Download 1. The sentence “visiting relatives can be boring”

PSYCHOLOGY 132
Page 1
1.
Which neurotransmitter is most involved in sleep and arousal
a.
dopamine
b.
serotonin
c.
leptin
d.
neuropeptide Y
2.
Consonants
a.
are created by movements that change the size and shape of the vocal cavity.
b.
are present in the speech that typifies nonfluent aphasia
c.
are created by movements that temporarily obstruct the air flow through the vocal
tract.
d.
both b and c
3.
Which of the following is a correct statement about the Garcia effect (belongingness)?
a.
It can be produced with events that are not temporally contiguous
b.
It disconfirms the equipotentiality principle
c.
Its details depend on the species studied
d.
all of the above
4.
Young-Helmholtz theory
a.
addresses the same visual function as duplex theory
b.
is an expression of the doctrine of specific nerve energies
c.
is founded on the assumption of opponent processes
d.
predicted the existence of the retinal mechanism of lateral inhibition
5.
Which phenomenon reveals a failure of Pavlovian learning under conditions of temporal
contiguity and contingency?
a.
blocking
b.
extinction
c.
the partial reinforcement effect
d.
shaping
6.
The number of function morphemes in the sentence “He repainted old cars”, is:
a.
1
b.
3
c.
4
d.
7
7.
The opponent process theory of motivation
a.
assumes a homeostatic tendency to counter any deviation from normal
b.
predicts that repeated bouts of one mood (e.g., sadness) decrease the strength of the
opponent mood (joy)
c.
predicts that during drug withdrawal, the opponent process exaggerates the mood
induced by the drug
d.
none of the above
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Which of the following assertions is correct
a.
HM lacks STM
b.
both maintenance rehearsal and elaborative rehearsal result in changes in LTM
c.
retrograde amnesia can accompany anterograde amnesia
d.
declarative memory is more closely related to the notion of implicit memory than to
the notion of explicit memory
9.
The Weber fraction
a.
is the same for touch and taste
b.
is generally smaller for REM sleep than non-REM sleep
c.
suggests that the nervous system is insensitive to proportional changes
d.
involves a psychological entity, the JND, that is measured in physical units
10.
Pavlov’s assumption of the arbitrariness of learning
a.
predicts that any neutral stimulus and any US can become associated
b.
is supported by interoceptive conditioning
c.
is brought into question by taste aversion learning
d.
all of the above
11.
Partial reinforcement
a.
produces behavior that is more easily extinguished than behavior produced by
continuous reinforcement
b.
can be implemented through fixed and variable interval schedules
c.
is most effective when the intermittent reinforcements are predictable
d.
applies only to classical conditioning
12.
In an experiment investigating Pavlovian conditioning, P(US/CS) is fixed at .40. Which of
the graphs below correctly depicts the strength of conditioning as a function of P(US/no
CS)?
CR strength
8.
0
. 1 . 2 .3 .4
P(US/no CS)
A
13.
.1 .2 .3 .4
P(US/no CS)
B
.1 .2 .3 .4
P(US/no CS)
C
Which of the following is not a property of the parasympathetic system
a.
stimulates digestive functions
b.
slows heart and lungs
c.
inhibits sexual activity
d.
facilitates cooling of the body
. 1 . 2 .3 .4
P(US/no CS)
D
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14.
Chomsky would argue that
a.
language is acquired through Pavlovian and instrumental conditioning
b.
our language competence is due to biologically endowed hypotheses about the
general form of languages
c.
Plato’s paradox of learning does not apply to language
d.
the ability to combine words into sentences derives from episodic memory
15.
Apraxia is:
a.
a major sensory deficit, such as blindness, deafness, or insensitivity to touch
b.
a serious disturbance in the organization and comprehension of sensory input
c.
a paralysis of some part of the body
d.
a serious disturbance in the ability to plan and organize voluntary action
16.
The method of shaping by successive approximation refers to
a.
reinforcing behaviors that are progressively closer to a desired complex behavior
b.
finding the average value around which an interval or ratio should vary in order to
have an effective schedule of reinforcement
c.
determining the US that will elicit the UR most similar to the desired CR
d.
learning by trial-and-error
17.
