Download Chapter 16 Reading Guide 1

Chapter 16 Reading Guide answers (p. 1-3)
Page 340-344: What is an Ecosystem?
1. The study of interactions of living organisms with one another and the environment is called _ecology__.
2. The place where a particular population of species lives is called a __habitat__.
3. All of the different species that live together in a habitat are called a _community___.
4. A community (all living things) and all the physical aspects (nonliving things) together make-up an
__ecosystem___.
5. All of the physical aspects (nonliving things) in a habitat are called __abiotic factors__.
6. All of the organisms (living things) in a habitat are called ___biotic factors___.
7. The number of species living with an ecosystem is a measure of its __biodiversity__.
8. __Lichens__ are associations between fungi and algae or cyanobacteria.
9. The first organisms to live in an area (like small fast grow plants) are called _pioneer species__.
10. The regular progression of species replacement is called __succession__.
11. Succession where plants have never grown before is called __primary succession____.
12. Succession where there has been previous growth is called __secondary succession__.
13. Why is a glacier a good example of primary succession? Because as the ice melts the rock becomes
exposed for the first time; life did not exist there before
14. How much has it receded (been exposed) in the past 200 years? __100 km___
15. What is the exposed rock missing (a nutrient)? Usable nitrogen
16. Name 4 pioneer species of the glacier. __Lichens__ __ mosses __ ___grasses __ ___fireweed___
17. Name two trees that inhabit the stable glacier community. __spruce_ __ hemlock__
Page 345-349: Energy Flow in Ecosystems
1. What is the most important factor that controls what kinds of organisms live in an ecosystem and how
many organisms the ecosystem can support? __flow of energy__
2. Most life on Earth depends in _photosynthetic_ organism that capture energy from the _sun_ to
make their own food.
3. _Primary Productivity_ is the rate at which organics material is produced by photosynthetic
organisms in an ecosystem. This determines the amount of _energy____ available in an ecosystem.
4. __Producers___ (autotrophs) capture energy from the sun to make energy storing molecules.
5. Give 3 examples of producers. _plants__, _bacteria__, _algae_, grass, ___trees
6. Organisms that eat plants or other organisms to obtain the energy are called _consumers_(heterotrophs).
7. Ecologists assign each organisms to a _trophic level__ based on the organism’s source of energy.
8. The path of energy through a trophic level is called a __food chain___.
9. The lowest trophic level of any ecosystem is occupied by __producers_.
10. _Herbivores_ (primary consumers) are animals that eat plants or other primary producers. They can
be found at the _second_ trophic level.
11. Herbivores that eat plants need to be able to digest _cellulose_ , a complex carbohydrate in Carnivores/Om
nivores
plants. Usually bacteria in the gut’s of herbivores will help herbivores digest this.
Herbivores
Humans _cannot_ digest this (it is the fiber in our diets).
Producers
12. _Secondary_ consumers or _carnivores_ are animals that eat other animals.
13. Animals that eat both plants and animals are called _ominivores___.
14. _Detritivores__ are organisms that obtain their energy from the organic wastes and dead bodies.
15. Bacteria and fungi are known as _decomposers__ because they cause decay.
16. Some times there is a fourth level of carnivores that eat other carnivores. They are called
_teritary__ consumers or third level consumers.
17. Usually energy does not follow a simple path because animals feed at different levels. This creates a
complicated, interconnected group of food chains called a _food web_.
18. During every transfer of energy in an ecosystem, energy is lost as _heat______.
19. Only _10__ % of the energy is passed on to the next level in an food web.
20. What limits the number of trophic levels in an ecosystem? Amount of energy available
Use pages 350-354: Cycling of Materials in Ecosystems
1. Energy flows from _sun_ to producers to _consumers__.
Sulfur, phosphorus
2. List the 6 elements that all living things need in large quantities. Carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, hydrogen,
3. _Biogeochemical Cycles__ circulate substances between living things and the environment.
4. Which nonliving factor has the most influence on living things? water
5. When water vapor condenses it returns to the Earth as _rain__ or _snow__.
6. _Ground Water__ is held beneath the surface of the Earth as water seeps into the soil.
7. As water is heated by the sun it reenters the atmosphere by _Evaporation_____.
8. The process where water evaporates from the leaves of trees is called _Transpiration __.
9. Fill in the circles of the Water Cycle below:
condensation
precipitation
evaporation
transpiration
runoff
Groundwater seepage
Root uptake
10. _Carbon Dioxide_from the air is used by plants, algae and bacteria in the process of photosynthesis.
11. List the 3 ways Carbon dioxide may return to the air or water.
_Cellular Respiration_ _Death/Decomposition_ _Combustion of Fossil Fuels_
12. Respiration is the process where organisms make energy by
using _oxygen_ and giving off carbon dioxide.
Carbon dioxide
in the atmosphere
13. _Combustion_, or burning wood or fossil fuels
also returns carbon to the air.
14. Give three types of fossil fuels:
Photosynthesis
_Natural Gas_____
_Coal___________
Cellular
respiration
_Oil____________
Combustion
15. Carbon dioxide that dissolves in the sea
makes calcium carbonate in _sea shells_.
