Download Final-Vocab-List-551.rtf - Christopher X J. Jensen

“Kin Selection or True Altruism?” Vocabulary list for Evolution Exam 2001
CONCEPTS and GENERAL DEFINITIONS:
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Most Recent Common Ancestor:
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Hennig’s Auxiliary Principle:
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Dansguard-Oeschyer Cycles:
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Neo-Darwinian Theory:
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Epigenetic Rachets:
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Irreversibility:
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Stratigraphic Correlation:
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Selective Rachets:
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Igneous rock:
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Metmorphic rock:
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Sedimentary rock:
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Stratigraphic Correlation:
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Sibling Species: species that are difficult to distinguish by morphological characteristics.
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Saltation: A jump; a discontinuous mutation, usually of considerable magnitude.
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Aktuopalaeontology: observation of natural events for the purpose of drawing paleontological analogies.
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Synchronic: occurring at the same time (compare with sympatric).
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Heterochrony: change in time of appearance or rate of development of a character during ontogeny.
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Introgression: penetration of alleles far beyond hybrid zone into parent populations.
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Reinforcement: evolution of prezygotic barriers as a response to selection against hybrids.
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Anagenesis: evolutionary change of various characters in each descendent of a given ancestor.
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Quantitative character: phenotypic character with continuous variation.
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Epistatic variation: variance due to interactions between genes (V I).
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Heritability in narrow sense: proportion that is additive only.
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Paralogs: genes separated by a gene duplication event, not a speciation event; cannot be used to correctly
infer phylogeny.
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Orthologs: corresponding members of a multigene family in 2 or more species. 2 homologous. Genes are
orthologous if their most recent common ancestor did not undergo gene duplication.
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Selection Gradient: slope of the fitness curve for a specific character; can estimate selection on a specific
feature (Lande & Arnold).
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Peak Shift: adaptive changes in a “colony” due to genetic changes towards an alternate adaptive peak.
ALT: change in allele frequency within a population from one to another local maximum of mean fitness
by passage through states of lower mean fitness.
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Allopatry: Allopatry means occupying different geographic locations. Compare with parapatry and
sympatry. Two categories: vicariant (2 populations divided) and peripatric (colony diverges; founder effect,
Mayr). ALT: when populations or species occupy a geographic region different from that of another
population or species; in terms of speciation, when a barrier (not necessarily geographic) arises between
two populations, eventually causing a speciation event.
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Parapatry: Parapatry means occupying overlapping geographic locations.
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Sympatry: Sympatry means occupying the same geographical location.
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Extrinsic Postzygotic Isolation: reduced hybrid fitness due to reduced ecological fitness.
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Intrinsic Postzygotic Isolation: reduced hybrid fitness due to reduced genetic fitness and viability.
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Postzygotic Isolation: Occurs after the union of the nuclei of uniting gametes. Includes hybrid inviability,
and hybrid sterility.
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Prezygotic Isolation: Occurs before the union of the nuclei of uniting gametes. Includes temporal
isolation, habitat or resource isolation, ethological isolation, mechanical isolation, and genetic
incompatability.
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Bottleneck Effect: A dramatic reduction in genetic diversity of a population or species resulting from an
ecological crisis that wipes out most members. The limited genetic diversity of the few survivors is the pool
from which all future generations are based. This is a small population effect.
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Clade: A clade is a monophyletic taxon; a group of organisms which includes the most recent common
ancestor of all of its members and all of the descendants of that most recent common ancestor..
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Wright-Fisher Population:
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Sticklebacks:
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Kin Selection: Selection for traits that lower an individual's personal fitness, but raise a relative's fitness.
Intrusion: when magma from a volcanic eruption spreads horizontally into a stratigraphic column, rather
than flowing vertically to the surface and being deposited as the uppermost (youngest) layer. Causes errors
in dating the fossils on either side of the igneous layer.
Lazarus' species: Species which appear to disappear (go extinct), but then re-appear in the fossil record.
This gap in paleontological existence can be accounted for by taphonomic loss.