Implicit memory
a.
is lost in anterograde amnesia
b.
is preserved in Alzheimer’s disease but not in Korsakoff’s
c.
involves awareness of what is being remembered
d.
influences judgements automatically, whether we want it to or not
18.
Spontaneous recovery
a.
is the change in the CR that occurs when the US no longer follows the CS
b.
is the restoration of an extinguished CR by re-presenting the CS after a delay
c.
refers to the fact that neutral stimuli similar to a CS can also elicit the CR, but less
strongly
d.
is the restoration of an extinguished UR by re-presenting the US after a delay
19.
Removal of a stimulus following a response is referred to as
a.
negative reinforcement if it increases the probability of the response that precedes
the removal
b.
positive reinforcement if it increases the probability of the response that precedes
the removal
c.
punishment if it decreases the probability of the response that precedes the removal
d.
both a and c
20.
Which of the following is true about hunger?
PSYCHOLOGY 132
a.
b.
c
d.
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In animals, eating behavior is tied to the caloric content of food rather than to the
amount of food
Glucose delivered directly to the liver causes an animal that is eating to eat more
vigorously
Presence of neuropeptide Y dulls the appetite
Regulation of body weight fails when the ability to taste food is eliminated
21.
In the underlying structure of the sentence “The ball was passed by Mia Hamm”,
a.
the focus is on the done-to
b.
the focus is on Mia Hamm
c.
the proposition differs from that in the sentence “Mia Hamm passed the ball”
d.
the attitude is the same as in the underlying structure of the sentence “the ball was
not passed by Mia Hamm”
22.
The phonemes of a language
a.
are meaningless sounds that make a difference in the language
b.
are meaningless elements equal in number to the morphemes of the language
c.
are the smallest units of language that possess meaning
d.
are equal in number to the letters of the alphabet
23.
Homeostasis applies to
a.
the cooling of the body but not the heating of the body
b.
the regulation of eating behavior by the hypothalamus but not by the liver
c.
slow-wave sleep but not REM sleep
d.
the relation between opponent moods (e.g., sadness, joy)
24.
When a green light is on, a thirsty animal presses a bar to obtain water. The operant is:
a.
the green light
b.
pressing the bar
c.
the state of being thirsty
d.
the water
25.
Withdrawal symptoms associated with addiction
a.
are predicted by the opponent-process theory of motivation
b.
are the result of a failure to counter any deviation from normal, that is, a
breakdown of homeostatic processes
c.
highlight the fact that the CS causes the same response as the US
d.
both a and b
26.
Temporal summation in spinal reflexes
a.
is demonstrated with successive sub-threshold stimuli at the same place on the
body
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b.
c.
d.
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proves that inhibitory effects from different regions of the body funnel into the
same common path
is mediated by a different neural mechanism than spatial summation
indicates that the synapse is the site for the accumulation of excitatory but not
inhibitory processes
27.
Sensations are the basic elements of perception for
a.
Gestaltism
b.
Gibson
c.
Helmholtz
d.
Skinner
28.
Red-green cells are inhibited by
a.
“yellow” cones
b.
“blue” cones
c.
“red” cones
d.
“green” cones
29.
Which of the following is true about the distinction between function and content
morphemes?
a.
It exists in some but not all languages
b.
In learning a second language, function morphemes are more challenging than
content morphemes
c.
In aphasia, the use and comprehension of content morphemes tend to suffer most
d.
all of the above
30.
Disinhibition is
a.
the suppression of a muscle by its antagonist
b.
the mechanism of extinction
c.
the basis of higher-order conditioning
d.
the increase in a reflex’s strength following removal of a higher brain center
31.
In the depictions below of motion parallax, arrow length is speed (real and relative) and
arrow pointing is direction of motion (real and relative). Which depiction is correct?
A
B
C
D
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32.
A light of wavelength 500 nanometers (nm) becomes a CS through Pavlovian
conditioning. In a test of stimulus generalization which of the following wavelengths is
most likely to produce the weakest CR?
a.
