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Download Review for Final: Chap 16: Evolulution of Populations
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Transcript
Review for Final: Chap 16: Evolulution of Populations 1. What is a gene pool? The collective or combined genetic information of all members of a particular population 2. What is the relative frequency of an allele? The number of times the allele occurs in a gene pool compared with the number of times other alleles occur. 3. What are the 2 main sources of genetic variations? 1-mutations 2-gene shuffling (sexual reproduction) 4. What determines the phenotype of an oganism? The number of genes that control the trait. 5. What is the difference between polygenic and single-gene traits? Polygenic traits are controlled by multiple genes; Single gene traits controlled by 2 alleles. 6. How does natural selection affect single-gene traits? 7. How does natural selection affect polygenic traits? 8. Draw a curve diagram to show each of the 3 ways that natural selection affects phenotypes. Can lead to changes in allele frequencies, and evolution Will affect the distribution of phenotypes in any of 3 ways; directional selection, disruptive selection, stabilizing selection 9. Is natural selection the only source of evolutionary change? No, genetic drift: a series of random occurences in a small population may change the relative frequency of an allele by chance 10. Are there any conditions under which evolution will not occur? Yes: the Hardy-Weinberg principle 11. What is the Hardy-Weinberg principle? Allele frequency will remain constant in a population unless one or more factors cause the population to change. 12. What conditions need to be met for Evolution NOT to occur? 1. Random mating. 2. population is large 3. no movement in or out of population 4. no mutations 5. no natural selection 13. For evolution to progress to the point where a new species forms, what condition is necessary? Populations must be reproductively isolated 14. How can a population become reproductively isolated? 1. Behavioral isolation: differences in courtship rituals, for example 2. Geographic isolation: rivers, mountains, etc. 3. Temporal isolation: reproduction at different times 15. Describe the 6 steps in the speciation of Darwin’s Finches 1. Founders arrive (a small population has broken away) 2. Separation of populations: on different islands 3. populations on each island became adapted over time 4. Reproductive isolation 5. Ecological competition: birds with most adaptations (differences) have highest fitness 6. continued evolution