Signor-Lipps effect: a “smearing” of the record of extinction event backward in time; observed time
ranges appear truncated; difficult to prove unless Lazarus taxa are available to evaluate the probability of
nonpreservation (Raup, 1986). ALT: the smearing of the record of an extinction event backward in time
causing observed time ranges to be truncated; very common.
Disparity (morphological disparity): the difference between two taxonomic units in a particular
character. This difference is usually based on linear measurements in morphological characters.
Inclusive Fitness: The sum of Direct Fitness (probability of reproductive success through one's own
offspring) and Indirect Fitness (probability of reproductive success through non_descendant relatives).
ALT: The sum of your direct, as in your offspring, and indirect, as in your relatives' and their offspring,
fitness
Varve: Annual deposits of fine sediment found in glacial lakes. Because these sediments cyclic vary
annually, varve deposits can be used to observe paleoevolutionary change on a yearly or near-yearly basis.
The main weaknesses of varves are that they are fairly rare as geological occurrences, and cover only a
short geological time period. Still, you know Mike Bell loves them.
Plate Tectonics: The movement of the plates of the Earth’s outer crust due to convection cells in the
Earth’s plastic outer Mantle (Asthenosphere). The movement of these convection cells is caused by uneven
heating within the Mantle. Plate Tectonics are significant to paleontology because the movement of the
plates causes fossil beds to shift in geographical position and in elevation. Additionally, because of plate
tectonic movements, much of the fossil record has been destroyed by subduction.
Polygenic Mutation:
ClB Scheme: A “controlled breeding” method of creating Drosophila which are homozygous for a
particular chromosome. A particular Drosophila of interest is crossed with stock Drosophila which have
visible mutations on the chromosome of interest, allowing for the isolation of homozygotes. ClB can be
particularly useful in estimating the number of chromosomes in a particular stock which contain at least
one lethal recessive.
Taphonomy: The process by which organisms become fossilized. Includes the processes of Necrolysis
(circumstances of death), Biostratinomy (burial of remains in layered sediment), and Fossil Diagenesis
(preservation of the fossil within these layers).
Taphonomic Loss: The loss of information in the fossil record caused by taphonomic realities such as:
intermittent deposition and lithification of sediment, the preservation of only certain organisms or features
(i.e. hard parts), or the transport of fossils from one geographical location to another.
Taphonomic Gain: The gain of insights into the earth’s history based on analysis of historical taphonomic
losses. Based on variations in taphonomic loss, we can infer ecological and environmental conditions of
different time periods.
Ammonite: a molluscan clade that is now extinct, but has an extremely diverse fossil record. Point of
interest: it is an example of clade (or species) selectivity, because it was repeatedly hit harder on average
than other clades (species) during mass extinction events.
Clade Selection
Peramorphosis: either the acceleration of somatic development or retardation of reproductive development
in a descendent relative to its ancestor. The extinct Irish elk, in terms of how allometry has led to its
unusual body and antler size, is an example of peramorphosis. ALT: an exaggerated state of a character in a
descendent population compared to the state in an ancestor and corresponding to the state expected if
ontogenetic growth of the ancestor's character had been prolonged. ALT: when allometry is positive, large
species often have bizarrely elaborate structures; ex. irish elk. The idea is that there is accelerated somatic
development or arrested sexual development
Paedomorphosis: either the retardation of somatic development or the acceleration of reproductive
development. Typically, the juvenile body form gains reproductive ability, as in the salamander Ambystoma
mexicanum (the axolotl). ALT: Arrested somatic development or accelerated sexual development, neoteny;
ex. axolotl.
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Haldane’s Rule: The heterogametic sex is always the first to be affected by mutations which cause sterility
or inviability (postzygotic isolation).
Punctuation: A major extinction event, followed by the diversification of those species lines which survive
the extinction event.
Equilibria
Time Averaging: occurs when fossils from a fairly large range of time form within the same strata, giving
the paleontologist the mistaken impression that they are all fossils from the same time period. Timeaveraging can cause apparent variation in traits to seem higher than actually existed.