425 nm
b.
650 nm
c.
500 nm
d.
525 nm
33.
Which of the following is a true statement about sleep?
a.
prolonged deprivation of REM sleep can lead to illness and possibly death
b.
physical fatigue lengthens the periods of slow-wave sleep
c.
movements of the two eyes in REM sleep are uncoordinated
d.
all of the above
34.
The ambiguity of “visiting relatives can be boring” originates at the level of
a.
underlying structure
b.
surface structure
c.
word meaning
d.
morphemes
35.
With respect to Gestalt principles of perceptual grouping
a.
shapes that are similar are less likely to be grouped together than shapes that have
the same orientation and color
b.
the principles are learned
c.
grouping by proximity occurs for spatial layouts but not for temporal events
d.
subjective contours make sense in terms of the organizational principle of proximity
not in terms of the organizational principle of good continuation
36.
The claim that perception is always in the direction of the best inference would be made by
a.
Helmholtz
b.
Gestalt Psychologists
c.
Gibson
d.
Berkeley
37.
One implication of the fact that the size of an object in the environment does not seem to
change as the object’s distance from you changes is that
a.
the retinal image of the object does not change with distance
b.
the distal stimulus must shrink as the proximal stimulus grows, and vice versa
PSYCHOLOGY 132
c.
d.
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size perception is based on a constant ratio between the object’s retinal size and the
retinal size of adjacent textural elements
the maximum-likelihood principle has failed
38.
In respect to movements of perceivers and objects
a.
global optical inflow specifies that the perceiver is moving forward
b.
the inverse of the relative rate of expansion of a closed optical contour specifies the
distance of an approaching object from the perceiver at a given point in time
c.
a stationary object inside a moving frame will appear to move in the direction of the
frame
d.
motion parallax and optic flow provide information about depth as well as
information about the perceiver’s movement
39.
Which monocular cues to depth are present in this figure?
a.
b.
c.
d.
linear perspective, good continuation, texture gradient
relative size, proximity, tau
interposition, linear perspective, relative size
proximity, texture gradient, interposition
40.
An animal will start eating if _______ is electrically stimulated.
a.
the ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus
b.
the sympathetic nervous system
c.
the lateral nucleus of the hypothalamus
d.
any of the above
41.
In respect to dreams, the activation-synthesis hypothesis
a.
attributes them to the sleeper’s personal problems
b.
suggests that they arise from LTM when it is unconstrained by environmentinduced processing in sensory and working memory
c.
associates their production with the brain’s lowered activation during REM sleep
d.
both b and c
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42.
The CR
a.
is always identical to the UR
b.
is identical to the UR in conditioning involving blood sugar level but not in
conditioning involving the pain threshold
c.
is frequently different from the UR because the CS serves as a preparatory signal for
the US rather than functioning as a substitute for the US
d.
differs from the UR only in amplitude and latency
43.
Which of the following properties is not identical across human languages?
a.
generativity
b.
duality of structure
c.
underlying phrase structure
d.
surface phrase structure
44.
One of the following statements is incorrect. Which one?
a.
Chimpanzees can express propositional thought
b.
A lesion of the right parietal lobe results in the person neglecting the environment
to his left
c.
Lashley promoted the idea of distributed memory representations
d.
The right hemisphere is the site of language in the majority of left-handed people.
45.
Removal of the ventromedial nucleus
a.
produces an overreaction of certain branches of the sympathetic system
b.
results in less glucose being turned into fat
c.
results in hyperphagia
d.
all of the above
46.
Damage to non-primary areas in the rear of the cortex could result in
a.
agnosia and apraxia
b.
aphasia and agnosia
c.
apraxia and aphasia
d.
agnosia, apraxia and aphasia
47.
The somatosensory primary projection area is located in the
a.
temporal lobe
b.
frontal lobe
c.
occipital lobe
d.
parietal lobe
48.
The spelling er is not a morpheme in which of the following words:
a.
paper
b.
boxer
c.
faster
d.
louder
49.
Procedural knowledge
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a.
b.
c.
d.
