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 Kennesaw State University High School Model United Nations United Nations Environmental Program th​
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March 2016 KSU Marietta Campus Email: [email protected] Dear Delegates, It is my pleasure to welcome you to the 2016 Kennesaw State University High School Model United Nations Conference. My name is ​
Jasmine Sutherland​
, and I am honored to serve as Director of the United Nations Environmental Program (UNEP). I am a junior at KSU pursuing a Bachelor of Arts in International Affairs with a concentration in Diplomatic and International Service. I plan on continuing my education in graduate school abroad after completing my Bachelors. With the KSU MUN team, I have proudly represented Cyprus, Switzerland and Sweden at both local and international conferences. This is my second year on the HSMUN staff and I am greatly looking forward to meeting you all and having a great conference. Joining me at the Dais this year is Assistant Director, ​
Crystal Morris​
. Crystal is a senior at KSU majoring in Integrative Studies with a concentration of International Affairs and Geospatial Science. This is her first year participating in MUN and HSMUN. This past fall, she represented Chile at the Southern Regional Model United Nations conference. She is excited to be a part of the UNEP committee and hope that each of you will enjoy your time at this conference. Also joining the Dais as Chair is ​
Eric Brito​
. Eric is an active member of the KSU Model UN team. He previously served as president of the KSU Young Democrats as a freshman. Now a junior and politically independent, he edges closer to graduating in Political Science with a concentration in Global Studies. He aspires to one day work as a public servant at the local, state, and ultimately federal level in either the United States or Mexico. This past fall, Eric represented Chile at the Southern Regional Model United Nations conference in Atlanta. The topics under discussion for UNEP are: I.
Taking Steps Against Rapidly Expanding Climate Change II.
Population Growth and Environmental Health Each country delegation within this committee is expected to submit a position paper which covers both of the agenda topics. If there are two delegates representing the same country, they must formulate only one paper. If a second paper is submitted, it will not be considered. Information for properly formatting the position papers as well as valuable advice for writing a quality paper can be found on pages 24­28 of the Delegate Resource Guide. Delegates are reminded that papers should be no longer than two pages in length. Citations should be in footnote format. Furthermore, plagiarism in an academic setting is unacceptable and will nullify any score for the paper in question. The objective of a position paper is to present the diplomatic position of your country on both agenda topics as closely as possible to how an actual diplomat would present the position of his or her native state. When researching for your position papers and preparing for this committee, we highly encourage you to carefully read this background guide and utilize the resources we have provided for you. The research guide contains documents, articles, and books that will benefit you not only for work in UNEP this conference, but for your potential future studies. Committee History “To provide leadership and encourage partnership in caring for the environment by inspiring, informing, and enabling nations and peoples to improve their quality of life without compromising that of future generations.” ­ Mission Statement of UNEP The United Nations Environment Program (UNEP) was established in 1972 at the Conference on the 1
Human Environment in Stockholm. ​
It was created to felicitate and guide in the development of environmental activities within the United Nations. The UNEP has three major objectives that all its work strives towards, which are: 1.
Assessing global, regional and national environmental conditions and trends, 2.
Developing international and national environmental instruments, and 2
3.
Strengthening institutions for the wise management of the environment. Through the pursuit of these goals the UNEP has been able to do great work during its existence, most notably on Earthwatch, which is “an international monitoring system designed to facilitate the exchange 3
of environmental information among governments.” ​
The UNEP has also been a part of many discussions of environmental issues within other areas of the United Nations as well as working individually with Member States to improve specific area of their nation’s environment, such as the collaboration with 4
UNESCO on the support for Environmental Management of the Iraqi Marshlands. The UNEP headquarters is in Nairobi, Kenya and has outposts throughout the world on every continent. The structure of the UNEP consists of the Executive office, Global MEAs (Multilateral Environmental Agreements), Regional Offices, and five Divisional committees­Communication and Public Information (DCPI), Environmental Policy Implementation (DEPI), Early Warning and Assessment (DEWA), Technology, Industry & Economics (DTIE), and Environmental Law & Conventions (DELC). These divisional committees are further broken down into seven concentration areas: climate change, disasters and conflicts, ecosystem management, environmental governance, chemicals and “Historical Background” ​
UNEP​
. Accessed 20 December 2015 “About” ​
UNEP​
. Accessed 20 December 2015 3
Karen Mingst. “United Nations Environment Progam” ​
Britannica​
. Accessed 20 December 2015 4
“Iraq becomes the 192nd to the Convention on Biological Diversity” ​
UNEP​
. Accessed 20 December 2015 1
2
5
waste, resource efficiency, and keeping the environment under review.​
The UNEP relies, like many committees within the United Nations, on contributions from its participating member states. This photo shows the latest numbers that the UNEP has gathered that shows who has 6
committed the most money toward the UNEP’s projects. Throughout its history, UNEP has strived to help nations to achieve their environmental goals as well as advocating for the overall development and betterment of the global environmental standard. UNEP will continue to strive towards its objectives and mission statement as long as it is active, and with the ever increasing dilemma the world faces with climate change, their role is sure to grow. I.