Hopeful Monster: Any change in genetic characteristics which produce large-scale changes in a
morphology, behavior, development, etc. Such changes are ‘monsters’ in that they represent a dramatic
shift from previous traits. Most of these changes will be deleterious and will not survive or be preserved in
the fossil record; however, occasionally one of these monsters will produce a successful characteristic,
leading to the creation of new genera/taxa.
Rifting: The separation of the crustal plates at a divergence zone. Rifting is especially significant to
evolution because it one of several tectonic phenomena which can lead to the separation and isolation of a
population, enabling the resulting two populations to speciate allopatrically (vicariance).
Key Innovation: A character that provides entry into a substantially different ecological niche or adaptive
zone (may or may not increase the rate of diversification). Can develop once functional constraints are
lifted (by functional divergence of redundant elements or decoupling of functions)
Apical Epidermal Ridge
Morphological Disparity
Volcanic Ash: Very significant and useful layers in the geological record, each of which is produced by a
distinct eruption event (and can therefore be differentiated from other ash layers). These layers are critical
time markers because they are geographically widespread (due to ash being eroded via the atmosphere) and
represent an event which was extremely brief in geological time
Divergence (Rift) zone: Zone of lateral spreading of two or more crustal plates caused by the upward
convection of mantle. Divergence zones are characteristically composed of horsts (raised areas) and
grabens (lowered areas), which can have a significant effect on local life forms by collecting water in
grabens and altering local climate patterns with horsts. A good example is the rift zone in Africa, which
has created a large number of lakes that have led to the evolution of diverse species of cichlid fishes.
Convergence (Subduction) zone: Zone of lateral contraction of crustal plates caused by the subduction
(usually) of marine crust, which is denser, under less dense continental crust, where it is recycled in the
mantle. Volcanoes and/or parallel mountain chains are usually formed on the continental crust as a result.
When two continents meet, huge mountains, such as the Himalayas, are formed because the two sections of
crust will not subduct and instead one "rides" along the surface of the other.
Translational zone: Zone of crustal movement in which each plate moves parallel to the other in opposite
directions. A good example of this is the San Andreas fault..
Stratophenetics: the process of looking for lineages in rock strata based on morphological similarities or
progressions.
Stratocladistics: use of early samples lacking apomorphic traits.
Pleiotropy: The property of a single gene locus that controls more than one trait or function, leading to
either negative or positive pleiotropy. In positive pleiotropy, alternate allele states effect both traits
controlled by the gene in the same direction (i.e. one allele may increase both traits, the other decrease both
traits). In negative pleiotropy, a trade-off between traits is involved... one allele may increase trait A but
decrease trait B, while the alternate allele may decrease trait A but increase trait B.
Allozyme: Form of an enzyme that differs in amino acid sequence, as shown by electrophoretic mobility or
some other property, from other forms of the same enzyme and is encoded by one allele at a single locus.
ALT: Several forms of an enzyme coded for by different alleles at a locus.
Transposable Element (transposon): A mobile DNA sequence that can move from one site in a
chromosome to another, or between different chromosomes.
Linkage Disequilibrium: A condition where two genes are found together in a population at a greater
frequency than that predicted simply by the product of their individual gene frequencies.
Codon Bias: Although several codons code for a single amino acid, an organism may have a preferred
codon for each amino acid. This is called codon bias.
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Index Fossils: A fossil of an organism which was frequently preserved, occurred for a relatively short
period of geological time, and was geographically widespread. Index fossils are valuable because they
allow paleontologists to correlate rock strata from disparate locations.
Phacops rana: Devonian trilobites; Eldredge used as an example of rapid change followed by stasis in the
marginal population; provides support of Hypothesis of punctuated equilibrium.
Orthogenesis: A proposed evolutionary mechanism wherein organisms evolve along a pre-determined
path. This path is intrinsic, such that evolution is the result of an unfolding internal plan built into each
organism. Was rejected because it has no genetic basis and because it suggests that organisms are
programmed to “anticipate” their future environments.
