinalis)
--iliocoastalis
thoracicus
lumborum
--longissimus
dorsi
--spinalis dorsi
Sacrum, iliac crest, spinous processes of
lumbar vertebrae and T11,12
Angle of the last 6 or 7 ribs
Extension of vertebral column
Spinal nerves
dorsal rami
Sacrum, iliac crest, spinous processes of
lumbar vertebrae and T11,12
Sacrum, iliac crest, spinous processes of
lumbar vertebrae and T11,12
Transverse processes of thoracic
vertebrae
Spinous processes of upper thoracic
vertebrae
Extension of vertebral column
Spinal nerves
dorsal rami
Spinal nerves
dorsal rami
Extension of vertebral column
MUSCLES OF THORACIC WALL
External intercostal
Internal intercostal
Inferior border of rib above
Superior border of rib below
Superior border of rib below
Inferior border of rib above
Elevates rib cage/inspiration
Depresses rib cage/expiration
Intercostal
Intercostal
Biology 231, Anatomy and Physiology I, Sylvania Laboratory Survival Guide
p.32
Exercise 17: Histology of Nervous Tissue
3. Know the basic cell structure of a multipolar neuron:
a. Cell body
b. Nucleus
c. Nucleolus
d. Axon hillock
e. Dendrite
f. Axon
g. Schwann cells and myelin sheath
h. Nodes of Ranvier
i. Telodendria
j. Axon Terminals=Synaptic end bulbs
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Distinguish between unipolar, bipolar, and multipolar neurons
What is another word for a sensory neuron?
What is another word for a motor neuron?
What are association, or interneurons?
Learn the histology of nerves, and identify the following structures on a
microscope slides; drawings; and models if available in lab:
a. epineurium
b. perineurium
c. endoneurium
d. fascicle
e. axon
f. myelin sheath
Biology 231, Anatomy and Physiology I, Sylvania Laboratory Survival Guide
p.33