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NAME: _______________________________________ BIOLOGY HONORS FINAL REVIEW PACKET Chapter 1: Scientific Method My cat Harry is a picky eater. I’ve noticed that he eats better when the TV is on. To test this, I set out 0.25 kilograms of food and left the TV on for 4 hours. I measured how much food was left. The next day, I set out 0.25 kilograms of food and left the TV off for 4 hours. I measured the amount of food left. After Day 1, there were 0.08 kilograms of food left and after Day 2, there were 0.12 kilograms of food left. Hypothesis: Control group: Experimental group: Independent variable: Dependent variable: Control variables: Fill in the definitions for each of the steps of the scientific method: Step: 1. Observation 2. Hypothesis 3. Experiment/Methods 4. Data Collection 5. Inferences/Interpretation 6. Conclusions Definition: NAME: _______________________________________ Why do scientists retest? What is a scientific theory? Studying Life 1. What are the 8 characteristics of life? ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 2. All organisms are made up of _________________. 3. What do organisms need to do in order to grow? ____________________________________. 4. ___________________ reproduction includes 2 parents & the offspring are DIFFERENT from the parents. 5. ___________________ reproduction involves ____________ organism or cell & the offspring are IDENTICAL to the parent. 6. Bacteria are an example of _________________ __________________________. 7. Define autotrophs & heterotrophs: Autotrophs Heterotrophs 8. Homeostasis is the process of how a cell or organism keeps its’ ________________________ NAME: _______________________________________ 10. Write out 3 facts about cells: 2.1 Matter 1. _________________ is the basic unit of matter 2. Complete the particle chart below: Charge: Location: (based on the nucleus) Proton Electron Neutron 3. Label the following diagram with the correct particles for a, b, and c: Represented by: (ex: atomic #, mass # -- # protons) NAME: _______________________________________ 4. The ______________________ & ________________________ particles of an element will always be the same number. This number is referred to as the ____________________ number. 5. Circle: element or compound - made up of one type of atom 6. Circle: element or compound - substances that contain 2 or more different atoms in a specific ratio. 7. __________________ are atoms that have a different number of neutrons and are identified by their ________________ number. 8. Fill in the following chart: Isotopes of Nitrogen Isotope Number of protons Number of electrons Number of neutrons Nitrogen-14 Nitrogen-15 9. List 3 uses for radioactive isotopes: _______________________________________________ _______________________________________________ _______________________________________________ 10. What are the 2 types of chemical bonds that can occur? 11. Bonds occur on the outer most ring of electrons. These electrons are known as ____________________ electrons – they are the ones that allow bonds to occur. 12. Ionic bonds ___________________ electrons from one atom to another. a. Losing electrons will create a ______________ charge. b. Gaining electrons will create a _____________ charge. These positively or negatively charged atoms are known as ions. NAME: _______________________________________ 13. Covalent bonds ______________ electrons with atoms of different elements. 14. Sketch a drawing of Magnesium’s (Mg) protons, electrons & neutrons showing the different energy levels. 15. Draw a diagram of the covalent bond H2O: 16. Draw a diagram of the ionic bond NaCl: 18. Give 2 examples of each: Ionic Compounds: Covalent Compounds: _____________________ _____________________ _____________________ _____________________ 2.2Water Molecule 19. Explain the difference between cohesion & adhesion and gives examples of each: Definition Cohesion Adhesion Example NAME: _______________________________________ 20. Mixtures are classified as either ________________________ where the parts are large, or ___________________________ where the parts are uniform & the same throughout. 21. A solution is a type of mixture. Ex.: Sugar dissolving in tea a. Within a solution, there is a _______________ and a _________________. b. A ______________ is the substance that is dissolved and the ______________ is the substance in which the solute dissolves. c. For the sugar dissolving in tea identify the solute & the solvent: solute: ____________________ solvent: ___________________ 22. A __________________ is a mixture where the different parts separate into layers over time. a. Give an example of this: __________________________________ 23. What does the pH scale indicate? 24. Solutions that are acidic have pH numbers less than ___________ and have more __________ ions than ___________ ions. 25. Solutions that are a strong base have pH numbers larger than ___________ and have more __________ ions than ___________ ions. 2.3 Organic Chemistry 26. Organic chemistry involves the study of carbon compounds that form special molecules. Name the 6 elements that carbon tends to bond to: 27. These molecules are called macromolecules. Name the 4 macromolecules every cell requires: NAME: _______________________________________ 28. Each macromolecule is made up of monomers. Fill in the following chart: Macromolecule Monomer(s) Example Function Carbohydrates Lipids Nucleic Acids Proteins 2.4 Chemical Reactions 29. During chemical reactions, mass and energy are ____________________. 30. Reactions are made up of __________________ (elements or compounds) and _________________ which are the elements or compounds that are produced. a. Identify the reactants & the product in the following example: P4 + 3O2 2P2O3 31. Energy can be either _________________ or ___________________ during a chemical reaction. 