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PSY101Exam2Review 2/24/16 ExamDatesandCoveredMaterial • Dr.Lucas–PSY101:001 – Exam2isMonday,February29th – MaterialcoveredfromMyers • Chapter5(Development) • Chapter6(SensaOonandPercepOon) • Chapter3(pp.90-92) • Chapter7(Learning) ExamDatesandCoveredMaterial • Dr.Weaver–PSY101:003 – Exam1isTuesday,March1st – MaterialcoveredfromMyers • Chapter5(Development) • Chapter3(Consciousness&theTwo-track mind) • Chapter6(SensaOon&PercepOon) • Chapter7(Learning) ExamDatesandCoveredMaterial • Dr.Sakai–PSY101:002 – Exam1isWednesday,March2nd – MaterialcoveredfromSchacter,Gilbert,Wegner, &Nock • Chapter5(Consciousness) • Chapter6(Memory) • Chapter7(Learning) • Chapter11(Development) ThisExamReview • EachPSY101secOonreceivessomeoverlapping informaOon(Piaget’sStagesofCogniOve Development)foreachexam. • EachPSY101secOonalsovariessomewhatinwhen certainmaterialiscovered;andintheexamples givenandwhereemphasisisplaced. • Thesereviewsaredesignedtohighlightthreetopics thatthePSY101instructorsbelievestudents strugglewithandoverlapforeachsecOon. • Note–comingtothisreviewdoesnotguarantee youwillreceiveyourdesiredgradeonExam1. Instead,usethisreviewasanextrastudytool. Piaget’sTheoryandCurrentThinking Piaget’sTheory andCurrentThinking • Sensorimotor • Infantslackobjectpermanence— theawarenessthatobjects conOnuetoexistwhennot perceived.Piagetthoughtthatthis capabilityemergessuddenly around8months,but developmentalpsychologistsnow believeitemergesgradually. • h`p://www.youtube.com/watch? v=lKZ9IPRKkkU Piaget’sTheoryandCurrentThinking Piaget’sTheory andCurrentThinking • PreoperaOonal • PiagetbelievedthatunOlabouttheageof7,childrenare incapableofbasicmentalopera0ons.Forexample,he demonstratedthatchildrenlacktheconceptof conserva0on—theprinciplethatquanOtyremainsthe samedespitechangesinshape. Piaget’sTheory andCurrentThinking • PreoperaOonal-Healsonotedthatchildrenareegocentric —thattheyhavedifficultyperceivingtheworldfrom another’spointofview.Inthistask,askedtoimaginewhat thedollsees,thechilddescribeswhathesees.Thechildis unabletotakethedoll’sperspecOve. • h`p://www.youtube.com/embed/OinqFgsIbh0 Piaget’sTheoryandCurrentThinking Piaget’sTheory andCurrentThinking • ConcreteOperaOonal • Theygrasptheconceptofconserva0on,and developthementalabilitytounderstand mathemaOcaltransformaOons. • ChangeinformdoesnotequalchangeinquanOty • h`p://www.youtube.com/embed/gA04ew6Oi9M Piaget’sTheoryandCurrentThinking Piaget’sTheory andCurrentThinking • FormalOperaOonal • Byage12,reasoninghas expandedfromthe concretetoencompass abstractthinking. Childrenbecomecapable ofthinkinghypotheOcally andofdeducing consequences(ifthis, thenthat). PSY101:Mini-quizQuesOon Five-year-oldO`ocomplainedtohismomthatthe pizzawasnotbigenough.O`o'smomcutthe pizzaintosmallerslices,thusmakingO`o happyashebelievedthepizzahadbecome larger.O`olackstheconceptof A. conserva0on. B. egocentrism. C. objectpermanence. D. assimilaOon. PSY101:Mini-quizQuesOon Agameofpeak-a-boowithhisDadexcitesWilliam duringthefirstsixmonthsofhislifebecause WilliamactuallythinkshisDadhas disappeared.ThisisbecauseWilliamlacks A. conservaOon. B. egocentrism. C. objectpermanence. D. assimilaOon. PSY101:Mini-quizQuesOon DuringthisstageofPiaget'sCogniOve Development,childrenareabletothink logicallyaboutevents;graspanalogies,and performarithmeOc.However,theysOllarenot “abstract”thinkers. A. formaloperaOonal B. preoperaOonal C. sensorimotor D. concreteopera0onal ClassicalCondiOoning ClassicalCondiOoning • Terminology – NeutralS0mulus(NS)–asOmulusthatelicitsno responsebeforecondiOoning ClassicalCondiOoning • Terminology – Uncondi0onedS0mulus(US)–ThesOmulusthatelicits anautomaOc/naturalresponse(beforecondiOoning). – Uncondi0onedResponse(UR)–TheautomaOc/natural responsetoasOmulus(beforecondiOoning). US – MeatPowder UR à elicits ClassicalCondiOoning • Terminology • Condi0onedS0mulus(CS)–ThesOmulusthatis pairedwiththeUS(hastocomebeforeUS) – IniOally,itdoesnotelicitaresponse(NS) – FollowingcondiOoning,itelicitsaresponse(CS) • Examples: – AbellinPavlov’sexperiments • Pairedwithmeatpowder • BellàsalivaOonarercondiOoning ClassicalCondiOoning • Terminology • Condi0onedResponse(CR)–Theresponsetothe CS – UsuallythesameorverysimilartotheUR • Examples: – ThesalivaOonbythedogsinPavlov’sstudies – ThefearofthewhiterabbitbybabyAlbert – ThenauseatoallchickenarereaOngbadchicken ClassicalCondiOoning • Pavlov’sExperiments – Classical