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The Middle Ages Feudalism, Castles, Knights, & Promises Medieval Europe • The Fall of the Roman Empire brought many changes to Europe. • The once unified empire divided into many regional kingdoms controlled by a nobleman or king. Dark Ages, 500-900 AD • Loss of Central Government • Disruption of Trade- no government=no laws=unsafe to move goods • Downfall of Cities- cities were no longer the center of government so people moved to rural areas to support themselves Dark Ages, 500-900 AD • Reasons it was “dark” • Decline of learning-Germanic invaders could not read or write so the level of learning decreased • Loss of Common Language-Latin mixed with Germanic languages to create the Romance Languages (Spanish, French, Italian, etc.) Frankish Rulers • 496 Clovis unites the Franks & converts to Christianity • 732 Charles Martel defeats the Muslim Turks @ the Battle of Tours, Europe will remain Christian • 800 Charlemange crowned Holy Roman Emperor (Western Europe) on Christmas Day by Pope Leo III Holy Roman Empire • Charlemange unites much of Western Europe • Reintroduces the value & importance of education • Revives the spirit & glory of the Roman Empire • Links the power of European monarchs with the power of the Catholic Church Social Structure • King was at the top • Nobility-any one related to any king or given a title by a king (clergy, knights, etc.) • Peasants-Everyone else Feudalism • King owns ALL the land • Land=power • King grants land (fief) to allies (vassals/lords) who promise loyalty, military service, & ransom • King promises to protect the vassals • Vassals must protect the fief & peasants • Peasants must work the land Protection • Lawlessness was the rule during the Middle Ages • Might made right • Noblemen built castles to protect the land & themselves from attacks