32. Chemical reactions receive help in order to speed up the rate of the reaction by _______________ a reaction’s activation energy. The 2 substances that help reaction rates are: _______________________ ______________________ 33. _________________ work with nonliving things, such as an at home soda maker. 34. _________________ work with living things, such as the potato extract lab we completed in class. 35. What are 4 uses of enzymes? NAME: _______________________________________ 36. Explain the Enzyme-Substrate Complex: 37. Label the following diagram indicating the steps of the Enzyme-Substrate Complex: 7.1 – 7.2 Cell Structure and Function 1. Compare and Contrast the Similarities and differences between the types of cells below: Prokaryotes 2. List the 3 parts of the cell theory Eukaryotes NAME: _______________________________________ In the diagram below, label the parts of the animal cell In the diagram below, label the parts of the plant cell NAME: _______________________________________ Match the structure to its function Microtubules _______ Centrioles _______ A) Sorts, modifies and packages proteins and materials from the ER for storage or release B) Consists of RNA and protein and is the site of protein synthesis Ribosomes _______ Endoplasmic reticulum _______ C) Converts chemical energy stored in food into compounds that are more convenient for the cell to use Golgi apparatus _______ D) Place where lipid components of the cell membrane are assembled Chloroplasts _______ E) Strong supporting layer around the cell membrane Mitochondria _______ F) Found in animal cells and helps to organize cell division Cell wall _______ G) Captures energy from sunlight and converts it into chemical energy. H) Hollow structures that maintain cell shape Nucleus _______ A) Stores materials like water, salts, proteins, and carbohydrates Cytoplasm _______ Chromatin _______ B) Surrounds the nucleus and is made up of pores C) Dense region where the assembly of ribosomes begins D) Portion of cell outside nucleus E) Allow material to move into and out of the nucleus F) Contains all the cell’s DNA Vacuoles _______ G) DNA bound to proteins Lysosomes _______ H) Network of protein filaments that give a cell its structure and internal organization Nuclear pores _______ Nuclear envelope _______ Nucleolus _______ Cytoskeleton _______ I) Threadlike structures made up of actin J) Small organelles filled with enzymes Microfilaments _______ NAME: _______________________________________ Passive Transport 1. Define passive transport: 2. What is diffusion and how does it relate to the cell membrane? 3. Explain facilitated diffusion. Does it require and additional use of the cell’s energy? 4. Define Osmosis: Osmosis and Solution Types Meaning Example 5. The net movement of water out of or into a cell produces a force known as _____________________. Active Transport 6. Define active transport: 7. Active transport requires _______________________ 8. Compare bulk transport to molecular transport: Endocytosis: Exocytosis: NAME: _______________________________________ Homeostasis 9. What is homeostasis? 10. How is it maintained? Levels of organization: 11. Specialized cells are organized into ___________________, then into_____________________, and finally ____________________________. 12. Define: Tissue: Organ: Organ System: 7.3 Cellular Transport 1. The cell membrane is ‘selectively permeable’ – what does that mean? 2. What are the 3 functions of the cell membrane? _____________________________________________ _____________________________________________ _____________________________________________ NAME: _______________________________________ 3. Below is a diagram of the cell membrane structure: a. What are the phospholipids that make up the lipid bilayer? (the actual names are not on the diagram) _________________________________ - loves water _________________________________ - hates water b. What structure allows/helps materials to move from one side to another? __________ 4. Passive transport ____________________________ use energy. a. Examples of passive transport include: i. ___________________________ ii. ___________________________ iii. ___________________________ 5. __________________________ allows the movement of molecules from one side of the membrane to the other without additional energy while maintaining homeostasis in the cell. 6. Diffusion is the process of molecules moving from ________________ concentration to __________________ concentration. 7. Facilitated diffusion uses ______________________ as channels to transport water, charged and large molecules. NAME: _______________________________________ 8. Osmosis is facilitated diffusion of _______________ molecules. 9. In the figure below, the water molecules are moving from ________________ to ________________ concentraion of water. 10. 3 types of solutions that go through Osmosis: Same or different concentration on both sides? Isotonic Hypertonic Hypotonic More water molecules or solutes? NAME: _______________________________________ 11. Label each solution below as either isotonic, hypertonic, or hypotonic based on the concentrations & direction of water molecules: ______________________ _______________________ ______________________ 13. Active transport uses ____________________ ______________________ to help move molecules from ________________ concentration to ___________________ concentration. 14. Active transport includes: a. endocytosis = _________________________________________ b. exocytosis = __________________________________________ 15. Label each diagram below as either endocytosis or exocytosis: NAME: _______________________________________ ____________________________________________ ________________________________________ 16. Endocytosis incluedes the processes of: a. phagocytosis = ______________________________ b. pinocytosis = _______________________________ 7.4 Cell Organization 17. Organisms can either be ______________________________ or ____________________________ 18. Multicellular organisms have cells that develop in _______________________ ways to perform _________________________ tasks. 