* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Download Nucleic Acids and DNA Replication
Survey
Document related concepts
DNA sequencing wikipedia , lookup
Zinc finger nuclease wikipedia , lookup
Homologous recombination wikipedia , lookup
DNA repair protein XRCC4 wikipedia , lookup
Eukaryotic DNA replication wikipedia , lookup
DNA profiling wikipedia , lookup
DNA nanotechnology wikipedia , lookup
United Kingdom National DNA Database wikipedia , lookup
Microsatellite wikipedia , lookup
DNA replication wikipedia , lookup
DNA polymerase wikipedia , lookup
Transcript
Lab Biology- Chapter 10 Honors Biology- Chapter 9 Found on chromosomes Segment of DNA Codes for a trait Characteristic due to a single gene or multiple genes Eye color Hair color Blood type Deoxyribose sugar Phosphate group Nitrogen containing base ◦ Four possible bases 2 rings of carbon and nitrogen Adenine Guanine 1 ring of carbon and nitrogen atoms Thymine Cytosine DNA is composed of 2 nucleotide chains Nucleotides connected through covalent bonds Each strand has a 5’ and a 3’ end Each strand runs in an opposite (antiparallel) direction Nucleotide linkage Covalent bonds 5’ between sugar and phosphate molecules Forms a sugar- phosphate backbone 3’ Covalent bond Chemical bonding through sharing of electron pairs Purine Pyrimidine A T – 2 Hydrogen bonds C G – 3 Hydrogen bonds Hydrogen bonding between base pairs Hydrogen atom - electronegative atom Hydrogen bonds? Covalent bonds? Chargaff’s rule The DNA of any given species contains ◦ adenine = thymine ◦ guanine = cytosine Wilkins and Franklin Used X-ray diffraction ◦ A picture of how X-rays bounced off a DNA molecule X-ray diffraction Wilkins Franklin X-Ray diffraction Used to determine arrangement of atoms within a crystal structure Distance between dark spots- distance between turns of the helix Performed no physical experiments on DNA Spent a lot of time thinking about DNA Focused on creating a model that fit with the data Wilkins, Watson, and Crick received the Nobel Prize in 1962 Franklin died in 1958 and was not recognized Nobel Prize cannot be awarded posthumously Write a two paragraph reflection on Rosalind Franklin. ◦ One paragraph should detail her contribution to the discovery of the structure of DNA. ◦ Second paragraph should state your answer to the questions: Do you think Franklin deserved the Nobel Prize? Why do you think she did not receive more recognition? ◦ Evidence must be provided to support your opinions. ◦ Complete this assignment on loose leaf paper. Occurs in all living organism Takes place in the nucleus One double stranded molecule two identical copies Original strand New strand Helicase (enzyme) holds the two strands apart ◦ Break hydrogen bonds between bases Replicates simultaneously DNA polymerase synthesizes DNA by adding nucleotides in a 5’ 3’ direction Leading strand- continuous ◦ Moves in the direction of unwinding Lagging strand- discontinuous Lagging Strand Discontinuous Forms in the opposite direction of replication fork Creates Okazaki fragments Must wait for a new primer to be placed DNA Primase- lays down short segments of RNA primer DNA Polymerase III- adds new nucleotides DNA ligase- bonds Okazaki fragments together Semiconservative model What happens when DNA Polymerase makes a mistake? Mutation- Change in nucleotide sequence Can be repaired through DNA repair mechanisms One nucleotide is substituted for another Sickle Cell Anemia A nucleotide is deleted Cystic fibrosis ◦ Deletion of "AT" from the sequence "ATAT" in the CFTR gene Causes a frameshift A nucleotide is added Huntington’s disease Causes a frameshift DNA segment is broken and flipped No frameshift No loss of genetic information Different order Hemophilia Part of the gene is moved ◦ Either moved on the same chromosome or moved to a different chromosome A form of Down syndrome Part of Chromosome 21 is moved to Chromosome 14 DNA Replication Game http://www.nobelprize.org/educational/medi cine/dna_double_helix/dnahelix.html Honors: DNA Replication http://www.wiley.com/college/pratt/047139 3878/student/animations/dna_replication/in dex.html DNA Replication: http://www.mcb.harvard.edu/losick/images/t rombonefinald.swf