conditioning–a type of learning in which one learns to link two or more stimuli and anticipate events. PSY101:Mini-quizQuesOon MargiehadLeukemiaasachildandhadtoundergo numerousboutsofchemotherapy.The chemotherapyalwaysmadehernauseous.Asshe underwentayearoftreatment,thewaiOngroom startedtomakehernauseous.ThewaiOngroom became A. theuncondiOonedresponse(UR). B. theneutralsOmulus(NS). C. thecondi0oneds0mulus(CS). D. thecondiOonedresponse(CR). PSY101:Mini-quizQuesOon Blinkinginresponsetoapuffofairdirectedintoyour eyeisa(n) A. uncondi0onedresponse(UR). B. uncondiOonedsOmulus(US). C. condiOonedresponse(CR). D. condiOonedsOmulus(CS). ClassicalCondiOoning–OtherKeyTerms • AcquisiOon • ExOncOon • Spontaneousrecovery ClassicalCondiOoning–OtherKeyTerms Generaliza0on • Thetendency,oncearesponsehasbeen condiOoned,forsOmulisimilartothecondi0oned s0mulus(CS)toelicitsimilarresponses(CR). Discrimina0on • Thelearnedabilitytodiscriminatebetweena condiOonedsOmulusandsOmulithatdonotsignal anuncondiOonedsOmulus. PSY101:Mini-quizQuesOon MargiehadLeukemiaasachildandhadtoundergo numerousboutsofchemotherapy.Shehad associatedthewaiOngroomwithnausea.Now35 yearsold,shehadtotakehermothertothesame hospitalforbreastcancertreatment.Shebecame nauseouswhileinthewaiOngroomwithher mother.Hernauseabestillustrates A. acquisiOon. B. exOncOon. C. delayedreinforcement. D. spontaneousrecovery. PSY101:Mini-quizQuesOon Learningisto______asforgeungis ________. A. acquisi0on;ex0nc0on B. exOncOon;acquisiOon C. Pavlov;dogs D. dogs;Pavlov OperantCondiOoning ShapingBehavior • Shaping–aprocedureinwhichreinforcers(suchas food)guideananimal’sacOonstowarddesired behavior(alsoknownasthemethodofsuccessive approxima.ons). TypesofReinforcers • Reinforcement – AnyresponsethatSTRENGTHENS(INCREASESthe frequencyof)abehaviorhappeningagain. • Posi0veReinforcement – Addadesirable/rewardingsOmulus – Ratreceivesfoodpellet – Personreceivesmoney TypesofReinforcers • Reinforcement – AnyresponsethatSTRENGTHENS(INCREASESthe frequencyof)abehaviorhappeningagain. • Nega0veReinforcement – RemoveanaversivesOmulus – Ratisabletoescapewatertoadryspot – Childhaschorestakenaway TypesofReinforcers • Primaryreinforcer:An innatelyreinforcing sOmulus. • Condi0onedreinforcer:a sOmulusthatgainsits powertoreinforce throughitsassociaOon withaprimaryreinforcer. SchedulesofReinforcement PSY101:Mini-quizQuesOon Jackfindsitextremelydifficulttopullhimselfaway fromtheslotmachine.Hekeepsthinkinghewill breakevenasthenexthandlepullwillbehis winningone.However,Jackdoesnotunderstand thatthewinningpullisdeterminedatrandom, whichisa________schedule. A. fixed-interval B. variable-interval C. fixed-raOo D. variable-ra0o PSY101:Mini-quizQuesOon Michaelisbusywithhisworkprojectthathebrought home.Hissonwantshimtoputamovieinthe DVDplayer.Michaeltellshimtowait10minutes; however,hissonwhinesandcomplainssomuch thatMichaeldecidestoputthemovieinright now.Michael’sbehaviortostophisson’swhining bestillustratesthevalueof______________for. A. erraOcbehavior. B. posiOvereinforcement. C. secondaryreinforcement. D. nega0vereinforcement. PSY101:Mini-quizQuesOon AtrandomOmepointsmini-quizzesandrandom checksofqualityhelptoproduceslow,steady respondingandareexamplesofthe ____________scheduleofreinforcement. A. fixed-interval B. variable-interval C. fixed-raOo D. variable-raOo PSY101:Mini-quizQuesOon Duringatypicalmorning,Colinwillchecktheclock morefrequentlyastheOmeforhisregularly scheduledlunchbreakapproaches.Inthiscase, Colin'sclockcheckingbehaviorisreinforcedona ________schedule. A. fixed-interval B. variable-interval C. fixed-raOo D. variable-raOo TypesofPunishment • Punishment – AnyeventthatWEAKENS(DECREASESthefrequencyof)a behaviorhappeningagain. • Posi0vePunishment – AdministraOonofanaversivesOmulus – Childisgivenextrachores – Ratisgivenelectricshock • Nega0vePunishment – RemovingadesirablesOmulus – Childisgrounded(cannotgotomall) – Rathasfoodtakenaway PSY101:Mini-quizQuesOon Onemaindifferencebetweenpunishmentand reinforcementisthatthegoalofreinforcementis to____________abehavior,whilethegoalof punishmentisto____________abehavior. A. shape;change B. discourage;encourage C. decrease;increase D. increase;decrease PSY101:Mini-quizQuesOon Toreducetheself-destrucOvebehaviorofsome children,atherapistmightsquirtwaterinthe children'sfaceswhenevertheybitethemselves. Thesquirtofwaterisa A. posi0vepunishment. B. negaOvereinforcer. C. condiOonedreinforcer. D. negaOvepunishment.