19. Cells work together to create tissues organs, which can be organized into different levels: 1st level: _____________________________ 2nd level: _____________________________ 3rd level: _____________________________ 4th level: _____________________________ 20. Cells communicate by sending signals to one another, which are known as _____________. Chapter 8: Photosynthesis 1. Why is ATP useful to cells? __________________________________________________________ 2. What happens during the process of photosynthesis? ______________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ 3. What is the overall equation for photosynthesis? _________________________________________ NAME: _______________________________________ 4. How is ATP like a rechargeable battery? _________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ 5. What’s the difference between a heterotroph and an autotroph? __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ 6. What role do pigments play in the process of photosynthesis? _______________________________ 7. What are the 3 pigments found in plants? _______________________________________________ 8. Why are plants green? _______________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ 9. What organelle is responsible for photosynthesis? ________________________________________ 10. Where do the light dependent reactions take place? _____________ Light Independent? _________ 11. What is the role of electron carrier molecules in photosynthesis? ____________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ 12. What are the reactants of the light dependent reactions? ___________________________________ 13. What are the products of the light dependent reactions? ___________________________________ 14. What are the reactants of the light independent reactions? _________________________________ 15. What are the products of the light independent reactions? _________________________________ Chapter 9: Cellular Respiration 1. What is cellular respiration? __________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ 2. What is the overall equation for cellular respiration? _______________________________________ 3. What is the difference between an aerobic and anaerobic process? __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ 4. What are the 3 stages of cellular respiration? _____________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ NAME: _______________________________________ 5. What are the reactants of Glycolysis? ___________________________________________________ 6. What are the products of Glycolysis? ___________________________________________________ 7. Where does Glycolysis take place? _____________________________________________________ 8. What are the reactants of the Krebs cycle? _______________________________________________ 9. What are the products of the Krebs cycle? _______________________________________________ 10. What are the reactants of the Electron Transport Chain? ___________________________________ 11. What are the products of the Electron Transport Chain? ____________________________________ 12. Where does the Krebs cycle take place? Electron Transport Chain take place? __________________________________________________________________________________ 13. How many ATP molecules are produced in each stage of cellular respiration? ___________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ 14. How do photosynthesis and cellular respiration relate? _____________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ 15. How do organisms generate energy when oxygen is not available? ___________________________ 16. What are the 2 types of fermentation? __________________________________________________ 17. Why does a cell need NAD+ to keep glycolysis going? ______________________________________ 18. What are the products of Lactic Acid Fermentation? _______________________________________ 19. What are the products of Alcoholic Fermentation? ________________________________________ 20. What product is recycled back to glycolysis? _____________________________________________ 21. Fermentation releases energy from food molecules in the absence of what molecule? __________________________________________________________________________________ 22. To generate energy over long periods, the body must use what process? ______________________ NAME: _______________________________________ 10.1 Cell Growth 1. What happens to your cells as you grow and get bigger? What happens to your DNA? 2. Which grows faster a cell’s volume compared to its surface area or its surface area compared to its volume? 3. Why do cells divide in half instead of getting bigger? 4. Compare asexual reproduction to sexual reproduction: Asexual Example: Example: 10.2 Cell Division 6. Fill in the following diagram of the Cell Cycle: 1. _______________________________ 2. _______________________________ 3. _______________________________ 4. _______________________________ 5. _______________________________ 6. _______________________________ 7. _______________________________ 8. _______________________________ Sexual NAME: _______________________________________ 7. List and explain important characteristics of the different phases of the cell cycle: Interphase G1: S: G2: Prophase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase Cytokinesis 8. Compare the cell cycle for prokaryotic cells & eukaryotic cells: Prokaryotic Eukaryotic 9. What is the longest phase of mitosis? 10. What phase of the cell cycle are cells in for most of their existence? NAME: _______________________________________ 11. What are the 4 stages of mitosis listed in the correct order? (Remember the acronym we used in class) 12. What is the difference between mitosis and interphase? 