Download PSY 101 Exam 2 Review - MSU College of Social Science

PSY101Exam2Review
2/24/16
ExamDatesandCoveredMaterial
•  Dr.Lucas–PSY101:001
– Exam2isMonday,February29th
– MaterialcoveredfromMyers
• Chapter5(Development)
• Chapter6(SensaOonandPercepOon)
• Chapter3(pp.90-92)
• Chapter7(Learning)
ExamDatesandCoveredMaterial
•  Dr.Weaver–PSY101:003
– Exam1isTuesday,March1st
– MaterialcoveredfromMyers
• Chapter5(Development)
• Chapter3(Consciousness&theTwo-track
mind)
• Chapter6(SensaOon&PercepOon)
• Chapter7(Learning)
ExamDatesandCoveredMaterial
•  Dr.Sakai–PSY101:002
– Exam1isWednesday,March2nd
– MaterialcoveredfromSchacter,Gilbert,Wegner,
&Nock
• Chapter5(Consciousness)
• Chapter6(Memory)
• Chapter7(Learning)
• Chapter11(Development)
ThisExamReview
•  EachPSY101secOonreceivessomeoverlapping
informaOon(Piaget’sStagesofCogniOve
Development)foreachexam.
•  EachPSY101secOonalsovariessomewhatinwhen
certainmaterialiscovered;andintheexamples
givenandwhereemphasisisplaced.
•  Thesereviewsaredesignedtohighlightthreetopics
thatthePSY101instructorsbelievestudents
strugglewithandoverlapforeachsecOon.
•  Note–comingtothisreviewdoesnotguarantee
youwillreceiveyourdesiredgradeonExam1.
Instead,usethisreviewasanextrastudytool.
Piaget’sTheoryandCurrentThinking
Piaget’sTheory
andCurrentThinking
•  Sensorimotor
•  Infantslackobjectpermanence—
theawarenessthatobjects
conOnuetoexistwhennot
perceived.Piagetthoughtthatthis
capabilityemergessuddenly
around8months,but
developmentalpsychologistsnow
believeitemergesgradually.
•  h`p://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=lKZ9IPRKkkU
Piaget’sTheoryandCurrentThinking
Piaget’sTheory
andCurrentThinking
•  PreoperaOonal
•  PiagetbelievedthatunOlabouttheageof7,childrenare
incapableofbasicmentalopera0ons.Forexample,he
demonstratedthatchildrenlacktheconceptof
conserva0on—theprinciplethatquanOtyremainsthe
samedespitechangesinshape.
Piaget’sTheory
andCurrentThinking
•  PreoperaOonal-Healsonotedthatchildrenareegocentric
—thattheyhavedifficultyperceivingtheworldfrom
another’spointofview.Inthistask,askedtoimaginewhat
thedollsees,thechilddescribeswhathesees.Thechildis
unabletotakethedoll’sperspecOve.
•  h`p://www.youtube.com/embed/OinqFgsIbh0
Piaget’sTheoryandCurrentThinking
Piaget’sTheory
andCurrentThinking
•  ConcreteOperaOonal
•  Theygrasptheconceptofconserva0on,and
developthementalabilitytounderstand
mathemaOcaltransformaOons.
•  ChangeinformdoesnotequalchangeinquanOty
•  h`p://www.youtube.com/embed/gA04ew6Oi9M
Piaget’sTheoryandCurrentThinking
Piaget’sTheory
andCurrentThinking
•  FormalOperaOonal
•  Byage12,reasoninghas
expandedfromthe
concretetoencompass
abstractthinking.
Childrenbecomecapable
ofthinkinghypotheOcally
andofdeducing
consequences(ifthis,
thenthat).