Uniformatarianism: The scientific assumption that processes which are observable on the earth today
have always functioned in the same manner (i.e. uniformly through time). There are two forms of
uniformatarianism – methodological and substantive. Methodological simple assumes that processes have
always proceeded by the same method. Substantive goes one step further, assuming that earth processes of
today proceed by both the same method and at the same rate as those observed today.
Gmax: Schluter’s idea. Multivariate direction of greatest additive genetic variance within a population.
Evolution towards an optimum will follow a curved tragectory and will proceed most rapidly when
selection favors divergence in the direction in line with Gmax
Interdemic Selection: The selection of entire breeding populations as the basic units.
Milankovitch Theory: It states that as the Earth travels through space around the sun, cyclical variations in
three elements of Earth_sun geometry combine to produce variations in the amount of solar energy that
reaches Earth: 1. Variations in the Earth's orbital eccentricity_the shape of the orbit around the sun; 2.
Changes in obliquity_changes in the angle that Earth's axis makes with the plane of Earth's orbit; and 3.
Precession_the change in the direction of the Earth's axis of rotation, i.e., the axis of rotation behaves like
the spin axis of a top that is winding down; hence it traces a circle on the celestial sphere over a period of
time. Together, the periods of these orbital motions have become known as Milankovitch cycles.
Milankovitch cycles: Specific cycles of change in the orbit/rotation of the Earth. These include changes in
the: axis of rotation (polar wobble), orbital eccentricity, obliquity (axial tilt of rotation about sun), and
precession (relationship between timing of distance from sun and tilt of earth). They occur in 19, 23, 41,
100, and 400_ thousand year cycles. Thought to be caused by pull of Venus and Jupiter. Biologically
important because they change the climatic and seasonal conditions on the surface, influencing the
evolution of organisms.
Phyletic Gradualism: The belief that evolution (and especially speciation) occurs over considerable time
through a slow accumulation of new alleles and changing allele frequencies.
Boloids: Asteroids, meteorites, or comets which periodically are large enough to pass through the earth’s
atmosphere and strike the surface. Are proposed as a disturbance which may alter the earth’s climate, thus
influencing the path of evolution.
Subduction: The process by which two tectonic plates collide, and one is forced to pass under the other,
usually associated with mountains, volcanoes and earthquakes.
Vicariance: Speciation which occurs as a result of the separation and subsequent isolation of portions of an
original population. ALT: differentiation into 2 different species; in speciation, a type of allopatric
speciation that occurs when 2 rather widespreadpopulations are divided by a physical barrier.
Biostratigraphy: Biostratigraphy is a part of paleontology that deals with using fossils to work out how
two units of rock ('strata') relate in space and time.
The darwin (“d”): change by a factor of e per million years (my) where e is the base of natural logrithms.
J.S. Haldane
Radioisotope Dating
Magnetostratigraphy
Dansguard-Oeschyer Cycles: 2_3 Ka) Climatic changes that cause an increase in rain cycles. The increase
in water mixes sediment so things that died at different times might be together in a layer.
Macromutation
Punctuated equilibrium
Sympatric Speciation: Sympatric speciation is the formation of a new species within a geographical area _
it is probably caused by strong selection pressures. ALT: Speciation between two populations that are
occupying the same geographic locality so that opportunity to interbreed is presented; not entirely accepted
as a mode of speciation. Ex. Bush's rhagolettis in the hawthorn berries.
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Parapatric speciation: Parapatric speciation occurs when two adjacent populations diverge and speciate.
ALT: Speciation between two populations with contiguous but non_overlapping geographic distributions.
Peripatric speciation: speciation by evolution of reproductive isolation in peripherally situated
populations. ALT: Peripatric speciation occurs when a small “bud” population is isolated at the perimeter
of a parent population, and undergoes rapid evolution due to the founder effect (changes in the epistatic
genetic environment). ALT: Speciation by evolution of reproductive isolation in populations that are
situated peripheral to most of the populations of a species.
Chronospecies: A portion of an evolving lineage preserved in the fossil record that differs enough from
earlier or later members of the lineage.