13. What happens to a cell when it is not undergoing mitosis (cell division)? What phase, or process, is it in? 14. How can you distinguish interphase from mitosis in a picture of a root tip? 15. Label each phase of mitosis on the diagram below: A : _________________________ B: __________________________ C: __________________________ D: __________________________ E: ___________________________ NAME: _______________________________________ 16. Label the diagram below with the correct terms for each stage of mitosis 17. How is cytokinesis different between plant and animal cells? 18. When a cell divides using mitosis, does the number of chromosomes double, halve, or stay the same? 19. Does cell division include mitosis and cytokinesis, or interphase? 10.3 Cell Division Controls 20. Define: Cyclin – 23. Compare the different types of Regulatory Proteins & what they do: Internal Regulators External Regulators Examples: Examples: NAME: _______________________________________ 24. Explain what Apoptosis is and what happens during it- 25. What disorder is caused by cells dividing uncontrollably? 26. What are different types of tumors that can form? Compare them. 27. What is the cause of cells dividing uncontrollably? 28. List 3 possible treatments for cancer: 29. What happens to a cell with a defective p53 gene? 10.4 Cell Differentiation 30 What is the name of the process by which cells become specialized? 31. What is the name of the unspecialized cells from which differentiated cells develop? 32. How does 1 cell create all of the specialized cell types in the human body? a. First cell is __________________ b. What can this turn into? c. 33. What is an embryo called after 4 days of fertilization? a. What are the cells of this called? b. What can they develop into? 34. Compare the following types of cells: Totipotent Pluripotent (ASCs or ESCs?) Multipotent (ASCs or ESCs?) NAME: _______________________________________ 35. List some benefits of stem cell research 36. Which types of stem cells do not kill the developing embryo (ASCs or ESCs)? 11.1 and 11.2 Mendelian Genetics 1. What did Gregor Mendel discover – principles of what? Could his conclusions be applied to all organisms? 2. In order to prove how cross pollination works, Mendel had to cut the ____________ parts so that the plant so that it could not self-pollinate. 3. Know the following terms: Genetics: Gene: Alleles: Genotypes: Phenotypes: Dominant trait: Recessive trait: 4. Monohybrid practice – how do you represent the alleles for monohybrid crosses – upper/lower case letters, or ALL uppercase? A homozygous round seeded plant is crossed with a homozygous wrinkled seeded plant. What are the resulting genotypes and phenotypes as well as the ratios? KEY: Genotypes: Phenotypes: NAME: _______________________________________ Two plants, both heterozygous for the gene that controls flower color are crossed. What percentage of their offspring will have purple flower? What percentage will have white flowers? KEY: Genotypes: Phenotypes: 5. Give an example of 2 homozygous alleles: Give an example of 2 heterozygous alleles: 11.3 Other Patterns of Inheritance 6. Incomplete dominance occurs when there is a phenotype in between the heterozygous & homozygous because one trait is not ____________________ _____________________ to the other. Example: White and red flowers also producing _____________ flowers There will be a third phenotype When working out Punnett squares for incomplete dominance, do you use all uppercase, or upper and lowercase? 7. Codominance occurs when an organism has 2 different dominant alleles of a gene making them ___________ show up at the ______________ time. Examples: ___________________________ Example in humans: ___________________ 8. Polygenic traits: inherited traits that are determined by more than ________ _____________. 9. Polygenic inheritance of traits is also affected by the _____________________ along with genetics. 10. List the 6 human polygenic traits: NAME: _______________________________________ 11. Di-hybrid practice: In horses, trotter (T) is dominant over pacer (t). Straight manes (H) are dominant over curly manes (h). If both parents are heterozygous for both traits, what are the expected genotypes and phenotypes, and in what proportion? Genotypes: Phenotypes: 12. Orange flowers are the result of incomplete dominance between red and yellow flowers. If codominance were to occur, what would the offspring look like? 13. A type A woman marries a man with type AB. What will be the possible genotypes and phenotypes of their children? Type A - IAIA , IAi Type B – IBIB, IBi Type AB - IAIB Type O - ii 15. Label the stages of meiosis: (Prophase I, Metaphase I, Anaphase I, Telophase I, Prophase II, Metaphase II, Anaphase II, Telophase II) NAME: _______________________________________ 3. Summarize what happens during each stage listed above: 1) Prophase I: 2) Metaphase I: 3) Anaphase I: 4) Telophase I/Prophase II: 5) Metaphase II: 6) Anaphase II: 7) Telophase II: 4. Comparing Mitosis & Meiosis: Mitosis Meiosis 5. Sex cells, also known as ____________, have (the same or half?) the number of chromosomes as body cells. 6. The end result and purpose of meiosis is to produce ___________ - these sex cells are known as (haploid or diploid?) cells because they have HALF the number of chromosomes as body cells. 7. If a cell’s diploid # = 14, what would the haploid # be? _________ 8. If a cell’s haploid # = 32, what would the diploid # be? _________ NAME: _______________________________________ 9. How many chromosomes do human cells have? ________ 10. How many pairs of chromosomes are human cells organized into? ________ Chapter 12: DNA 1) What did Griffith conclude from his experiment? Why was this useful to Avery? ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ 2) What is a bacteriophage?