PSY101:Mini-quizQuesOon
Five-year-oldO`ocomplainedtohismomthatthe
pizzawasnotbigenough.O`o'smomcutthe
pizzaintosmallerslices,thusmakingO`o
happyashebelievedthepizzahadbecome
larger.O`olackstheconceptof
A.  conserva0on.
B.  egocentrism.
C.  objectpermanence.
D.  assimilaOon.
PSY101:Mini-quizQuesOon
Agameofpeak-a-boowithhisDadexcitesWilliam
duringthefirstsixmonthsofhislifebecause
WilliamactuallythinkshisDadhas
disappeared.ThisisbecauseWilliamlacks
A.  conservaOon.
B.  egocentrism.
C.  objectpermanence.
D.  assimilaOon.
PSY101:Mini-quizQuesOon
DuringthisstageofPiaget'sCogniOve
Development,childrenareabletothink
logicallyaboutevents;graspanalogies,and
performarithmeOc.However,theysOllarenot
“abstract”thinkers.
A.  formaloperaOonal
B.  preoperaOonal
C.  sensorimotor
D.  concreteopera0onal
ClassicalCondiOoning
ClassicalCondiOoning
•  Terminology
–  NeutralS0mulus(NS)–asOmulusthatelicitsno
responsebeforecondiOoning
ClassicalCondiOoning
•  Terminology
–  Uncondi0onedS0mulus(US)–ThesOmulusthatelicits
anautomaOc/naturalresponse(beforecondiOoning).
–  Uncondi0onedResponse(UR)–TheautomaOc/natural
responsetoasOmulus(beforecondiOoning).
US – MeatPowder
UR
à elicits
ClassicalCondiOoning
•  Terminology
•  Condi0onedS0mulus(CS)–ThesOmulusthatis
pairedwiththeUS(hastocomebeforeUS)
– IniOally,itdoesnotelicitaresponse(NS)
– FollowingcondiOoning,itelicitsaresponse(CS)
•  Examples:
– AbellinPavlov’sexperiments
• Pairedwithmeatpowder
• BellàsalivaOonarercondiOoning
ClassicalCondiOoning
•  Terminology
•  Condi0onedResponse(CR)–Theresponsetothe
CS
– UsuallythesameorverysimilartotheUR
•  Examples:
– ThesalivaOonbythedogsinPavlov’sstudies
– ThefearofthewhiterabbitbybabyAlbert
– ThenauseatoallchickenarereaOngbadchicken
ClassicalCondiOoning
•  Pavlov’sExperiments
–  Classical conditioning–a type of learning in which
one learns to link two or more stimuli and anticipate
events. PSY101:Mini-quizQuesOon
MargiehadLeukemiaasachildandhadtoundergo
numerousboutsofchemotherapy.The
chemotherapyalwaysmadehernauseous.Asshe
underwentayearoftreatment,thewaiOngroom
startedtomakehernauseous.ThewaiOngroom
became
A.  theuncondiOonedresponse(UR).
B.  theneutralsOmulus(NS).
C.  thecondi0oneds0mulus(CS).
D.  thecondiOonedresponse(CR).
PSY101:Mini-quizQuesOon
Blinkinginresponsetoapuffofairdirectedintoyour
eyeisa(n)
A.  uncondi0onedresponse(UR).
B.  uncondiOonedsOmulus(US).
C.  condiOonedresponse(CR).
D.  condiOonedsOmulus(CS).
ClassicalCondiOoning–OtherKeyTerms
•  AcquisiOon
•  ExOncOon
•  Spontaneousrecovery
ClassicalCondiOoning–OtherKeyTerms
Generaliza0on
•  Thetendency,oncearesponsehasbeen
condiOoned,forsOmulisimilartothecondi0oned
s0mulus(CS)toelicitsimilarresponses(CR).
Discrimina0on
•  Thelearnedabilitytodiscriminatebetweena
condiOonedsOmulusandsOmulithatdonotsignal
anuncondiOonedsOmulus.
PSY101:Mini-quizQuesOon
MargiehadLeukemiaasachildandhadtoundergo
numerousboutsofchemotherapy.Shehad
associatedthewaiOngroomwithnausea.Now35
yearsold,shehadtotakehermothertothesame
hospitalforbreastcancertreatment.Shebecame
nauseouswhileinthewaiOngroomwithher
mother.Hernauseabestillustrates
A.  acquisiOon.
B.  exOncOon.
C.  delayedreinforcement.
D.  spontaneousrecovery.
PSY101:Mini-quizQuesOon
Learningisto______asforgeungis
________.
A. acquisi0on;ex0nc0on
B. exOncOon;acquisiOon
C. Pavlov;dogs
D. dogs;Pavlov
OperantCondiOoning
ShapingBehavior
•  Shaping–aprocedureinwhichreinforcers(suchas
food)guideananimal’sacOonstowarddesired
behavior(alsoknownasthemethodofsuccessive
approxima.ons).