Taking Steps Against Rapidly Expanding Climate Change “Climate change does not respect border; it does not respect who you are ­ rich and poor, small and big. Therefore, this is what we call 'global challenges,' which requires global solidarity.” ­ Ban Ki­moon
Introduction One of the biggest challenges facing the international community today is the issue of climate change and its effects. It is no surprise that earth’s climate is changing, as it has gone through many periods of extreme change: ice age, stone age, etc. The main reason for the current concern about climate change is the rise in atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) concentration, along with many other greenhouses gases, 7
which is very unusual for the Quaternary (two million years). Climate change is occurring as a result of certain gases building up in the Earth’s atmosphere. According to the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA), the recent accumulations in the Earth’s atmosphere of heat­trapping “greenhouse gases” have been caused by a number of factors, but the two 8
factors most at fault are the burning of fossil fuels such as coal and oil, and widespread deforestation. These gases prevent heat from escaping to space, somewhat like the glass panels of a greenhouse. Greenhouse gases are necessary as they keep the planet's surface at an optimal temperature to sustain human life. However, as the concentrations of these gases continue to increase into the atmosphere, the Earth's temperature rises above normal levels. According to data from the United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) and the National Aeronautics and Space Agency (NASA), the Earth's average surface temperature has increased by about 1.4˚F in the last 100 years. While this doesn’t 9
seem like a large increase, it has still had major impacts on the Earth’s climate. As stated on the UNEPs mission statement page, “The potential for runaway greenhouse warming is real and has never been more present. The most dangerous climate changes may still be avoided if we transform our hydrocarbon based energy systems and if we initiate rational and adequately financed ​
http://www.unep.org/pdf/UNEPorganigramme_December2015.pdf PHOTO: http://www.unep.org/about/funding/ 7
“The Global Climate Change Regime” ​
Council on Foreign Relations.​
June 2013 8
“Global Greenhouse Gas Emission Data” ​
USEPA​
. Accessed 21 December 2015 9
“WMO/UNEP Scientific Assessments of Ozone Depletion” ​
National Oceanic & Atmospheric Administration. ​
Accessed 20 December 2015 5
6
adaptation programmes to forestall disasters and migrations at unprecedented scales. The tools are 10
available, but they must be applied immediately and aggressively.” History In 1988 the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) joined with UNEP to create the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), a specialized committee that would analyze 11
scientific information on climate change. ​
Out of concerns raised in the IPCC's First Assessment Report. the UN General Assembly established the Intergovernmental Negotiating Committee for a Framework Convention on Climate Change. The UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) was adopted in May 1992 and implemented in 1994. The convention included the commitment to stabilize greenhouse gas emissions at 1990 levels by the 2000s. The Kyoto Protocol was the world’s first international climate change treaty. It was adopted in 1997, but not implemented until 2005; after 55 parties had ratified it. The Kyoto Protocol set out specific commitments by individual developed Member States to reduced emissions by an average of 5.2% below 1990 levels by 2008­2012. However, it would take three further meetings until the "Marrakesh Accords" were agreed, which provides enough detail on the procedures for pursuing the objectives set out in the 12
Kyoto Protocol. The Kyoto Protocol had several objectives: 1. [International Emissions Trading] By 2012, developed Member States would reduce their collective emissions by 5.2% from 1990 levels, 2. [Clean Development Mechanism] The Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) allows a Member State with an emission­reduction or emission­limitation commitment under the Kyoto Protocol to implement an emission­reduction project in developing countries, 3. [Joint Implementation] Member States may fulfill their commitments jointly (such as with regional agreements) and they may improve the efficiency of compliance through "flexibility 13
mechanisms". The Kyoto Protocol had been the sole internationally binding agreement between Member States on climate change in nearly two decades. 2015 marked the year for the successor to the Kyoto Protocol to emerge. In December 2015 solidarity was shown by Member States at the Paris Climate Conference (COP21). Member States came together in Paris to discuss and create a plan that would help in the fight against rapid climate change. The major emphasis of the COP21 meeting in Paris was on producing a global, binding agreement to cut carbon emissions. There was clear international agreement that reducing carbon dioxide emissions was a global priority built on a bloc of public opinion within Member States. It was agreed to aim for a temperature increase below 2°C and with the aim of it being closer to 1.5 degrees, which suggests that governments will be expected to introduce additional mitigation actions to move “Climate Change: Introduction” ​