______________________________________________________ 3) Whose experiment used bacterial viruses to identify the genetic material? ___________________________________________________________________________ 4) How were bacterial viruses used in the experiment (explain the use of p32 and s35)? ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ 5) What was the purpose of Avery and Hershey and Chase’s experiments? What did their experiments prove? __________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ 6) What is the significance of DNA? _______________________________________________ 7) What does DNA stand for? Where is DNA located in eukaryotes? Prokaryotes? ___________________________________________________________________________ 8) What components make up a nucleotide? ______________________________________ ______________________________________ ______________________________________ 9) There are 4 different variations of these monomers (four different bases), what are the names of those bases? ______________________________________ ______________________________________ ______________________________________ ______________________________________ NAME: _______________________________________ 10) The “backbone” of the DNA molecule is made up of two components, what are these? ______________________________________ ______________________________________ 11) A = ________ and C = ____________ 12) What scientists contributed to the discovery of the DNA structure? ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ 13) Franklin studied the structure of DNA using _______________________, a technique to examine molecules, and helped Watson and Crick determined that the shape of the molecule was a _______________________ _______________________. 14) One the diagram label: a. A nucleotide b. A sugar and phosphate molecule c. The bases that are not already labelled d. A base pair e. The sugar-phosphate backbones f. Hydrogen bonds 15) Summarize the process of DNA replication. ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ NAME: _______________________________________ 14.1 Human Chromosomes 1. List the sex chromosomes for a female: 2. List the sex chromosomes for a male: 3. Answer the following questions using the pedigree charts. When naming individuals, put their generation first and then their number: Ex. IV-3 1 2 I 1 II 2 3 4 5 4 5 6 7 8 = Huntington’s Disease III 1 2 3 a. What is individual II2’s genotype – indicate homozygous or heterozygous? _____________________________________________________ b. There are no carriers for Huntington’s Disease- you either have it or you don’t. With this in mind, is Huntington’s disease caused by a dominant or recessive trait? _________ c. How many children did individuals I-1 and I-2 have? __________________ d. How many girls did II-1 and II-2 have? ___________ How many have Huntington’s Disease? _______________ 4. What is the purpose of a pedigree? _____________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________ NAME: _______________________________________ 5. The pedigree above traces an autosomal recessive disorder. Write the genotype of each individual next to the symbol. How many generations are shown here? ____________________ 6. What is a carrier? How are they represented on a pedigree (describe their shading)? Give an example of a genotype for someone who is a carrier for colorblindness – remember colorblindness is ONLY on the X ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ 7. If a parent generation has an offspring who is recessive for a disorder, then at least one of the parents must be: circle (homogeneous or heterogeneous) dominant for the disorder. 8. Why is colorblindness more common in males than in females? 14.2 Human Genetic Disorders 9. Autosomal genetic disorders affect chromosomes #_____________. 10. Complete the chart below to compare autosomal dominant and autosomal recessive disorders: Autosomal Dominant Example of a disease(s): 1. Autosomal Recessive 1. 2. 11. Nondisjunction occurs when chromosomes fail to __________________ during the process of _________________. 12. Nondisjunction = abnormal # of ________________ (either too many or too few) List the 3 disorders that are examples of nondisjunction: o ________________________________ o ________________________________ o ________________________________ 13. Colorblindness is an example of a ____________________ disorder It is circle (recessive or dominant) and located on the _______ chromosome. NAME: _______________________________________ 15.1 Selective Breeding Vocabulary to know: Selective breeding Hybridization Inbreeding Biotechnology Polyploid plants 15.2 Recombinant DNA Vocabulary to know: Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) Restriction enzyme Recombinant DNA Plasmid Transgenic Clone 1. There are 3 main requirements for the DNA recombinant process to work, including: A specific gene is located on the DNA, through the process of ___________________ ________________ ___________________: small circular DNA molecules ________________ enzyme: cuts the DNA into fragments 2. There are many uses of recombinant DNA transformations that we use today, such as: The human _______________ _______________________ 3. Use the following diagram of the transformation process producing recombinant DNA for the human growth hormone to the questions that follow: NAME: _______________________________________ Label #1 & 2 in the diagram with either plasmid or recombinant DNA What is being produced? What is the positive effect of the transformation process above? 4. Once recombinant DNA is created, the next task to insert genes from one __________________ into another. This process is known as ___________________ 5. A ____________ is a member of a population of genetically identical cells produced from a single cell. An egg cell is taken from a female sheep with it’s ________________ removed A donor cell is taken from another sheep and only the ________________ is used The 2 cells are fused together and create a clone 6. What is the job of sheep A? What is the job of sheep B? What is the job of sheep C? What is the connection between sheep A and the lamb? NAME: _______________________________________ 15.3 Applications of Genetic Engineering – DNA Recombinant’s Uses in Health & Medicine 20. What are GMO’s (genetically modified organisms)? 