TypesofReinforcers
•  Reinforcement
–  AnyresponsethatSTRENGTHENS(INCREASESthe
frequencyof)abehaviorhappeningagain.
•  Posi0veReinforcement
–  Addadesirable/rewardingsOmulus
–  Ratreceivesfoodpellet
–  Personreceivesmoney
TypesofReinforcers
•  Reinforcement
–  AnyresponsethatSTRENGTHENS(INCREASESthe
frequencyof)abehaviorhappeningagain.
•  Nega0veReinforcement
–  RemoveanaversivesOmulus
–  Ratisabletoescapewatertoadryspot
–  Childhaschorestakenaway
TypesofReinforcers
•  Primaryreinforcer:An
innatelyreinforcing
sOmulus.
•  Condi0onedreinforcer:a
sOmulusthatgainsits
powertoreinforce
throughitsassociaOon
withaprimaryreinforcer.
SchedulesofReinforcement
PSY101:Mini-quizQuesOon
Jackfindsitextremelydifficulttopullhimselfaway
fromtheslotmachine.Hekeepsthinkinghewill
breakevenasthenexthandlepullwillbehis
winningone.However,Jackdoesnotunderstand
thatthewinningpullisdeterminedatrandom,
whichisa________schedule.
A.  fixed-interval
B.  variable-interval
C.  fixed-raOo
D.  variable-ra0o
PSY101:Mini-quizQuesOon
Michaelisbusywithhisworkprojectthathebrought
home.Hissonwantshimtoputamovieinthe
DVDplayer.Michaeltellshimtowait10minutes;
however,hissonwhinesandcomplainssomuch
thatMichaeldecidestoputthemovieinright
now.Michael’sbehaviortostophisson’swhining
bestillustratesthevalueof______________for.
A.  erraOcbehavior.
B.  posiOvereinforcement.
C.  secondaryreinforcement.
D.  nega0vereinforcement.
PSY101:Mini-quizQuesOon
AtrandomOmepointsmini-quizzesandrandom
checksofqualityhelptoproduceslow,steady
respondingandareexamplesofthe
____________scheduleofreinforcement.
A.  fixed-interval
B.  variable-interval
C.  fixed-raOo
D.  variable-raOo
PSY101:Mini-quizQuesOon
Duringatypicalmorning,Colinwillchecktheclock
morefrequentlyastheOmeforhisregularly
scheduledlunchbreakapproaches.Inthiscase,
Colin'sclockcheckingbehaviorisreinforcedona
________schedule.
A.  fixed-interval
B.  variable-interval
C.  fixed-raOo
D.  variable-raOo
TypesofPunishment
•  Punishment
–  AnyeventthatWEAKENS(DECREASESthefrequencyof)a
behaviorhappeningagain.
•  Posi0vePunishment
–  AdministraOonofanaversivesOmulus
–  Childisgivenextrachores
–  Ratisgivenelectricshock
•  Nega0vePunishment
–  RemovingadesirablesOmulus
–  Childisgrounded(cannotgotomall)
–  Rathasfoodtakenaway
PSY101:Mini-quizQuesOon
Onemaindifferencebetweenpunishmentand
reinforcementisthatthegoalofreinforcementis
to____________abehavior,whilethegoalof
punishmentisto____________abehavior.
A.  shape;change
B.  discourage;encourage
C.  decrease;increase
D.  increase;decrease
PSY101:Mini-quizQuesOon
Toreducetheself-destrucOvebehaviorofsome
children,atherapistmightsquirtwaterinthe
children'sfaceswhenevertheybitethemselves.
Thesquirtofwaterisa
A.  posi0vepunishment.
B.  negaOvereinforcer.
C.  condiOonedreinforcer.
D.  negaOvepunishment.