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Genetics Why do organisms look or behave in certain ways? Why do kids look similar to their parents? https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=B_PQ8qYtUL0 Traits • Traits are a feature you inherit. • Traits are passed from parents to offspring. • Sexually reproduced organisms are a unique blend of both parent’s traits • Traits can be physical or behavioral. • Physical traits in animals can include features such as wings, claws, fur, which may provide advantages for that organism, we call these adaptations. • Or the physical traits may just influence the appearance of an organism such as eye color, hair color, or right/left handedness. • Behavioral traits may include actions such as nestbuilding, swimming, or migrating. • Human behavioral traits can include being diurnal, flinching, and the moro-reflex (falling reflex) Traits can be used for security to identify each unique person. So how does each trait get passed from parents to form in an offspring? • Your DNA provides the instructions for your types of traits. • Your body is made of trillions of cells, each one with a nucleus. • Inside each nucleus are 46 chromosomes. You got 23 from mom, 23 from dad • Chromosomes are made of many genes • A gene is a long section of DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5MQdXjRPHmQ (4:56) DNA http://abcnews.go.com/blogs/business/2013/04/letter-on-dna-structure-sells-for-record-5-3-million/ Put these in order, largest to smallest Answer: Cell Nucleus Chromosome Gene DNA Label your picture What is DNA and how does it work? https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zwibgNGe4aY (5:24) • Ribosomes “read” the DNA and make proteins • Proteins make up all the cells and structures of your body (fingernails, skin, muscles, etc.) • Proteins also make enzymes which help chemical reactions, like digestion, occur in your body. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tI69AVRW0DU (9:48) what are enzymes • Every inherited trait is controlled by one or more proteins DNA and our genes are a code for making proteins which make our traits Traits – including hair color and poor eyesight, are passed from generation to generation Traits are passed from parents to offspring in different combinations each time. Making you one of a kind! A Survey of Human Traits Trait • A feature you inherit. (eye color, freckles, body structure, etc.) Allele • Alternate form of a gene for a trait – Blue or Brown are alleles for eye color – Allele may be dominant or recessive (B or b) Dominant • A trait that covers over another form of that trait. – Represented with a capital letter (B) Recessive • A trait that gets covered up by the dominant allele and it seems to disappear. – Represented with a lower case letter (b) Phenotype • The outward, physical appearance of an organism as a result of its genotype. (brown hair, left handed, freckles) • What is her phenotype? – Brown eyes, brown hair, curly hair, no freckles, medium skin tone Genotype • The genetic make-up of an organism – Represented by two alleles (one from mom, one from dad) – BB, Bb, bb (homozygous or heterozygous) Survey yourself • Look at each trait and determine your phenotype (outward appearance) • Next, determine your genotype (what letters/alleles you have for the trait.) • You may have dominant, recessive, or hybrid alleles • We will work through this together… Handedness • Phenotype: – Right or Left • Genotype: – Right = RR or Rr – Left = rr Hitchhiker’s thumb • Phenotype: – Present (top) or Absent (bottom) • Genotype: – Present (HH or Hh) – Absent (hh) Ear lobes • Phenotype: – Unattached (top) or attached (bottom) • Genotype: – Unattached (LL or Ll) – Attached (ll) Tongue Rolling • Phenotype: – Roller or non-roller • Genotype: – Roller (RR or Rr) – Non-Roller (rr) Widow’s Peak • Phenotype: – Present (see pictures) or absent • Genotype: – Present (WW or Ww) – Absent (ww) Dimples • Phenotype: – Present (see pictures) or absent • Genotype: – Present (DD or Dd) – Absent (dd) Cleft Chin • Phenotype: – Present (see pictures) or absent • Genotype: – Present (CC or Cc) – Absent (cc) Interlocking fingers • Phenotype: – Left thumb on top or right thumb on top • Genotype: – Left on top (TT or Tt) – Right on top (tt) PTC Taster • Phenotype: – Taster or non-taster • Genotype: – Taster (PP or Pp) – Non-taster (pp) Tonight • Survey your family members. See who has what phenotypes. • Can you figure out where some of your genes came from?