After a long time the shells form sediments, forming
limestone. As limestone becomes exposed
Carbon _ becomes available to organisms.
16. Fill in the shapes of the Carbon Cycle to the right:
Death/
Decomposition
Marine
plankton
remains
Limestone
Fossil
Fuels
17. Organisms need nitrogen and phosphorous to build _proteins__ and __nucleic acids__.
18. _Phosphorous__is important for both ATP and DNA.
19. The atmosphere is about _78__% nitrogen gas. However, most organisms cannot use it in this form.
20. __Bacteria___ have enzymes that can break down N2 and make ammonia NH3.
21. _ Nitrogen Fixation____ is the process of combining nitrogen with hydrogen to form ammonia.
22. List the four stages of the nitrogen cycle: Assimilation, Ammonification, Nitrification,
Denitrification
23. _ Assimilation___ is the absorption and incorporation of nitrogen by plants.
24. _ Ammonification__ is the production of ammonia by bacteria during decay.
25. __ Nitrification__ is the production of nitrate from ammonia.
26. _ Denitrification_ is the conversion of nitrate to nitrogen gas.
Atmospheric
Nitrogen
Plants
Animals
Denitrification
Death
Waste
Death
Nitrogen
Fixation
Assimilation
Decomposers
Ammonification
Nitrifying
Bacteria
Nitrification
Nitrogen
Fixation
Chapter 16 Extra Practice (pg 6-9)
1. The physical location of an ecosystem in which a given species lives is called a __habitat__.
2. A group of organisms of different species living together in a particular place is called a _community__.
3. All the organisms that live in a particular place and the physical aspects of that place make up a(n) _ecosystem__.
4. The number of species living in an ecosystem is referred to as __biodiversity____
5. The living organisms in a habitat are called _biotic__ factors.
6. The most important abiotic factor for the organisms in an ecosystem is__sun___.
7. _Ecology__ is the study of the interaction of living organisms with one another and their physical environment.
8. The ___Primary Productivity__of an ecosystem is a measure of the amount of organic material that the
photosynthetic organisms in the ecosystem produce
9. The small, fast-growing plants (lichens, mosses) that are the first organisms to live in a habitat are called Pioneer
species.
10. The sequential replacement of populations in an area that has not previously supported life is called Primary
succession.
11. A stable community in the an area is called a _Climax__ community.
12. A path of energy through the trophic levels of an ecosystem is called a(n)___food chain_.
13. The number of trophic levels in an ecological pyramid is limited by __the amount of energy available_.
14. The interrelated food chains in an ecosystem are called a(n) ___food webs___.
Use the figure to the right to answer 15-17.
15 .The figure to the right represents a ___food web_____.
16. The _algae___ are producers.
17. Leopard seals are consumers/carnivores.
18. An organism that eats a primary consumer is called a(n)
_secondary__ consumer.
19. Organisms that obtain their energy from the
organic wastes and dead bodies at all the energy levels in an ecosystem are called
____decomposers/detritivores______
20. Animals known as _herbivores_ eat only producers.
21. The dry weight of tissue and organic matter in an ecosystem is called _ biomass__.
22. The movement of substances, such as water and nitrogen, in a circular path between the nonliving environment
and living organisms is called __biogeochemical cycles__.
23. Every time energy is transferred in an ecosystem, potential energy is lost as __heat__.
24. _Secondary__ succession occurs as a previously existing community is replaced, like after a forest fire.
25. A by-product of cellular respiration in nearly all living organisms is _carbon dioxide______.
26. The process by which water is returned to the atmosphere through plants is __transpiration__.
27. The process by which nitrogen gas is converted to ammonia by bacteria is _nitrogen fixation___.
28. Nitrogen is a component of _proteins__.
29. The following picture is showing succession from a pond to a forest. What is the correct order?
a. A, B, D, C
b. C, D, B, A
c. B, C, A, D
d. D, C, B, A,
A.
30.
31.
B.
C.
D.
The diagram below represents the stages of ecological succession in Virginia.
The stages are not in order. Which sequence represents a correct order of succession
that would involve these stages?
a. 2  3  1  4  5
c. 3  1  2  4  5
b. 2  1  3  5  4
d. 3  2  1  5  4
Which statement is BEST supported by the diagram of the
carbon-oxygen cycle?
a. Combustion adds O2 to the atmosphere and removes CO2
b. Decomposers add O2 to the atmosphere and remove CO2
c. Producers generate O2 and utilize CO2
d. Consumers generate O2 and utilize CO2
Nutritional relationships between organisms are shown in the diagram.
32. Which organisms are primary consumers? __deer, cricket, mouse___
33. Which organisms are producers? _trees, grass_
34. Which organisms are secondary consumers? _frog, snake, hawk____
35. Which organisms are tertiary consumers? __hawk________________
Refer to the diagram to the right for #36-40.
36.
__energy pyramid__
37.
_C_.
38.
_A__ is composed of producers.
39.
B______
40.
d.
Pg. 8-9 Answers
1. B
2. D
3. D
4. A
5. B
6. C
7. D
8. B
9. B
10. B
11. D