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Honors Biology
Ch. 6 Cellular Respiration
Notes
Opening Essay: Compare the structure and functions of slow and fast muscle
fibers. Explain why some people seem to be natural sprinters.
Fast Twitch
Slow Twitch
preferred race
sprint
distance
sprinter
60%
40%
marathoner
20%
80%
ATP
anaerobically
aerobically
production
(without O2)
(with O2)
thicker fibers
not so thick
structure
fewer mitochondria
many mitochondria
much less myoglobin
lots-o-myoglobin
Can switch to
anaerobic resp. to
% of each is
notes
produce ATP from
determined by
glucose, lactic acid
genetics
build-up
Cells of:
protists
where found?
muscle
fungi
plants
animals
Introduction to Cellular Respiration
6.1
Compare the processes and locations of cellular respiration and
photosynthesis. Explain why it is accurate to say that life on Earth is
solar-powered.
Cellular Respiration:
•
Process: breaks down glucose in the presence of oxygen to produce
ATP for cellular work.
•
Location: mitochondria
•
Organisms: all eukaryotic cells
Photosynthesis:
•
Process: builds glucose from CO2 and H2O using the energy from
the sun.
•
Locations: chloroplasts
•
Organisms: green plants, algae, photosynthetic
protists & bacteria
Life is solar-powered because the energy for all life comes from
the sun and is converted from radiant energy to chemical
energy by chlorophyll.
6.2
Describe and compare the processes of breathing and
cellular respiration.
•
Breathing: moving air in and out of a body to get
oxygen and expel carbon dioxide.
•
Cellular Respiration: aerobic (with O2) harvesting of
energy from food molecules by cells.
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6.3
Provide the overall chemical equation for cellular respiration. Compare
the efficiency of this process in cells to the efficiency of a gasoline
automobile engine.
C6H12O6 + 6 O2 →→→ 6 CO2 + 6H2O + energy
•
•
40% of the energy in 1 glucose is converted into the chemical
energy of 38 ATP.
25% of the energy in gasoline is converted to kinetic energy.
6.4
Explain how the human body uses its daily supply of ATP.
Minimum functions (maintenance) = 75% of calories taken in each day
Voluntary Activity = varies according to activity
Stages of Cellular Respiration and Fermentation
6.6
List the cellular regions where glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, and
oxidative phosphorylation occur. Note whether substrate-level
phosphorylation or chemiosmosis occur at each of these sites.
Location
Glycolysis
Citric acid
cycle
Oxidative
phosphorylation
cytoplasm
matrix of
mitochondion
across the
inner
membrane
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Substrate-Level
Phoshorylation?
Yes
Chemiosmosis?
No
Yes
No
No
Yes
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6.7–6.12 Compare the reactants, products, and energy yield of the three
stages of cellular respiration.
Reactants
1. Glycolysis
Glucose
2. Citric Acid
Cycle
2 Pyruvate →
2 Acetyl CoA +
2 CO2
3. Oxid.
Phosph.
Oxygen
12 NADH
2 FADH2
Products
2 Pyruvate
2 NADH
2 ATP
(2 NADH)
6 NADH
2 FADH2
2 ATP
2 CO2
34 ATP
Energy Yield
in # of ATP
2
2
34
total = 38 ATP
6.13
Compare the reactants, products, and energy yield of alcohol and
lactic acid fermentation.
•
Fermentation = Anaerobic (without O2) Respiration
The pathway followed is determined by the species type.
•
Lactic Acid Fermentation (mammals)
Glucose (6C) → 2 Pyruvate (2 x 3C)→ 2 Lactate (2 x 3C) +
2 ATP
•
Alcohol Fermentation (yeast)
Glucose (6C) → 2 Pyruvate (2 x 3C)→ 2 Ethanol (2 x 2C) +
2 CO2 + 2 ATP
6.13
Distinguish between strict anaerobes and facultative anaerobes.
Strict anaerobes MUST live in the absence of oxygen. Oxygen will poison
them.
Facultative Anaerobes can live with oxygen or without oxygen.
6.14
Describe the evolutionary history of glycolysis.
Gycolysis exists in nearly all organisms- it evolved early and was
passed down
•
Occurs in cytoplasm therefore does not require membrane-bound
organelles, eukaryotes evolved 1 billion years after prokaryotes
•
For nearly 1 billion years prokaryotes used
glycolysis to make ATP because it does
not need oxygen.
•
Metabolic “heirloom” still functions in
fermentation and first step in cellular
respiration.
•
Interconnections Between Molecular
Breakdown and Synthesis
6.15 Explain how polysaccharides, fats, and
proteins are used as fuel for cellular
respiration. Explain why a gram of fat yields
more ATP than a gram of starch or protein.
The process of hydrolyzing (breaking down)
carbs, lipids and proteins creates the smaller
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6.16
molecules that fit into the process of cellular respiration at appropriate
steps.
Explain how nutrients are used in biosynthesis.
Intermediate molecules from the breakdown of glucose can be
tapped as building blocks that the cell needs.
Examples:
•
M
onosaccharides → polysaccharides (starch, cellulose)
•
F
atty acids and glycerol → lipids
•
A
mino acids → polypeptides (protein like muscle or
enzymes)
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