Macroevolution: Evolution on the grand scale resulting in the origin of higher taxa. In evolutionary theory
it thus entails common ancestry, descent with modification, the genealogical relatedness of all life,
transformation of species, large scale functional and structural changes, etc. ALT: evolution at or above the
species level; includes extinction but according to Bell not speciation_stupid.
Microevolution: Change within species; relatively minor change in the composition of a species' gene pool
with time.
Allometry/Allometric Scaling: Generally, the effect of size on shape. Specifically, any relationship of
anatomical variables that fits the equation Y = AXk (A is a constant, the exponent k the coefficient of
allometry). This is an important term, so here list a number of definitions _ they mean the same thing: 1)
Change of shape with increase or decrease in size (Gould 1977); 2) The dependence of shape variables on
size variables (Bookstein et al 1985); 3) Growth of a feature during ontogeny at a rate different from that of
another feature with which it is compared (Futuyma 1986); 4) The relationship between the size of an
organism and the size of any of its parts: for example there is an allometric relationship between brain size
and body size such that animals with bigger bodies have bigger brains. ALT: a disproportionate, or
nonlinear, relationship between 2 features of an organism; ex. humans of different ages show
proportionately less head growth and more leg growth than of the body as a whole.
Grade: a group of species that evolved to the same stage in one or more characters, and typically constitute
a paraphyletic rather than a monophyletic group.
Iterative Evolution: the repeated evolution of similar phenotypic characters at different times during a
clade’s history.
Taxonomic frequency rate: the rate at which new taxa (e.g., genera) replace previous ones; it therefore
depends on the rate of origin of taxa and the rate of extinction.
Phylogenetic rate: the rate of change of single characters, or complexes of characters, within a lineage.
Paralogous Genes: Two genes or clusters of genes at different chromosomal locations in the same
organism that have structural similarities indicating that they derived from a common ancestral gene.
Irreducible Complexity: This term refers to complex organismal features that cannot function except by
the coordinated action of all their components.
Red Queen hypothesis: the hypothesis, proposed by Van Valen, that organisms must evolve at a minimum
rate just to “keep pace” with other interacting species (competitors, predators, prey). Thus, evolution occurs
at a base rate in all species which are not in the process of becoming extinct.
Taxon: Any named group of organisms, not necessarily a clade. ALT: a particular group of organisms
assigned to a categorical rank.
Phylogenetic tree
Cladogenesis: Branching of lineages during phylogeny.
Anagenesis: Evolution of a feature over an arbitrary amount of time.
Homologous: Shared, derived character between two species descendent from a common ancestor.
Monophyletic group: All species derived from a single common ancestor.
Paraphyletic group: Contains species derived from common ancestors, but does not include all members.
Independent contrasts: Comparisons of character data for two taxa which factor out phylogeneticallyproduced correlations.
Homeobox (“Hox”) gene: a short bit of DNA sequence that encodes a homeodomain protein, which is a
regulatory protein that activates other genes expressed during development. The Hox gene family is large
(it has been duplicated many times).
Threshold trait: a trait whose morphogen varies quantitatively/continuously but whose phenotype varies
discretely. Digit number is an example of a threshold trait.
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Canalization: Internal factors during development that constrain the potential for phenotypic variation of a
given trait. ALT: Operation of internal factors during development that reduce the effect of perturbing
influences thereby constraining variation in the phenotype around one or more modes.
Soft Selection: The mechanism which allows inferior individuals in a population a non_zero probability of
surviving into future generations. ALT: occurs when the number of survivors is determined by competition
for a limiting factor such as space or food; selection doesn't determine the number of surviving adults, only
their genotypes.
Hard selection: Selection acts on competing individuals. When only the best available individuals are
retained for generating future progeny, this is termed "hard selection." In contrast, "soft selection" offers a
probabilistic mechanism for maintaining individuals to be parents of future progeny despite possessing
relatively poorer objective values. ALT: occurs when the likelihood of survival of an individual depends
solely on how well its genotype equips it for the microenvironment in which it settles.