United Nations Environmental Program. ​
Accessed on 20 December 2015 “WMO/UNEP Scientific Assessments of Ozone Depletion” ​
​
National Oceanic & Atmospheric Administration. ​
Accessed 20 December 2015 12
“Kyoto Protocol” ​
United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. ​
Accessed on 20 December 2015. 13
Ibid 10
11
14
more rapidly to low­carbon technologies, especially in the electricity areas. ​
Agneta Rising, Director General of the World Nuclear Association said: "We welcome the commitments that governments have made, and the nuclear industry stands ready to help achieve the goals of the Paris agreement. This agreement should lead to a more positive outlook for nuclear investments, as nuclear is an important part of the response to climate change in Member States across the world. What governments need to do now 15
is convert the global agreement they have reached in Paris into national policies…” ​
There were 188 Member States who sent in their individual climate change plan of actions and the Paris Agreement will be made available for ratification in early 2016. Every year, the Group of 8 (Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, Russia, UK, and the USA) send their heads of government to economic and political summits to discuss pressing matters with other experts and officials. The heavily emphasized topic at the 2005 G8 Summit in Gleneagles, Scotland was climate change. The meeting confirmed that the G8 shared common goals of: 1. Creating the conditions for economic development and poverty eradication by improving the accessibility and affordability of modern energy services; 2. Providing security of supply with energy systems that are resilient, reliable and diversified; and 3. Protecting local and global environmental quality, including addressing greenhouse gas emissions. In 2006, the G8 met in St. Petersburg, Russia and focused once more on climate change and the role of 16
energy security and again in 2007 and 2008. Problems There have been disagreements between Member States over climate monitoring and financing system outlined in the Kyoto Protocol and other legally binding accords. Climate frameworks struggled to properly monitor greenhouse gas outputs, especially in developing Member States. Many Member States lacked the domestic capacity to audit their total emissions, even if they were able to monitor national levels, some feared that reporting such numbers would encourage the international community to cap 17
their emissions. ​
Others, like China, argue that an international monitoring system represents an infringement on national sovereignty and that developing states should be afforded some leniency in emissions as they are currently in critical stages of economic​
​
development. Additionally, the climate management system does not adequately address the sources of financing needed to help developing 18
Member States cope with climate change. It should also be noted that despite some successes, the perceived lack of leadership by key players in the climate change debate, especially that of the United States, has raised concern over the long term prospects of global climate change management. Additionally, Canada's December 2011 decision to withdraw from the Kyoto Protocol—based on domestic economic concerns as well as its view that the world's top greenhouse gas emitters have refused to ratify the accord—has generated concerns that the 19
Kyoto Protocol itself may have been in danger of collapse. “The Paris Agreement: FAQs” ​
United Nations. ​
12 December 2015 Jonathan Cobb, David Hess. “Nuclear Energy needed to achieve ambitious global climate agreement” ​
World Nuclear Assosiatio. ​
15 December 2015 16
“Policy Responses to Climate Change” ​
World Nuclear Association. ​
December 2015 17
“Case Study 2: The Kyoto Protocol” ​
Fern​
. Accessed on 20 December 2015 14
15
18
19
“Kyoto Protocol Fast Facts” ​
​
CNN​
. March 2015 “Canada to Withdraw from Kyoto Protocol” ​
BBC News. ​
December 2013 Committee Directives Climate change may very well be humanity's greatest challenge. It is a crisis that must be rapidly addressed if catastrophe is to be prevented. The impacts are already the being felt by millions among the world’s most vulnerable communities. Climate Change is a social and environmental justice issue, an ecological issue, and an issue of economic and political domination. As such, it must be addressed through broad and visionary alliances. What steps can this body take to promote sustainability? Is it truly realistic to believe that all Member States can come together to ​
implement​
and ​
enforce​
the objectives set in the Kyoto Protocols and the 2015 Paris Agreement? What ideas can your Member State bring to the table that could stop the rapid expansion of climate change? II.