21. List the pros & cons of GMO’s: PROS CONS 22. What is the Bt toxin? How is a plant affected if it has the Bt gene? 23. How do transgenic animals help the food supply? Used in medical research? 24. _________________ ______________________ is the process of changing a gene to treat a medical disease or disorder. 25. What is a DNA fingerprint? What is unique about everyone’s DNA fingerprint? 26. List the 3 uses of DNA fingerprinting: NAME: _______________________________________ 27. DNA fingerprint sample: (Circle the suspect that matches the crime scene) 15.4 Ethics & Impacts of Biotechnology 28. What is the Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act? 29. What is a patent? PROS: CONS: 16.1 Darwin’s Epic Journey Vocabulary to know: Species: Adaptation: o Example: Fossils: 5. Who developed the theory of natural selection? 6. The timeline of life, organizing fossils by their estimated ages and physical similarities is called? ___________________________ How is this beneficial to Darwin’s theory of natural selection? 7. The process in which populations gradually change over time is called: _______________________ NAME: _______________________________________ 16.2 Ideas That Shaped Darwin’s Thinking 8. Explain Lamarck theories about natural selection and give an example of each. Acquired characteristics: o Example: Inheritance of acquired characteristics: o Example: 9. Explain how Darwin’s theory of natural selection differs from Lamarck’s theory of acquired characteristics, using giraffes as an example. Which theory is correct? 16.3 Natural Selection 10. List the 4 parts of Naturals Selection: a. ___________________________________________ b. ___________________________________________ c. ___________________________________________ d. ___________________________________________ 16. List 3 types of adaptations and give an example of each: 1. ____________________________________________ Example: 2. ____________________________________________ Example: 3. ____________________________________________ Example: 18. True or False: Darwin suggested species are descended from common ancestors. 19. Explain how natural selection relates to pesticide resistance? NAME: _______________________________________ 16.4 Lines of Evidence Vocabulary to know: Biogeography: Homologous structures: o Example: Analogous structures: o Example: Vestigial structures: o Example: 20. What are the 5 major arguments that support Darwin’s theory of evolution? 1. _________________________________ 2. _________________________________ 3. _________________________________ 4. _________________________________ 5. _________________________________ 22. What does the image below suggest about these 4 organisms? NAME: _______________________________________ 24. The following image is an example of what type of structure? What does this suggest? 25. How can DNA evidence be used to determine how closely two species are related? 26. How can embryological evidence be used to determine how closely related two species are? Chapter 17: Evolution of Populations 1) ___________________________ consists of all the genes present in a population. 2) What is allele frequency? _____________________________________________________________ 3) Give an example of a single-gene and polygenic trait. ______________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ 4) Label each type of graph and give a possible scenario for each of the following graphs: NAME: _______________________________________ 5) Genetic drift changes the allele frequency of a small population simply by ___________________. 6) What is genetic drift? ________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ 7) What are the 2 types of genetic drift? Give an example of each. __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ 8) What type of genetic drift involves a small population from a large population migrating to a new area, changing the allele frequency of that population? ____________________________________ 9) What type of genetic drift involves reduction in a population that caused a reduction in genetic variation? _____________________________________ 10) What is genetic equilibrium? __________________________________________________________ 11) What 5 conditions must occur in order for a population to maintain genetic equilibrium (HardyWeinberg principle)? ________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ 12) What process results in a new species? _________________________________________________ 13) What is reproductive isolation? ________________________________________________________ 14) What 3 types of reproductive isolation lead to the formation of new species? What is the difference between each type? _________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ Chapter 18: Classification _______1) Classification A) First’s part of a species’ name. _______2) Taxonomy B) A tool that is used to identify organisms and consists of a series of paired statements. _______3) Dichotomous Key C) The division of organisms into groups, or classes, based on specific characteristics _______ 4) Genus D) Individuals capable of interbreeding. _______5) Species E) Science of describing, classifying, and naming organisms. 