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is the focus of concern in studies of permastore
of something can not exist without corresponding declarative knowledge of that
something
is often implicit
is affected by brain injuries in the same way that declarative knowledge is affected
by brain injuries
50.
Alphabetic writing systems
a.
represent phonemes and evolved later in human history than logographic writing
systems
b.
represent the smallest units of the language that carry meaning
c.
represent combinations of consonants and vowels (that is, syllables) and evolved
later in human history than ideographic writing systems
d.
are less generative than logographic writing systems
51.
Which brain region includes the hypothalamus and the cells affected in Korkasoff’s
syndrome?
a.
The limbic system
b.
The parietal lobe
c.
The neocortex
d.
The somatosensory system
52.
Second-order conditioning uses
a.
a US in the role of a CS
b.
a CR in the role of a CS
c.
a CS in the role of a US
d.
a UR in the role of a US
53.
In shaping by successive approximations, the reinforcement can be
a.
a stimulus
b.
a preferred behavior
c.
a conditioned reinforcement
d.
all of the above
54.
The lock-and-key model of synaptic transmission
a.
addresses the fact that the individual neuron responds selectively to
neurotransmitters
b.
does not encompass all forms of neurotransmission
c.
highlights the significance of a transmitter molecule’s shape in bringing about a
change in the postsynaptic membrane
d.
all of the above
55.
The encoding-specificity hypothesis focuses on
PSYCHOLOGY 132
a.
b.
c.
d.
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the similarities between the conditions of learning some facts and the conditions of
recalling those facts
the similarities between proactive and retroactive interference
the contrast between coding phonetically and coding semantically
the specific relations between the nature of chunks and elaborative rehearsal
56.
Subjects are presented a list of words to study at a rate of one per second. As soon as the
list ends, they perform a mental arithmetic task for 10 seconds before recalling the words
in any order. This procedure should:
a.
prevent a primacy effect
b.
prevent a recency effect
c.
have no effect on either primacy or recency
d.
prevent both primacy and recency effects
57.
Vasodilation
a.
helps warm the body
b.
is reflexive
c.
is governed by the sympathetic system
d.
both b and c
58.
Animals learn about controllable regularities of succession through
a.
operant learning
b.
Pavlovian learning
c.
belongingness
d.
contiguity
59.
Syntax
a.
like phonology is a system of rules
b.
differs from phonology in that it is a finite set of rules
c.
is a mental capacity for combining the morphemes of a language
d.
can be acquired by non-human animals
60.
English contains about _______ phonemes.
a.
26
b.
40
c.
5,000
d.
50,000
61.
In producing a sentence, we move from
a.
phonemes to surface phrase structure to propositions
b.
surface phrase structure to propositions to phonemes
c.
propositions to surface phrase structure to phonemes
d.
words to sentences to phrases
62.
A certain metabolic reaction in the liver triggers a signal that leads to eating. What is this
signal?
PSYCHOLOGY 132
63.
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a.
fats are converted into glycogen
b.
glycogen is converted into fat
c.
glucose is converted into glycogen
d.
glycogen is converted into glucose
The direct-perception theory of Gibson emphasizes
a.
higher-order invariants
b.
unconscious inference
c.
grouping principles
d.
proximal stimulus ambiguity
64.
The smell system of animals of species A has a Weber fraction of 1/10. The smell system
of animals of species B has a Weber fraction of 1/100.
a.
B is more sensitive to smells than A
b.
A is more sensitive to smells than B
c.
For an odor that measures 50 in “stink” units, A’s JND would be 5 and B’s JND
would be 0.5.
d.
both a and c
65.
A momentary closing of the eyes produces
a.
paradoxical sleep
b.
lowered thresholds of the body’s reflexes
c.
alpha waves
d.
stage 4 EEG patterns
66.
In an interview, Manny Ramirez recalls the first time he hit a home run in the major
leagues. Which type of memory is he using?
a.
episodic
b.
procedural
c.
semantic
d.
declarative
67.
Which of the following is true about hunger related processes?
a.
The neurotransmitter leptin signals that adipose cells are filled
b.
