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Transcript
DNA Discovery of DNA • Griffith- how does bacteria cause disease? – Injected mice with harmful and harmless bacteria – Mice w/ harmful bacteria died – Heated harmful bacteria injected in mice= lived – Inject mix of heated dead harmful bacteria with live harmless bacteria in mice= died • Transformation- dead bacteria passed disease causing ability to the harmless bacteria • Hypothesized a gene • Avery- (1944) • DNA stores/transmits genetic info from one gen. To the next – Made “juice” of bacteria treated it with enzymes that broke down RNA • Transformation still occurred – Repeated but with enzymes that broke down DNA • Transformation did not occur • Hershey and Chase • Bacteriophages- Virus attaches to the surface of the cell and inject its genetic info • Used radioactive markers- phosphorus (P) and Sulfur (S) – Determine if the protein coat or DNA core enters cell • Conclusion- genetic material was DNA not protein DNA • Long molecule made up of nucleotides – 5 carbon sugar= deoxyribose – Phosphate group – Nitrogenous containing base 4 Nitrogenous Bases Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine, Thymine 2 Groups 1. Purines- 2 rings - Adenine & Guanine 2. Pyrimidines- 1 ring -Cytosine & Thymine DNA = Double Helix • Rosalind Franklin- took x-rays of DNAs shape • X-ray showed strands of DNA are twisted around each other like coils • Angle of the X shows there are 2 strands • Watson and Crick- working on a model of DNA – Saw Franklins x-ray- used her research to build model of DNA – Double Helix- 2 strands wound around each other • 2 strands • DNA backbone- sugar and phosphate group • Middle- Nitrogenous bases pair= hydrogen bonds – Adenine= Thymine A-T – Cytosine= Guanine C-G DNA Replication • Each strand of DNA has all of the info needed to reconstruct the other half by base pairing • Strands= complementary • Replication takes place at many spots = replication forks Process of Replication • DNA molecule separates into 2 strands • Each strand serves as a template • Produces two new complementary strands using base pairing 1. Helicase (enzyme) unzips DNA by breaking hydrogen bond 2. Strands unwind 3. DNA polymerase attaches and pairs nucleotides using base pairing • If DNA template strand is AGTCGAAATCCTG what is the compliment • TCAGCTTTAGGAC