1) What two systems are used today to classify organisms? _____________________________ NAME: _______________________________________ 2) What are the eight levels of classification? *_____________________ *_____________________ *_____________________ *_____________________ *_____________________ *_____________________ *_____________________ *_____________________ 3) The scientific name for an organism comes from its __________________________________ 4) What can you find by working through a dichotomous key? ______________________________________________________________________________ 5) How are organisms classified in traditional classification systems? ______________________ 6) Bacteria that can sustain harsh environments are called? ____________________________________ 7) What is the difference between a eukaryote and a prokaryote? _______________________________ 8) Humans are referred to as Homo sapiens. What is its specific (species) name? __________________ 9) Why is it important that organisms be referred to by their scientific name and not their common name? _______________________________________________________________________________ 10) What type of diagram indicates degrees of relatedness among organisms? ____________________ 11) How does a cladogram differ from Linnean classification? ___________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ 12) What is a derived character? Give an example. ____________________________________________ 13) Use the cladogram below to answer questions A– D. NAME: _______________________________________ A. B. C. D. Which organisms are considered part of Clade Mammalia? ___________________________ For which clade is an amniotic egg a derived character? ______________________________ Which organisms share the same derived traits as reptiles? ___________________________ Which organisms have specialized shearing teeth? __________________________________ 14) What are the 3 major domains? Which kingdoms fall under each domain? _____________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ 15) All organisms in the kingdoms Protista, Plantae, Fungi, and Animalia are _______________________ 16) The two domains composed of only unicellular organisms are _______________________________ Chapter 19: The Fossil Record 1) What is the significance of the fossil record? Did all organisms that lived on Earth become fossils? _____________________________________________________________________________________ 2) What type of rock are fossils usually found? _______________________________________________ 3) What is a paleontologist? What do paleontologists use to determine the age of a fossil? _____________________________________________________________________________________ 4) True or False: Rock layers form in order by age, the oldest on the bottom the more recent on top. 5) The length of time required for half of the radioactive atoms in a sample to decay is its ____________ 6) What is an index fossil? _______________________________________________________________ 7) What is the difference between background extinction and mass extinction? _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ NAME: _______________________________________ 8) What is the difference between gradualism and punctuated equilibrium? _____________________________________________________________________________________ 9) When species migrate to a new environment or extinction clears an environment of a large number of inhabitants, the species evolves several different forms; this describes the process of ____________________. Give an example __________________________________________________ 10) Two different species that live in different parts of the world but in similar environments develop many similar adaptations. This is an example of ______________________________________________ 11) Give an example of coevolution: _______________________________________________________ 15) A slow steady change in a particular line of descent is called A) coevolution B) gradualism C) punctuated equilibrium D) convergent evolution 16) What was the significance of the Miller – Urey experiment? _____________________________________________________________________________________ 17) According to the endosymbiotic theory, mitochondria in eukaryotic cells were significant because _____________________________________________________________________________________ Chapter 20: Viruses and Prokaryotes 1) What are some defining structures of bacteria? __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ 2) In which ways are viruses considered living? Not living? __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ 3) What type of virus is HIV considered? ___________________________________________________ 4) What is a method of treatment that’s helpful against bacteria but does not have any effect on viruses? ___________________________________________________________________________ Ecology Unit 1. Explain the difference between biotic and abiotic factors. Biotic – Abiotic – NAME: _______________________________________ 2. Define these types of relationships (symbiosis). a. mutualism – b. commensalism – c. parasitism – d. predator/prey – e. competition – 3. What is carrying capacity? 4. What role do decomposers play in the environment? 5. What is a trophic level? 6. What is the difference between a food chain and a food web? 7. What is the ultimate source of energy for this food web? 8. What are the producers in this food web? 9. What are the primary consumers (herbivores) in this food web? 10. What are the secondary consumers in this food web? 11. Give an example of a food chain within this food web: 12. Create an energy pyramid from the food chain: leaves → insects → birds → red fox → bear 13. Where is the most energy in this pyramid? Where is the least energy? 