Population Growth and Environmental Health Introduction The main responsibility of the delegate is to become adequately informed about the adverse effects environmental health poses on basic human rights in the context of regional population growth. It should be well noted that climate change is a threat to environmental health, moreover at the crux of environmental health is the need to protect human rights as an imperative to secure the longevity of a healthy life for all citizens. Climate change is an eminent threat to the natural environment and human society as a whole. Without an emphasis on climate change and the effects it has on the environment along with rapid population growth, low­income Member States will continue to experience poor access to “clean water, food, and other key resources that support human health.” Environmental Health Poor environmental health is also a responsible in contributing to “drought, ecosystem degradation, and food shortages across the world.” The best indicators to determine whether the environment is healthy and suited for rapid population growth are “clean air to breathe, clean water to drink, food to eat, fuels for energy, protection from storms, foods, fires and droughts; climate regulation and disease control; and places to congregate for aesthetic, recreational, and spiritual enjoyment.” Enforcement mechanisms have been put in place to protect the planet and safeguard “biodiversity, marine life, wildlife, transboundary 20
pollution”­­ vis­à­vis (MEAs) multilateral environmental agreements. The unhinged effects of climate change will impact “regional ecosystems and natural resources, physical infrastructure, human settlements, and human health and security.” Furthermore, hydroelectric and biofuels policies and projects can lead to the disruption of ecosystems along with food shortages and price shocks and thus the Adaptation fund and Green Climate Funds have been incorporated at the forefront of the environment and society to mitigate their effects whether natural or man­made. Other modes to protect the environment such as geoengineering, in particular solar radiation management and ocean iron 21
fertilization, deliberately manipulate the ecosystem to circumvent the effects of climate change. The progressive recognition of human rights is important to understand the obligations relating to the environment and climate change. With the issues at stake and the recognition of the linkage between climate change and human rights, the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (UNHRC) 22
issued 4 resolutions: 1. Resolution 10/4 (2009) http://ap.ohchr.org/documents/E/HRC/resolutions/A_HRC_RES_10_4.pdf 2. Resolution 18/22 (2011) http://www.ohchr.org/Documents/Issues/ClimateChange/A.HRC.RES.18.22.pdf 3. Resolution 26/27 (2014) http://www.ohchr.org/EN/HRBodies/HRC/RegularSessions/Session26/Pages/ResDecStat.aspx 4. Resolution 29/15 (2015) http://www.ohchr.org/EN/HRBodies/HRC/RegularSessions/Session29/Pages/ResDecStat.aspx “Climate Change and Human Rights,” United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP). December 2015 Ibid. 22
Ibid 20
21
With an understanding of the implications of climate change, governments have a duty to respect, protect, and fulfill human rights. In addition, member states need to have ​
procedural​
​
obligations​
that ensures public participation on environmental policies and information; ​
substantive​
and ​
adaptive​
​
obligations​
that conceive urban planning, warning systems, displacement and resettlement, and access to food; and finally specific​
​
obligations​
to groups, with an emphasis on women, children, and indigenous groups. The information presented thus far is crucial to understand why environmental health is interlinked with human rights. In the end, international response must resolve the issue of climate and its adverse effects on environmental health in the following six contexts before it becomes more complicated by the lurking 23
variable of population growth: 1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
A recognition of interconnectedness of human rights and climate change; Commitments to mitigate the effects on climate change on the environment; Proactive plans of action; Financial obligations to low­income member states; An adherence to environmental policies and planning; Protection of international climate finances. Population Growth When taking in account demographic changes, challenges and opportunities lie in sustainable development in a three­prong approach that focuses on population growth, economic growth, and technological growth. Environmental stress is intersected by consumption and production patterns in relation to population and economic growth. To alleviate the pressure squeezing the life out the environment, technological development must be efficient and relatively safe wherever projects are conducted. The present and future shifts in demographics and population can inform your country on the 24
kinds of planning and polices required to target (MDGs) Millennium Development Goals. Two separate reports prepared in 2014 and 2015 by the Department of Economic and Social Affairs Population Division explains in detail demographic trends since the inception of the Economic and Social Council resolution 1996/2 and the Programme of Action of the International Conference on Population and Development in 1994. The former elaborates on population trends between 2014 and 2050, while the 25
