* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Download Rome
Ancient Roman architecture wikipedia , lookup
Promagistrate wikipedia , lookup
Cursus honorum wikipedia , lookup
Military of ancient Rome wikipedia , lookup
Constitutional reforms of Sulla wikipedia , lookup
Slovakia in the Roman era wikipedia , lookup
Constitutional reforms of Augustus wikipedia , lookup
Roman Republican governors of Gaul wikipedia , lookup
Roman army of the late Republic wikipedia , lookup
Switzerland in the Roman era wikipedia , lookup
Demography of the Roman Empire wikipedia , lookup
Romanization of Hispania wikipedia , lookup
Travel in Classical antiquity wikipedia , lookup
Roman funerary practices wikipedia , lookup
Food and dining in the Roman Empire wikipedia , lookup
Education in ancient Rome wikipedia , lookup
Roman historiography wikipedia , lookup
Roman economy wikipedia , lookup
Early Roman army wikipedia , lookup
Culture of ancient Rome wikipedia , lookup
Roman technology wikipedia , lookup
Ancient Rome And The Rise of Christianity WORLD HISTORY THE ROMAN EMPIRE GEOGRAPHY OF ITALY The Italian peninsula looks like a boot jutting into the Mediterranean Sea and Rome is located in the center Its location helped the Romans expand to lands around the Mediterranean THE PEOPLES The ancestors of the Romans were the Latin's who migrated into Italy by 800BCE They settled along the Tiber River in small villages on seven low lying hills where they herded and farmed Other peoples who lived on the peninsula were the Greeks and Etruscans who lived north of Rome The Romans learned from the Etruscans 1. Adapted the alphabet 2. Use the arch in building 3. Engineering techniques to drain the marshy lands along the Tiber 4. Gods and goddess ROME. THE BEGINNING THE ROMAN REPUBLIC Romans drove out the Etruscan ruler in Tarquin the Proud in 509 BCE This date marks the founding of the Roman state Romans set up a new government called a republic They felt this would keep any one individual from getting too powerful THE GOVERNMENT TAKES SHAPE In the early republic the most powerful governing body was the Senate Its 300 members were all Patricians Or members of the landholding upper class Each year the senators elected two Consuls, whose jobs was to supervise the business of government and armies The consuls could only serve 1 year By limiting their time in office and making them responsible to the senate, Rome had a system of checks and balances In the event of war the senate would choose a dictator or ruler who has complete control over a government. The dictator could rule for 6 months PLEBEIANS DEMAND EQUALITY At first all government officials were patricians Plebeians, who made up the bulk of the population had little influence and were not happy 1st breakthrough was in 450BC when the Twelve Tablets of Law were placed in the Forum so all may know the laws Plebeians could now appeal judgments Later, they gained the right to elect their own officials called Tribunes to protect their interests Tribunes could veto those laws that they felt were harmful to plebeians Slowly plebeians forced the senate to A LASTING LEGACY / ROMAN SOCIETY The senate still dominated, plebeians gained a voice in the government & rights without war or revolution More than 2,000 years later the framers of the US Constitution would adapt such Roman ideas as the senate the veto and checks on political power The basic unit in Roman society was the family Husbands/fathers were head of the household His wife was subject to his authority CHANGING ROLE OF WOMEN/EDUCATION Most women worked at home some could run business, support the arts, go to public baths, dine out and attend theaters with their husband Boys & Girls learned to read and write Wealthy Romans hired private tutors who were Greek Rhetoric was an important subject for boys who pursued political careers RELIGION Roman Gods/goddesses resembled Etruscans & Greek’s Zeus = Jupiter ruled over the Roman gods Juno = Hera protected marriages Neptune = Poseidon god of the sea Roman’s celebrated festivals to gods JUPITER AND NEPTUNE CITIZEN SOLDIERS / CONQUERED LANDS By 270 BC Rome controlled most of the Italian peninsula Rome’s success was due to its skillful diplomacy and its well trained army The basic unit was a legion who fought for free & furnished their own army Commanders mixed rewards with harsh punishments If a unit fled one out of every ten men would be Rome generally treated its defeated enemies with justice Conquered peoples had to 1. Had to acknowledge Roman leadership 2. Pay taxes 3. Supply soldiers to the Roman army In return, Rome letting them keep their own customs and even gave some full citizen ship. As a result, most conquered lands remained loyal to Rome PROTECTION AND UNIFICATION To protect its conquests, Rome posted soldiers throughout he land It built a network of roads