The appetite-related neurotransmitter Neuropeptide-Y exerts its strongest effects
outside the hypothalamus
c.
The sympathetic nervous system inhibits digestive processes
d.
All of the above
68.
Learning involving the somatic system and learning involving the autonomic system
would be achieved best through
a.
Pavlovian conditioning
b.
operant conditioning
c.
operant conditioning for the somatic and Pavlovian conditioning for the
autonomous
d.
Pavlovian conditioning for the somatic and operant conditioning for the
autonomous
PSYCHOLOGY 132
69.
70.
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Which of the following is correct?
a.
Removal of a brain area in several successive steps is more disruptive of function
than removal in one step
b.
Hubel and Wiesel’s complex feature detector responds to a line in a specific
orientation regardless of the line’s location in the visual field
c.
Any disturbance that pushes a system away from its set point will be magnified by
negative feedback
d.
Lashley found that a lesion anywhere in the rat motor cortex is sufficient to
eliminate the memory of a specific response to a specific stimulus
Pavlov believed that inhibition is less permanent than excitation. Which phenomenon did
he cite as evidence for this view?
a.
generalization of the orientation reflex
b.
second order conditioning
c.
spontaneous recovery
d.
the difficulty of forming a CR if the CS-US interval is more than a minute
71.
Changing the temperature of the hypothalamus
a.
affects temperature-regulating operant behaviors (e.g., a rat will press a lever to get
heat if the hypothalamus is cooled)
b.
affects only the involuntary reflexes of vasoconstriction and vasodilation
c.
affects the involuntary reflexes (e.g. panting) only if the body temperature also
changes
d.
in the direction of making it hotter, produces shivering
72.
The hypothesis that forgetting may be temporary is consistent with
a.
the encoding specificity hypothesis
b.
rapid reacquisition of Pavlovian learning
c.
the interference theory of forgetting
d.
all of the above
73.
The Russian physiologist Sechenov argued that
a.
associations were qualitatively different from reflexes
b.
only involuntary behaviors could be explained by reflex-like mechanisms
c.
there are reflexes of the brain as well as reflexes of the spine
d.
voluntary-involuntary is the same distinction as mind-body
74.
If the US in a Pavlovian learning procedure is insulin
a.
the UR is a decrease in blood sugar
b.
the CR is a decrease in blood sugar
c.
the CR is an increase in blood sugar
d.
both a and b
75.
The geometric relation between the size of the retinal image of an object and the distance
of the object
PSYCHOLOGY 132
a.
b.
c.
d.
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is such that the product ‘image size  object distance’ for a given object is always the
same value
can provide a basis for perceiving that the size of an object seen at different
distances from the perceiver remains the same
can explain why you perceive the sizes of two people of approximately the same
height but at different distances to be the same despite the different retinal image
sizes (smaller for the further person, larger for the nearer person)
all of the above
76.
Slow wave sleep
a.
involves dreaming
b.
occupies less sleeping time than REM sleep
c.
has higher sensory thresholds than REM sleep
d.
increases in duration as the night progresses
77.
The law of effect was proposed by
a.
Thorndike
b.
Sechenov
c.
Pavlov
d.
Skinner
78.
One-trial learning characterizes
a.
belongingness
b.
blocking
c.
Pavlov’s first-order conditioning
d.
shaping
79.
Somatic and autonomic are divisions of which nervous system?
a.
central
b.
peripheral
c.
parasympathetic
d.
sympathetic
80.
A split brain patient who is right-handed cannot
a.
see an object presented briefly on the right side of the field of vision
b.
name an object presented briefly on the right side of the field of vision
c.
name an object presented briefly on the left side of the field of vision
d.
see anything presented to the right hemisphere
81.
Certain ganglion cells in the frog’s visual system
a.
respond selectively to “buglike” stimuli
b.
meet the criteria for feature detectors
c.
function like cells in the visual cortex (occipital lobe) of higher animals, such as cats
and monkeys
PSYCHOLOGY 132
d.
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all of the above
82.