latter goes over projections between 2015 and 2030. In 2014, the world amassed 7.2 billion people with an estimate of a 2 billion increase by 2050. In 1994, the estimated population was around 5.7 billion people and continued to grow at 1.5 percent per year except between 2010 and 2014, which was at a rate of 1.2 percent annual growth. Taking the current rate of growth, the population in 2025 will reach 8.1 billion people and in 2050, the number will stand at a medium of 9.6 billion people. Africa will be responsible for 80 percent of the new population in 2050, with Asia trailing at 12 percent. Member States that will account for almost half of the new population growth by 2050 will come from nine Member States: the Democratic Republic of Congo, Ethiopia, India, Indonesia, Nigeria, Pakistan, the United Republic of Tanzania, the United States of America, and Uganda. “Climate Change and Human Rights,” United Nations Environment Program. December 2015 “Concise Report on the World Population Situation in 2014,” Department of Economic and Social Affairs Population Division. 2014 25
Ibid. 23
24
By 2028, India will surpass China as the most populous country. Declines in population are expected 26
from China, Germany, Japan, Poland, Romania, The Russian Federation, Serbia, Thailand, and Ukraine. A run down on population projections prepared in the second report by the Department of Economic and Social Affairs Population Division estimates that the population today in 2015 stands at 7.3 billion people and will grow to 8.3 billion in 2030. Africa will see the largest regional increase in their population (as stated), Asia will house 60 percent of the world’s population, and all the while, Europe will see a decrease 27
in their population by 2030. Regional projection between 2015 and 2030 are as follows: 1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Asia from 4.4 billion to 4.9 billion; Africa from 1.9 billion to 1.69 billion; Europe from 738 million to 734 million; Latin American and the Caribbean from 634 million to 721 million; Northern America from 387 million to 405 million; Oceania from 39 million to 47 million; Rather lamentable, Asia and Africa will have trouble meeting millennium development goal 1, which is to alleviate extreme poverty and hunger. In order to meet the expanded goals found in the (MDGs), polices to reduce poverty and hunger must keep up with the pace of unprecedented population growth. Member States that failed to feed the undernourished also experienced rapid population growth. In contrast, Member States on average that experience slow population growth tend to have the capacity to meet MDG1 and reduce the proportion of undernourishment. However, high population in relation to undernourishment is not always the case in Member States like Nigeria and Niger due to efficient policies and programs in place. It goes unsaid that low­income Member States will have challenges in their ability to obtain “food and housing program, water and sanitation infrastructure, and health and education systems and to grow their economies to ensure adequate resources to meet the needs of growing numbers 28
people.” Another challenge Member States face are high fertility rates, for example in Uganda and Nigeria, their growing youthful age structure will complicate the deliverance of basic services to the growing number of children. In Member States like Brazil and India, the growing number of older people that need basic services will be complicated by low fertility rates. And in Germany and Japan, a decrease in their overall 29
population will have some social, economic, and political implications. An estimated 2.1 billion babies will be born between 2015 and 2030. Niger is projected to see a 60 percent increase in the number of births in the next 15 years. Nineteen other Member States are also forecasted to see a spike by 30 percent (or more) increase in the number of births by 2030 in relation to 2000­2015. Fifteen out the nineteen Member States with strikingly projected high fertility rates will come from Africa. As a reminder these statistics are not clear and dry, one most consider the particularities existing in demographic changes when conducting research for your own member state. For example­ India, China, and Mexico “are projected to have fewer births in 2015­2030 than in 2000­2015” and thus, one must consider fertility rates, birth rates, GNI/GDP, infant/child mortality, among other variables to 26
“ Population 2030: Demographic challenges and opportunities for sustainable development planning” ​
United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs​
. 2015 27
Ibid. 28
Ibid. 29
Ibid formulate a clear picture of how population growth may affect your respective country and the 30
environment it operates in. Of the estimated 2.1 billion babies that will be born 2015­2030, 60 million will not survive their first birthday and roughly, 85 million will die before the age of 5. Unfortunately, high fertility rates will complicate the distribution of healthcare and food, specifically in developing Member States and in regions like Sub­Saharan Africa. Unsurprisingly, member states with high mortality rates are those that will see a surge in their population by an increase number of births. The way to stop death rates in developing Member States, in particular among infants and children is “quality healthcare in the form of primary health screenings, vaccinations, oral rehydration therapy, nutritional support, and antibiotics 31
