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Chemical Reactions Chemical Change Properties of Matter Physical Property Characteristic of a substance Colour, odour, lustre, solubility, melting and boiling points, physical state Chemical Property Characteristic behaviour that occurs when a substance changes to a new substance. Chemical change Reactants are used to create a new material called products. Pure Substances and Mixtures Pure Substance 1. All the particles that make up the substance are the same. Broken down into 2 categories: Elements 2. Can not be broken down into simpler substances Compounds Pure substances that contain two or more different elements in a fixed proportion Pure Substances and Mixtures Mixtures 1. Combination of pure substances. Broken down into 2 categories: Homogeneous Mixture 2. Mixture that looks the same throughout and the separate components are not visible Solution Heterogeneous Mixture Mixture is one in which different parts of the mixture are visible Suspension tiny particles cause a cloudy mixture Salad dressing Mechanical mixture several solids combined Chocolate chip cookie Chemicals and Safety (p.511) HHPS WHMIS Hazardous Household Product Symbol Workplace Hazardous Materials Information System MSDS Materials Safety Data Sheet Atomic Theory Protons Neutrons Heavy positively charged particles found in the nucleus Neutral particles that have about the same mass as protons and also found in nucleus Electrons Negatively charged particles with almost no mass that circle the nucleus at different energy levels Elements & the Periodic Table Periodic Table A structured arrangement of elements that helps us to explain and predict physical and chemical properties. Atomic Structure Bohr-Rutherford model p. 145, fig. 4.9a Chemical Reactivity Valence Shells Outer shell of atom, electrons that are in that shell are called valence electrons. The chemical properties of elements are related to the energy changes that take place when atoms lose, gain or share electrons to obtain a filled valence shell. Metals tend to lose electrons (cation) Non-metals tend to gain electrons (anion) Chemical Reactivity Atoms of Hydrogen and Oxygen are different in the number of subatomic particles they have This means that their reactivity is going to be different 2H2 + O2 2H2O Trends in Periodic Table Periods (horizontal rows) and Groups (vertical columns) Metals, Non-metals, Metalloids Alkali metals, alkaline earth metals, halogens, noble gases Trends based on how electrons are oriented Shells Periodic Table Atomic Number Atomic Mass Is the number of protons in an atom of an element. Is the measure of the average mass of an atom of that element. Ion Charge Ion is an atom or group of atoms with a negative or positive charge.