Mosaic Evolution: Evolution of different characters within a lineage, or clade, at different rates.
Evolutionary reversals: a return to a more ancestral state from an “advanced” or adaptive state.
Parallel Evolution: The evolution of similar features, independently, in related lineages.
Convergent Evolution: Evolution of similar features independently in different evolutionary lineage
usually from different antecedent features of by different development pathways. ALT: evolution of similar
features independently in different evolutionary lineages; results in analogous characters.
Outgroup: A taxon that diverged from a group of other taxa before they diverged from each other.
Sister Taxa: Two species or higher taxa derived from an immediate common ancestor.
Taxa: Taxonomic unit to which species or higher taxa are assigned.
Autapomorphy: changes unique to a single taxa. ALT: a derived character state possessed by only one of
the taxa under consideration.
Synapomorphy: A derived character state that is shared by two or more taxa.
Apomorphy: A derived state of a character with reference to another state.
Sympleisomorphy: shared ancestral trait. ALT: an ancestral character state shared by 2 or more taxa.
Plesiomorphy: "primitive" or "original" state. ALT: an ancestral (primitive) character state (with reference
to another, derived, state.
Character state: one of the variant conditions of a character.
Law of Superposition: The basic geological law which states that rock layers on the bottom of a
stratagraphic column are older than those above it, assuming that the rock layers have not been overturned
by crustal folding.
Linkage Disequilibrium: The nonrandom association of alleles at multiple loci. ALT: nonrandom
association of alleles at 2 or more loci; D=ad_bc.
Adaptive Peak: The allele frequency at which the mean fitness of a population is at the local maximum. Or
the mean phenotype that maximizes fitness.
Homoplasy: Possession of a similar trait by two+ species that is not derived from a common ancestor.
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PEOPLE:
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Sepkoski, J.J.: Developed logarithmic paleobiodiversity curves and suggested that mass extinctions played
a critical role in diversity. By evaluating the fossil record Sepolski also brought attention to sampling
biases. Compiled data on stratigraphic ranges of >31,000 genera.
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Hennig: Developed what is currently classified as cladistics by proposing that monophyletic groups are
defined by shared, uniquely derived character states thereby allowing one to infer the brancing patterns of
evolution.
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Felsenstein: Developed the maximum likelihood method for analyzing phylogenetic trees, particularly for
sequence data. By using a model for the evolution of characters, this method evaluates the likelihood for
each phylogeny.
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Lynch: Analyzed the rate of morphological evolution in mammals from the standpoint of neutral
expectation. He concluded that most characters evolved too slowly for them to be under directional
selection, and argued for punctuated equilibrium.
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Lande: Adopted Wright’s theory of adaptive landscapes for correlated selection on two quantitative traits.
This idea raised the possibility of genetic constraints where one trait could be maladaptive compared to
how it would have evolved on its own.
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Mayr: Developed the theory of peripatric speciation (the foundation for punctuated equilibrium) whereby a
small founder population evolves through genetic drift and possibly adaptation to a new environment.
Eldredge & Gould
Galton
Bateson
Hubby & Lewontin
Simpson: “brilliant asshole”, most important paleontologist of the 20th century; pioneered study of rates of
evolution, integrated paleontology into the Evolutionary Synthesis, explained gaps in fossil record as
““quantum evolution”” where intermediates are less adaptive and too brief to have left fossil traces.
Gingerich: Suggested that evolutionary rates are a function of the time interval over which they are
measured. Also suggested that evolutionary rates are negatively correlated with time and that the only
difference between macroevolutionary and microevolutionary processes is time scale. ALT: Gingerich
described the apparent dampening of evolutionary rates which have been measured over long time
intervals. Because the evolutionary direction (?polarity?) of a particular characteristic may reverse (i.e. a
trait is selected to be larger during one time period, and then selected to be smaller during a later period),
measures of evolutionary rate taken over long time intervals may fail to include much of the change which
occurred, resulting in a misleadingly low rate estimate.
Haldane: Founder of population genetics who found that sterility or inviability in hybrids will first appear
in the heterogametic sex.