when indicated.” Committee Directives The Population Division of the Department of Economic and Social Affairs (DESA) works with the commission Population and Development of the Economic Social Council every year to develop a theme influenced by the Programme of Action of the International Conference on Population and Development (ICPD.) Themes are conceptualized in order to guide research objectives on population trends over the next fifteen years. “Realizing the future we want: integrating population issues into sustainable development, including in the post­2015 development agenda” was theme in 2015 and the theme to consider in 2016 as a delegate is “Strengthening the demographic evidence base for the post­2015 developing agenda.” Taken from the post­2015 United Nations development agenda, consider these areas for research: “changing age structures and their implications for development and the environment; 32
population and health; and sustainable urbanization, and international migration.” Furthermore, Jeffery Sachs of Colombia University as noted in the post­2015 agenda highlighted six demographic challenges to further expand your research are: 1. “Rapid population growth in Sub­Saharan Africa; 2. Population ageing in high­ and middle­income Member States and the implications for fiscal policy; 3. Large­scale environment disruptions and the possibility of increased conflict and environmentally induced migration; 4. Rapid urbanization and the need for urban trend analysis; 5. Technology and large­scale labor market disruption and the future of work and leisure; 6. International migration and its impact on both individuals and Member States Strong interlocking features to consider when presenting or formulating guidelines and polices on population growth and environmental health should include “the youth, the aging, population and global health, population and reproductive health, sustainable urbanization, and international migration and Ibid Ibid 32
“Economic & United Nations Expert Group Meeting on the Post­ 2015 Era: Implications for the Global Research 30
31
Agenda on Population and Development,” The Population Division of the Department of Economic and Social Affairs (DESA) of the United Nations Secretariat development.” When conducting research on population, a plethora of publications with information can 33
be accessed at ​
www.unpopulation.org​
and ​
www.unep.org/publications​
. Research Directory The resources listed below are provided to help guide your research as you prepare and write your position papers. These resources include general knowledge, knowledge on both topics that we will be discussing, and other sources of news and helpful resources. General UNEP: Official website: http://www.unep.org/ UNEP Climate Change: ​
http://www.unep.org/climatechange/ UNDP­UNEP Poverty­Environment Initiative http://www.unpei.org/ Climate & Clean Air Collation ​
http://www.ccacoalition.org/en I. Taking Steps Against Rapidly Expanding Climate Change Paris Agreement 2015 http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/2015/cop21/eng/l09r01.pdf The official resolution adopted in December 2015 in an effort to combat rapid climate change. Kyoto Protocol http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/convkp/kpeng.pdf Official document Group of 8 http://www.britannica.com/topic/Group­of­Eight More information on the G8. II. Population Growth and Environmental Health Climate Change and Human Rights in 2015: http://apps.unep.org/publications/index.php?option=com_pub&task=download&file=011917_en
The World Population in 2014 and Estimates for 2050:
http://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/publications/pdf/trends/Concise%20Report%20on%2
33
Ibid 0the%20World%20Population%20Situation%202014/en.pdf
The Population between 2015 and 2030: http://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/publications/pdf/trends/Population2030.pdf
Post­ 2015 Agenda on Population and Development:
http://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/events/pdf/expert/22/2015_EGM­research­priorities_
Report.pdf
World Population Policies from 2013: http://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/publications/policy/world­population­policies­2013.s
html
World Fertility Patterns in 2015:
http://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/publications/pdf/fertility/world­fertility­patterns­2015
.pdf
A 2014 Revision on Urbanization Prospects:
http://esa.un.org/unpd/wup/FinalReport/ Other The New York Times: Environment http://www.nytimes.com/pages/science/earth/index.html The Guardian: Environment
http://www.theguardian.com/uk/environment BBC News: Science & Environment http://www.bbc.com/news/science_and_environment/ The Economist: Nature & Environment http://www.economist.com/topics/nature­and­environment Science Daily: Top Environment News http://www.sciencedaily.com/news/top/environment/ UNEP News Centre
http://www.unep.org/newscentre/ UNEP on Facebook
https://www.facebook.com/unep.org Model United Nations Preparation http://bestdelegate.com/mun­made­easy­how­to­get­started­with­model­united­nations/