14. What happens to energy as it moves through the food chain/web? NAME: _______________________________________ Plant Unit 1) What are characteristics that define plants? _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ 2) What structures are found in plant cells that are not in animal cells? _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ 3) What process do plants use to make glucose (sugar) from sunlight and CO2? ________________ 4) What 2 major categories are plants broken down into? _________________________ _________________________ 5) What plants are believed to be the ancestors to land plants? ______________________________ 6) What characteristics do plants share with this species (supporting the theory in #5)? _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ 7) What does it mean for a plant to be nonvascular? Vascular? Vascular: __________________________________________________________________________ Non-vascular: ______________________________________________________________________ 8) What structures make up the vascular system (bundle) of plants? _________________________ _________________________ 9) What came first, non-vascular plants or vascular plants? ___________________________________ 10) What is the name of the class associated with the first land plants (non-vascular)? ___________________________________ NAME: _______________________________________ Example: ___________________________ 11) Give 3 examples of adaptations plants needed to develop in order to live on land. _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ 12) In non-vascular plants, which stage is more dominant, the gametophyte or the sporophyte? _________________________ 13) What process is shown in the above diagram? ___________________________________ What is the haploid phase in the plant life cycle? __________________________ Diploid phase? ___________________________ 14) What happens to the sporophyte in comparison to gametophyte as plants evolved from nonvascular, to seedless vascular, to seed vascular plants (gymnosperms and angiosperms)? ____________________________________________________________________________ 15) Fill in the blanks to the following diagram which illustrates the order in which plants evolved: Plant Kingdom Non-vascular Plants Vascular Plants Plants w/o Seeds (Seedless) Plants w/ Seeds (Seeded) Naked Seeds Seeds in Fruits NAME: _______________________________________ 16) Look at the following life cycle and answer the questions that follow: A. What life cycle is being illustrated in this diagram? _________________________________ B. What is being produced in structure L using meiosis? _______________________________ C. What is developing in stages between A to C, which occurs after a spore lands on the ground and germinates? _____________________________________________________________ D. Which structure produces archegonium and antheridium? ___________________________ E. What is produced in the male gametophyte that is being transferred to the female gametophyte? _______________________________________________________________ F. What is produced in J that involves fertilization? ___________________________________ G. What does this develop into? ___________________________________________________ 17) What is a seed? ____________________________________________________________________ 18) What are the 2 groups of seed plants? ____________________________________ ____________________________________ 19) What adaptations allow seed plants to reproduce without standing water? ____________________ NAME: _______________________________________ 20) What is the male gametophyte in seed plants? Female? Male: _____________________________________ Female: ___________________________________ 21) Is pollen considered haploid or diploid? __________________________________ 22) Where are the gametophytes of gymnosperms found? ______________________ 23) Use the following life cycle diagram to answer the corresponding questions: A. What life cycle is being illustrated? ____________________________________ B. What is the reproductive structure of angiosperms? ______________________ C. What are the male reproductive parts of the flower? Female? i. Male : _____________________________________________________ ii. Female: ___________________________________________________ D. What does the ovary protect? ________________________________________ E. What does the ovary of angiosperms become? __________________________ F. What is the purpose of the fruit? ______________________________________ 24) What are the 2 ways in which angiosperms (flowering plants) are classified? ____________________________ ____________________________ 25) What is the main difference between a monocot and dicot? Monocot: _________________________________________________________________________ Dicot: ____________________________________________________________________________ NAME: _______________________________________ 26) Distinguishing plants by growing season: Plants that die after the first growing season are called: _________________ Plants that continue to grow from year to year are called: _______________ 27) What is the function of the following plant parts: Roots: _____________________________________________________________________ Stems: _____________________________________________________________________ Leaves: _____________________________________________________________________ 28) What is the purpose of the cuticle? _____________________________________________________ 29) What are the openings in leaves that allow gas exchange to take place and water to be regulated? _________________________________________ 30) What is the process called in which water is regulated? ___________________________________ 31) What constitutes the vascular bundle in roots and stems? _________________________________ 32) What tissue is responsible for transporting water through the plant? Nutrients? Water: __________________________ Nutrients: ________________________ 33) What type of growth increases the length of the plant? What part of the plant does this occur in? _________________________________________________________________________________ 34) What type of growth increases the thickness of the stems and roots of the plants? __________________________________________________________________________________