Dollo’s Law: the principle that complex characteristics, once lost, are not usually regained. ALT: complex
characters, once lost in evolution, are unlikely to be regained.
Waddington: Developed the idea of genetic assimilation, whereby a character that initially appeared in
response to the environment becomes genetically determined.
Sewall Wright: Introduced the notion of adaptive landscapes relating the average fitness of a population
and its genotype. This allowed for an understanding of how two populations could have the same average
fitness under the same environmental conditions with different genotypes. He used this to develop the
shifting balance theory of evolution.
Dobzhansky: reproductive isolation occurs due to adaptive divergence and epistatic interactions between
loci.
Futuyma (as he is related to punctuated equilibrium): 1987; divergence locks isolate in space in speciation;
phenotypic evolution without speciation is lost.
Haeckel: Ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny. Believed that through development an individual passes
through the life stages of ancestors, such that if you study embryology, you could infer phylogenetic
history.
Barton:
Goldschmidt: Argued that "macromutations" occur and are a mechanism for saltatory evolution. “Hopeful
monster”.
Jablonski: Hox gene expression and its relationship to punctuated equilibrium??
Kimura: population geneticist who devloped the theory of neutral molecular evolution, called the "neutral
theory." (1981): genetic basis of a character under stabilizing selection is likely to change by genetic drift.
Erwin & Anskey: Suggested the criteria necessary for using the fossil record for evolutionary studies.
Essentially recommended large sample sizes, independent chronology, spatial variation, a phylogenetic
hypothesis, and objective delineation of species into operational units. Of course no study has, or ever will
meet these criteria.
Muller: a geneticist in the early 20th century who became famous for his use of x-ray radiation in the
inducement of mutations. He worked with Drosophila.
Fisher: a population geneticist, known particularly for his development of quantitative genetics (the use of
variance). His fundamental theorem of natural selection states that selection can act only on heritable
additive genetic variance.
Schluter
Pearson
Morgan
D.M. Raup: theoretical analysis of snail morphology; developed a computer model of growth with 4
parameters; all known snail morphologies fit some pattern suggesting diversity may arise from just a few
simple developmental rules of growth.
Vrijenhoek: genetic diversity of asexual populations in fish.
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Coyne & Orr: Drosophila speciation.
Brodie: Garter snakes: color pattern and anti-predator behavior genetically coupled in natural populations
(coupling of behavioral and morphological traits); Genetic covariance maintained by selection for a
particular combination
Turelli et al.: review of speciation.
Rundle et al.: ecological selection.
Rieseberg:
Eberhard: Sexual selection in animal genitalia. (oh baby)
Basolo: female preference predates evolution of the sword in swordtail fish.
Anderson & Iwasa:
Brown & Wilson: reproductive character displacement – pattern whereby characters that reduce mating
between pops differ more where two taxa are sympatric than where they are allopatric; natural selection for
reproductive isolation.
Servedio: non-random mating can produce associations between mating system alleles and alleles favored
by local selection that either promote or inhibit reinforcement; LD effects similar to Fisher’s runaway
selection; both driven by association between male trait and female preference.
Guy Bush: a proponent of sympatric speciation. His work (and his student, J. Feder) on the fruit fly
Rhagoletis polmonella demonstrated that a host shift onto apple trees led to the formation of a new host
race (an incipient species). ALT: Rhajoletis pomonella, adult apple maggot flies exhibit differences in host
preference - example of sympatric speciation, assortative mating.
Guy Brush: J. Matt’s turtle, close ally of Charlesworth, probably won’t be on the final exam, but should
be.
Dieckmann & Doebli: 3 models of sympatric speciation.
Jones & Culver: Cave dwelling amphipods with non-visual sensory systems, loss of complex character
(eyes) due to neurological trade-off (lose eyes, gain olfactory acuity).
Charlesworth: neo-Darwinist; criticized “Hopeful Monster”.
Kingsolver: meta-analysis.
Wynne-Edwards: group selection
George C. Williams:
Lyell: “father of geology;” principle of uniformitarianism