to link distant territories As trade and travel increased, local peoples incorporated Latin into their languages and adopted many Roman customs and beliefs Italy began to unite under Roman rule Roman roads, forum Engineering an Empire 9min https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=W1phqEmyx GY THE APPIAN WAY ROMAN ROADS WINNING AN EMPIRE Rome’s conquests brought it in contacts with Carthage Carthage was a city state on the northern coast of Africa And ruled over an empire stretching across N. Africa & W. Mediterranean As Rome expands conflict would become inevitable WARS WITH CARTHAGE Between 264-146 BCE Rome fought three wars against Carthage called the Punic Wars from Punicus, the Latin word for Phoenician First Punic War: was largely a naval battle over the Straits of Mesina. Rome defeated Carthage and won Sicily, Corsica and Sardinia Second Punic War : The Carthaginians sought revenge. The Carthaginian general Hannibal led his army, including war elephants across the Pyrenees, through France and over the Alps into Italy. This cost him nearly half of his army. He did surprise the Romans and for 15 years Hannibal and his army moved across Italy. The Carthaginians failed to capture Rome . Rome sent an army to attack Carthage and defeated Carthage Third Punic War: Rome saw Carthage as a rival and wanted revenge for Hannibal’s destruction so Rome completely destroyed Carthage. Survivors were killed or sold into slavery; they poured salt into the earth. Now Rome was the ITALY AND PUNIC WARS HANNIBAL OTHER CONQUESTS Rome fought for supremacy and world domination. They were committed to the policy of Imperialism While Rome was fighting Carthage it was also expanding into other areas Overtime Macedonia, Greece and parts of Asia Minor became Provinces or lands under Roman rule Other countries became allies Romans called the Mediterranean Mare Nostrum or Our Sea. SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC EFFECTS The many conquest brought many riches into Rome A new class of wealthy Romans emerged who built huge estates called Latifundia As Rome conquered more and more land they forced the captured people to work as slaves on latifundias Wide spread use of salve labor hurt small farmers Huge quantities of grain forced the prices down forcing many farmers into debt and forced to sell their land These landless farmers flocked to Rome looking for jobs There they joined a growing class of unemployed causing a gap between rich and poor and angry mobs began to riot ATTEMPTS AT REFORM Two patricians brothers named Tiberius and Gaius Gracchus were the first to attempt reforms Tiberius was elected Tribune called on the state to distribute land to poor landless farmers Ten years later his brother Gaius was also elected Tribune and sought even wider reforms, including the use of public funds to buy grain to feed the poor Both Gracchus brothers angered the senate so much that they and thousands of their followers were killed DECLINE OF THE REPUBLIC Unable to resolves its problems Rome was plunged into civil war At issue was who should hold power, the senate or popular political leaders This turmoil sparked slave uprisings and revolts among Rome’s allies Old legions of Roman citizen soldiers became professional armies loyal to their generals and not Rome JULIUS CAESAR’S RISE TO POWER An ambitious military leader Julius Caesar comes to dominate Roman politics The First Triumvirate - a group of three persons with equal power 1. Gen. Pompey 2. Marcus Crassus 3. Julius Caesar After Crassus’ death Pompey and the Senate order Caesar to leave his legions and return home, Caesar defied the order and crossed the Rubicon River and headed to Rome sparking a civil war across Rome Caesar crushed Pompey “Veni, vidi, vici”—I came, I saw, I conquered Upon returning to Rome, Caesar forced the senate to make him dictator but kept the senate and other features of the republic but in fact he was the absolute ruler CAESAR’S REFORMS Caesar becomes dictator for life Some of his reforms were Gave jobs to unemployed with public works projects reorganized the government of the provinces granted citizenship to more people Most lasting reform was the Julian Calendar Crash course 12:25 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oPf27gAup9 U&index=10&list=PLBDA2E52FB1EF80C9 JULIUS CAESAR CLEOPATRA ASSASSINATION AND CIVIL WARS A group of senators led by Brutus and Cassius feared Caesar would make himself king, assassinated him Caesar’s death plunged Rome into a new civil war Second Triumvirate: Mark Antony, Caesars chief general and Octavian, Caesar’s grand nephew and Marcus Lepidus divide up the empire Octavian forced Lepidus to retire After Antony married Cleopatra, Octavian declares war on Antony in Rome’s name Octavian defeats Antony’s army a the naval battle at Actium Antony & Cleopatra commit suicide to avoid capture Octavian becomes undisputed ruler of Rome ROMAN EMPIRE /A STABLE GOVERNMENT Octavian takes the title of Augustus Or Exalted One Augusts exercised absolute power and named his successor just as a king would. This ushers in the Age of the Roman Empire Augusts did lay the foundation for a stable government He created a well trained civil service High level jobs were open to men of talent He allowed cities and provinces to Rome self government Economic reforms: 1. Made the tax system more fair 2. Ordered a census, or population count 3. set up a postal system 4. issued new coins to make trade easier 5. put jobless to work building roads and temples Augustus government functioned well for 200 years but the main problems kept arising AUGUSTUS BAD EMPERORS AND GOOD EMPERORS The Bad Emperors or The Julian Emperors Tiberius Caligula: Mentally disturbed, killed by palace guards Claudius Nero: Cruel, insane; senate sentenced him to death for treason The Good Emperors Nerva Trajan: increased empire to its greatest size Hadrian: codified Roman law, built wall across Britain Pius Marcus Aurelius: brought empire to height of its economic prosperity NERO THE GOOD AND THE BAD MARCUS AURELIUS HADRIAN’S WALL POX ROMANA 200 year period of Peace that began with Augustus and ended with Marcus Aurelius was called Pox Romana or Roman Peace During this time Roman rule brought many regions under their rule to become as large as the continental United States Roman legions maintained and protected the roads, trade flowed freely People moved easily within the empire spreading ideas and knowledge BREAD AND CIRCUSES Rich and poor a like enjoyed the spectacular entertainments Circus Maximus: Chariot Races Gladiator contests were at the Colosseum Paid for with taxes, they were a way to pacify the city’s restless mobs and gave grain to the poor During Pax Romana, the general prosperity hid underlying social and economic problems Colosseum: Engineering an Empire 10 min: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XyVuqsOHxwA ANCIENT ROME CIRCUS MAXIMUS THE COLOSSEUM INTERIOR/EXTERIOR OF THE COLOSSEUM THE COLOSSEUM TODAY GRECO-ROMAN CIVILIZATION Early on Rome absorbed ideas from the Greeks Greek art, literature, philosophy and scientific genius represented the height of cultural achievement Romans adapted Greek and achievements, this blending of Roman, Hellenistic and Greek traditions produced what is known as GrecoRoman Civilization civilization which trade and travel help spread LITERATURE /POETRY/ HISTORY/ PHILOSOPHY Many Romans spoke Greek and imitated Greek styles in literature The greatest Roman writers used Other poets used satirize or to make fun of Roman society Virgil wrote about the traditional, patriotic history of Rome Romans borrowed much their philosophy from the Greeks Stoicism stressed the importance of duty and the importance of acceptances of one’s fate. They also showed concern for the well being of all people ART & ARCHITECTURE Largely based on Greek and Etruscan models but also developed their own style Like Greeks, they stressed realism portraying their subjects exactly as they looked Some sculptures were more idealistic Many homes had mosaics or pictures from chips of colored stone or glass Romans emphasized grandeur The built immense palaces, temples, and stadiums to show the power and dignity of Rome Pantheon was a temple to all the Roman gods Engineering an empire pantheon/Hadrian wall: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qC5uecyfK34 THE PANTHEON INSIDE THE PANTHEON ROMAN FORUM ROMAN FORUM TODAY TECHNOLOGY & SCIENCE Romans excelled in engineering or the application of science and mathematics to develop useful structures and machines such as roads, bridges, harbors throughout the empire Aqueducts were bridge like stone structures that brought water from the hills into Roman cities Ptolemy proposed that the earth was the center of the universe, which was accepted in the western world for nearly 1,5000 years Galen advanced the frontiers of medical science by insisting on experiments to prove a conclusion and he compiled a medical encyclopedia summarizing what was known a the time and used for 1,000 years ROMAN AQUADUCTS Brought water from the hills into the cities Engineering an Empire – Rome 10 min: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jGNKDH1A34 Engineering an empire bath houses, invasions of huns 6 min: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AfriW_4NyT8 ROMAN AQUEDUCTS AQUEDUCT BATHS OF CARACALLA BATHS OF CARACALLA TODAY ROMAN BATH HOUSE IN BATH ENGLAND ROMAN PUBLIC TOILETS POMPEII & MOUNT VESUVIUS What Happen? In 79 AD in the city of Pompeii a huge volcano blew and within hours the mountain top was ripped off and within two days the entire town had disappeared + As the ash fell most people were suffocated and buried in the ash. Rain hardened the ash forming a perfect cast of the people and preserving everything Pompeii a day in the life 8 min: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dY_3ggKg0Bc POMPEII / MT. VESUVIUS ERUPTS POMPEII TODAY BODIES ENTOMBED IN ASH CASTS OF BODIES ROMAN LAW/TWO SYSTEMS One of the greatest legacy’s from Rome is their commitment to the rule of law and justice The rule of law fostered unity and stability Civil law was law that applied to its citizens but many foreigners were not covered The Law of Nations applied to all people under Roman rule, citizens and non citizens and later the two systems would merge COMMON PRINCIPLES As Roman law developed, certain basic principles evolved 1. An accused person is presumed innocent until proven guilty 2. The accused was allowed to face the accuser and offer a defense against the charged 3. Guilt had to be established clearer than daylight through evidence 4. Judges were allowed to interpret the laws and were expected to make fair decisions MYSTERY RELIGIONS /RELIGIOUS TOLERATION Within a culturally diverse Roman empire a variety of beliefs coexisted Some turned to mystery religions that emphasized secret rituals and promised Special rewards Generally the Romans tolerated other religions as long a citizens showed loyalty by honoring Roman gods and acknowledging the divine spirit of the emperor Since most people were polytheistic they were content to add Roman gods as well DIVISIONS IN JUDEA/JEWISH REVOLT By 63BC Rome had conquered Judea where most Jews lived To avoid violating the Jewish belief in one god Romans excused Jews from worshiping Roman gods In 66AD discontent grew into rebellion Roman forces crushed the rebels and captured Jerusalem. When revolts broke out again Roman leveled Jerusalem Many Jews fled and scattered around the Mediterranean taking there religious laws and the Torah Commitment to Jewish law and traditions enabled them to survive over the centuries JESUS AND HIS MESSAGE/LIFE OF JESUS A new religion, Christianity is founded by a Jew named Jesus What we know about the life of Jesus comes from what is written in the Bible Jesus was born 4 BC in Bethlehem after an angle gold his mother “Mary” that she would give birth to the messiah Jesus grew up in Nazareth and as a young man worked as a carpenter At the age of 30, he began preaching He recruited twelve close followers who became know as his apostles meaning person sent forth Large crowds gathered to hear his teachings and see him perform miracles of healing. He often used parables or short stories with simple moral lessons THE MESSAGE Jesus’ teaching were firmly rooted in Jewish traditions He believed in one God, accepted the Ten Commandments and preached the obedience to the laws of Jewish, and teachings of Jewish prophets He called himself the Son of God Many people believed he was the messiah who the Jews had predicted He claimed his mission was the bring spiritual salvation and eternal life to anyone who would believe in him In the Sermon on the Mount he echoed Jewish ideas of mercy and sympathy for the poor Emphasized God’s love and taught the need for justice, morality, and service to others A person’s major responsibilities were love the Lord, and love your neighbor He emphasized the importance of forgiveness THE LAST SUPPER DEATH ON THE CROSS While some Jews welcomed Jesus other s regarded him as a dangerous troublemaker Jewish priests felt he challenged their leadership To the Roman authorities he was considered a revolutionary Jesus was betrayed by one of his disciples and was arrested by the Romans He was tried and condemned to be crucified Crucifixion was a Roman method of execution in which a person was nailed to or hung on a cross and left to die His disciples say they saw and talked with Jesus who had risen from the dead, who told them to spread his teachings Then ascended to heaven SPREAD OF CHRISTIANITY/WORK OF PAUL After Jesus’ death, the apostles and other disciples spread his message and helped establish Christian communities Paul had never seen Jesus in fact he had persecuted Jesus’ followers One day Paul had a vision in which Jesus spoke to him then immediately converted the new faith an spread the teachings of Jesus His work set Christianity on the road to becoming a world religion His letters and teachings are part of the New Testament PERSECUTION Rome’s tolerant attitude toward religion did not extend to Christianity Officials suspected Christians of disloyal to Rome since they would not make sacrifices to the emperor or honor the Roman gods Rumors spread that they were engaged in evil practices Many Christians became martyrs or people who suffer or die for their beliefs REASONS FOR CHRISTIANITY’S APPEAL Despite attacks Christianity spreads…Why 1. Jesus welcomed all people especially the humble, poor and oppressed 2. Message of love 3. Equality, human dignity 4. The promise of a better life beyond the grave The work of Christian missionaries was made easier by the unity of the Roman Empire as they traveled Roman roads Crash Course https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TG55ErfdaeY&in dex=11&list=PLBDA2E52FB1EF80C9 TRIUMPH Persecution of Christians ends in 313 AD when emperor Constantine issued the Edict of Milan It granted toleration of Christians Theodosius made Christianity the religion of the empire EARLY CHRISTIAN CHURCH/ OF LIFE AND WORSHIP Early Christian communities shared a common faith & way of worship Only gradually did these scattered communities organize a structure Church A person joins Christianity by renouncing evil in the rite of baptism Through baptism, sins were forgiven Members were considered equal and called each other Each Sunday gather to give thanks to God The Eucharist was when ate bread and drank wine in a sacred meal in memory of Jesus’ Last supper ROLE OF WOMEN/STRUCTURE OF THE CHURCH Women often led the way to Christianity In the early church many worked as teachers and administrators Only men could become members of clergy Priest were under authority of bishop Church official who was responsible for all Christians in an area were diocese Bishops get their authority from apostles Bishops of the most important cities gained the honorary title of patriarch The Church is divided a hierarchy or levels of authority in which officials are arranged according to rank DIVISIONS IN THE CHURCH As the rituals and structure of the church became more defined more divisions arose A major divisive force was rivalry among the patriarchs In the Latin speaking west bishops of Rome came to be called Pope and claimed greater authority over all other bishops Those in the Greek speaking east felt that the 5 patriarchs should spiritual the authority over the other bishops Another source of disunity was the emergence of heresies or beliefs said to be contrary to official Church teachings To end the disputes over questions of faith Church leaders met to decide official Christian teachings The Church also sent out missionaries THEOLOGY AND SCHOLARSHIP/ LOOKING AHEAD Theology means to talk to discourse about God Leading scholars felt Christians could reach a deeper understanding of Jesus’ teachings through reflection Augustine one of the greatest early Church scholars combined Greco-Roman learning with Christian doctrine When Rome falls the Church inherited many of its functions CRISIS AND REFORMS / STRUGGLES FOR POWER After the death of Marcus Aurelius in 180, the golden age of Pax Romana ended and political and economic turmoil rocks the empire During this period emperors were overthrown by others who seized power Many emperors only ruled for a few months or years until they too were overthrown or assassinated In one 50 year period at least 26 emperors reigned…only 1 died of natural causes ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL PROBLEMS At the same time there were social and economic problems High taxes to support the army and bureaucracy put a heavy burdens on business people and small farmers Farmland had been over cultivated and lost productivity Many poor farmers left their land and sought protection from wealthy landholders and though technically free there could not leave the land EMPEROR DIOCLETIAN Emperor Diocletian set out to restore order and make empire easier to govern He divided the empire into two parts He kept the wealthier eastern part and appointed a co-emperor to rule the western provinces but was answerable to him He surrounded himself with elaborate ceremonies Took steps to end the economic decay by to slow inflation or the rapid rise of prices he fixed prices for goods and services required men to follow their fathers occupations forced farmers to stay on their land DIVIDING THE EMPIRE EMPEROR CONSTANTINE In 312 Gen Constantine takes the throne and continues Diocletian’s reforms Constantine granted toleration to Christians which encouraged its growth He built a new capital in Constantinople which made the eastern portion of the empire the capital of the Roman Empire The western portion declined while the Eastern portion prospered MIXED RESULTS These two emperors had mixed results from their reforms They revived the economy Increased the power of the government Held the empire together for another century But reforms failed to stop the long term decline In the end the internal problems combined with invaders from the outside brought the empire down FOREIGN INVASION /IMPACT OF THE HUNS For centuries Rome faced attacks from the invasions of Germanic peoples As early as 200 AD wars in east Asia sent the Huns, a nomadic people, migrating across Central Asia finally reaching eastern Europe in 340 AD dislodging many Germanic peoples The Visigoths , