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“Give me a dozen healthy infants, well-formed, and my own specified world to bring them up in and I'll guarantee to take any one at random and train him to become any type of specialist I might select -- doctor, lawyer, artist, merchant-chief and, yes, even beggar-man and thief, regardless of his talents, penchants, tendencies, abilities, vocations, and race of his ancestors .” --John Watson, Behaviorism, 1930 (Cherry,2012) Behaviorism is a theory of learning that regards all actions, feelings, and thoughts as behaviors that can be measured, trained and changed. (Cherry, 2012) It’s philosophy is primarily based on stimulus-response Ivan Pavlov 1849-1936 Automatic responses (involuntary reflexes) John Watson 1878-1958 Creating responses B.F. Skinner 1904-1990 Reinforcing responses (Woods, 2008) Classical Conditioning: John Watson presented a 9 month old boy with two rats, one white and one black. Whenever the white rat was presented he banged loudly on a large pan, making the boy exhibit signs of fear. Soon, the boy would cry, flinch, etc. whenever the white rat was presented. The behavior is an automatic or involuntary, but the response is conditioned/learned. Cherry, (2012) Operant Conditioning: A “skinner box” is coined after B.F. Skinner, in which a rat is placed into a cage. This cage has a button in which the rat would eventually bump into while randomly running around and in turn release a food pellet. The “buttonpressing” behavior then increases due to the positive reinforcer (the food pellet). The purposefully ’operated’ behavior is a planned or voluntary response. How has impacted our education system? 1. Classroom management techniques are based on consistent reinforcers and consequences: 2. US system promotes outcomes not processes: ⏎ Stimulus Response ⏎ 3. Assessments (including SBA’s) are almost always considered to be from a behaviorist philosophy, even if the type of question or response varies: Stimulus: Response: Strengths: It works. All at least at some point in everyone’s life and in some manner have been impacted. (my speculation) It provides focus, which helps improve efficiency. Written goals or job descriptions are considered stimuli, which improves production, skill, etc. (the desired response). The largest strength! Motivation, motivation, motivation. Weaknesses Sometimes it doesn’t work (for more developed learners, those with internal motivation or strong willed individuals). Doesn’t allow for differences (learning styles, multiple intelligences, etc.), so it may limit the progress of some (less flexibility). May limit creativity because it doesn’t allow for differences. (animal training is prescriptive compared to human ‘training’). Leaves out the important fact that humans are meant to be relational (those soft skills) e.g. my college professor. It may give ‘false hopes’ and ‘waste time’, as in Cathy’s story. Importance for us as administrators: Employees need rewards (whether they are extrinsic or intrinsic), which can be very motivating. While trying to ‘change’ behavior in employees, we need to remember to consider the ‘mind, body and soul’, which we’re not to consider if you are truly acting as a behaviorist. If we reward only in behaviorist mode, we will be viewed as patronizing. The same goes for students, as it does for adults – we need consider the ‘whole’ student. Learning frequently occurs in incremental steps and as it was pointed out this summer in our study of Marzano, celebrating incremental successes is an important skills for leaders. Work Cited: Cherry, K. (2012) What is Behaviorism? Retrieved August 25th at http://psychology.about.com/od/behavioralpsychology/f/ behaviorism.htm Learning Theories Knowledgebase (2012, September). Behaviorism at Learning-Theories.com. Retrieved September 15th, 2012 from http:/www.learningtheories.com/ behaviorism.html Woods, C. (2008, Spring) Group 1 Behaviorism at Learning Theories Wikispace. Retrieved September 5th, 2012 from http://learningtheories.wikispaces.com/Group+1+-+Behaviorism