In learning a second language
a.
learning before age 7 results in performance equal to that of native speakers
b.
learning at 10, 20 or 30 years of age will result in the same level of syntactic fluency
c.
success declines with the age at which one is first exposed to the language, as is
similarly the case in learning a first language (for example, learning American Sign
Language by the deaf)
d.
both a and c
83.
Underlying phrase structure has two aspects:
a.
morphemes and phonemes
b.
verb phrase and noun phrase
c.
proposition and attitude
d.
paraphrase and syntax
84.
The_____is an event that elicits a response without prior learning.
a.
UR
b.
CR
c.
US
d.
CS
85.
Empiricism
a.
emphasizes the availability of concepts and categories given at birth
b.
rejects the notion of sensations
c.
assumes that memories acquired in experience can convert sensations into
perceptions
d.
assumes that the proximal stimulus is not ambiguous
86.
With respect to phoneme discrimination
a.
Three-month old Japanese babies, like their adult parents, cannot distinguish the
sounds “la” and “ra” from each other
b.
infants can initially respond to almost all sound distinctions made in any language
c.
infants acquire the distinctions that matter in their language; initially those
distinctions cannot be made
d.
both a and c
87.
Performance of skilled motor acts by the right hand is controlled by the:
a.
frontal lobe of the left hemisphere
b.
parietal lobe of the right hemisphere
c.
temporal lobe of the left hemisphere
d.
frontal lobe of the right hemisphere
88.
Recovery from aphasia is:
a.
more likely in right-handers than left-handers
PSYCHOLOGY 132
b.
c.
d.
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more likely in left-handers than right-handers
equally likely in right- and left-handers and occurs to some extent
equally unlikely in right- and left-handers and occurs very rarely, if ever, in anyone
89.
I have learned to open my umbrella in order to stop the rain from soaking me. What led
to this learning?
a.
positive reinforcement
b.
negative punishment
c.
punishment
d.
negative reinforcement
90.
The typical sequence of events during the first few trials of classical conditioning is
a.
neutral stimulus, US, UR
b.
US, neutral stimulus, UR
c.
US, CS, UR
d.
UR, CR, CS
91.
The sentence, “A square cannot simply be reduced to a set of four lines” expresses a
central premise of the perceptual theory advanced by
a.
Gestalt psychology
b.
Hubel and Wiesel
c.
Helmholtz
d.
Gibson
92.
The hippocampus
a.
is in the parietal lobe
b.
is defective in retrograde amnesiacs
c.
when damaged results in a reduction of STM capacity to 0-2 chunks
d.
is part of the limbic system
93.
Backward conditioning refers to
a.
US occurring before CS
b.
UR occurring before US
c.
US occurring after CS
d.
US occurring after CR
94.
REM sleep
a.
occurs about 2-3 times a night
b.
has the frequency and amplitude characteristics of Stage 3 sleep
c.
consumes less of the overall sleeping period the older one gets
d.
is when sleep walking and nightmares are most likely to occur
95.
A major advance in the understanding of synaptic function was made by
a.
Sherrington
b.
Lashley
c.
Sperry
PSYCHOLOGY 132
d.
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Hubel and Wiesel
96.
The optical variable Tau is in units of
a.
speed
b.
time
c.
distance
d.
direction
97.
Children near the end of the one-word stage (about 15-20 months)
a.
exhibit sensitivity to the structure of propositions conveyed by sentences
b.
do not speak function words but are perceptually sensitive to how these words are
used in the language
c.
can think about the thing a word (e.g., “daddy”) labels when the thing is not in
view
d.
all of the above
98.
Phonemic awareness
a.
is awareness of the number of meaningless sounds of speech that compose a spoken
word
b.
is awareness of the number of meaningless sounds of speech that compose a written
word
c.
hinders the acquisition of the alphabet principle
d.
is exhibited by infants in the first few months of life
99.
Which of the following is not a Gestalt principle of perceptual grouping?
a.
proximity
b.
similarity
c.
good continuation
d.
relative size
100.
How many phrases compose the sentence “the girl kicked the ball”?
a.
6
b.
2
c.
3
d.
4