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Unit 8- The Middle Ages Study Guide Vocabulary: Be able to define the following: Nobility: A high-ranking social class Merchant: A craftsman or a buyer or seller of goods for profit Magna Carta: The historic democratic document that limited the King's power and expanded representative government Justinian code: a code of laws created to simplify the Roman legal system Knight: A feudal warrior trained to fight on horseback Plague: An aggressive epidemic that killed about 1/4 of Europe's population in about 5 years Crusades: Major military expeditions by Christians to win back control of the Holy Land (Palestine) and protect the Byzantine Empire Cathedral: a large important Christian church Feudalism: A political system based on reciprocal obligations Castle- A large fortified building or set of buildings Guild- A group of craftsmen or merchants, unified by a common interest Chivalry- A knight’s code of behavior Coat of arms- Worn by Medieval knights to show their accomplishments and birthright Peasant- A serf, or person who lived on or farmed feudal land Lord- A knight or head of a manor, who is a feudal warrior trained and prepared to fight on horseback Review your notes and organizers (multiple choice) How was the Byzantine Empire related to the Roman Empire? It was a continuation of the Roman Empire Why was Constantinople the capital city of the Byzantine Empire? It was located on a peninsula that was easy to defend and in the center of the trade routes Why were relics and treasures taken back to the West? Relics and treasures were taken back because the Byzantine Empire was overrun and eventually conquered by the Ottomans. What did the Byzantine Empire keep and preserve? It kept the Roman laws and culture and preserved Greek culture. What was the Magna Carta? It was a document that contained 63 clauses, limited the power of the king, and eventually led to the Parliamentary government in England. What did people give in return for land and protection under the Feudal system? loyalty and service What were the effects of the Feudal system? It protected people from invaders, centralized military power, and governed how people lived and worked What was life like for peasants under the Feudal system? They did most of the actual work, they had to pay taxes or fees for services, and they were allowed to farm small parcels of land. They worked from sun rise to sun set, biggest hope was that heaven was better than life on Earth What was the greatest contribution of the Roman Catholic Church during the Middle Ages? 1,000 years of stability What were monasteries? religious places where monks copied the Bible in Latin, fed the poor, and took care of the sick What were the causes and results of the crusades? causes: The Holy Land was captured by the Muslims, the Pope wanted to stop the Knights from fighting each other, and people wanted to be safe on their pilgrimage to the Holy Land. results: They increased interaction between Europe and the Middle East, European trade spread to China and India, and the interaction brought new ideas in Math and Science. Fill-in the blank Complete the 5 levels of the feudalism hierarchical structure King- monarchy Nobles-dukes, barons, counts, lords Knights Vassal- stewards (includes professionals and merchants) Peasant/serf Know the code similar to the Justinian code and why? The Code of Hammurabi; because it was to protect the people The two forces that controlled people's lives during the Middle Ages. The Catholic Church and Feudalism Where the Bubonic plague originated and spread. originated in central Asia, spread to China, the Middle East, and finally to Europe Short Answers. You need to remember to use 4-5 quality sentences for each answer. 1. Why is the Magna Carta considered to be one of the most important democratic documents? 1. set precedent for limiting government, 2. expanded representative government that led to Parliament and our representative government (U.S. Congress), 3. increased individual rights, due process, trial by jury 2. Explain what Feudalism was and how it affected different classes of people. Be sure to give at least one positive and one negative idea about Feudalism. A political, economic, and social system based on reciprocal obligations and allegiances positive: lower class people were given land and military protection for loyalty and service, their lives were predictable and somewhat stable; negative: upper class led rich, powerful, extravagant lives, lower class was illiterate, had to pay taxes or fees to the lord of the manor, bound to the land and were sold with the land when it exchanged hands 3. Explain how the Bubonic plague changed life during the Middle Ages. Be sure to include how it affected the people and the economy. widespread and deadly disease- killed people no matter their class or social standing, 1347-1352 killed 25% to 33% of population of Europe (¼ to ⅓), Economic Impact— fewer peasants made them more valuable (labor shortage) higher standard of living more independent end of Feudalism businesses went bankrupt, trade declined and towns disappeared, food supply decreased and people starved 4. Explain how the crusades changed life during and after the Middle Ages. 1. 1st crusade did gain control of Holy Land for a while 2. neutralized/stopped Muslim advances into mainland Europe 3. interaction between Europe and Middle East brought new ideas and products to Europe (math and science) 4. expanded trade and European economy 5. built an interest in overseas land and trade 6. developed nature of exploration- this would propel Europe into the Western Hemisphere