Download Ch. 13 Note Taking Form

BIOLOGY CH. 13 NOTES
NAME_______________________________________ 2/22/17 HOUR__________ DESK_________
SECTION 13.1
KEY CONCEPT
_________________ is the study of the relationships among organisms and their environment.
• Ecology is the study of the ___________________ among living things, and between living things and
their surroundings.
• An _____________________ is an individual living thing, such as an alligator.
• A _______________________ is a group of the same species that lives in one area.
• A ________________________ is a group of different species that live together in one area.
• An ________________________ includes all of the organisms as well as the climate, soil, water, rocks
and other nonliving things in a given area.
• A ___________________ is a major regional or global community of organisms characterized by the
climate conditions and plant communities that thrive there.
• ____________________ and __________________________ models can be used to describe and
model nature.
• Modeling allows scientists to learn about organisms or ecosystems in ways that would not be possible in
a natural or lab setting.
SECTION 13.2
KEY CONCEPT
Every ecosystem includes both _______________ and _______________________ factors.
• An ecosystem includes both biotic and abiotic factors.
• ______________________ factors are living things.
• _____________
• _____________
• _____________
• _____________
• _____________________ factors are nonliving things.
• _____________
• _____________
• _____________
• _____________
• _____________
Changing one factor in an ecosystem can affect many other factors.
• ____________________ is the assortment, or variety, of living things in an ecosystem.
• Rain forests have more biodiversity than other locations in the world, but are threatened by human
activities.
• A _________________________ is a species that has an unusually large effect on its ecosystem.
• Keystone species form and maintain a complex web of life.
• Examples: Sea otters feed on sea urchins, controlling their population; pollination is the reason
hummingbirds are a keystone species.
SECTION 13.3
KEY CONCEPT
Life in an ecosystem requires a source of energy.
___________________ provide energy for other organisms in an ecosystem.
• Producers get their energy from ___________________ resources.
• Producers are also called _____________________ because they make their own food.
Producers provide energy for other organisms in an ecosystem.
• ________________________ are organisms that get their energy by eating other living or once-living
resources.
• Consumers are also called ______________________ because they feed off of different things.
Almost all producers obtain energy from sunlight.
•
•
________________________ in most producers uses sunlight as an energy source.
________________________ in prokaryote producers uses chemicals as an energy source.
SECTION 13.4
KEY CONCEPT
_________________________ and ______________________ model the flow of energy in an ecosystem.
Consumers are not all alike.
•
•
____________________ eat only plants.
____________________ eat only animals.
____________________ eat both plants and animals.
____________________ eat dead organic matter.
____________________ are detritivores that break down organic matter into simpler compounds.
_____________________ are consumers that primarily eat one specific organism or a very small
number of organisms.
_____________________ are consumers that have a varying diet.
Trophic levels are the nourishment levels in a food chain.
•
•
•
•
Primary consumers are herbivores that eat producers.
Secondary consumers are carnivores that eat herbivores.
Tertiary consumers are carnivores that eat secondary consumers.
Omnivores, such as humans that eat both plants and animals, may be listed at different trophic levels in
different food chains.
A _____________________ shows a complex network of feeding relationships.
•
•
An organism may have multiple feeding relationships in an ecosystem.
A food web emphasizes complicated feeding relationships and energy flow in an ecosystem.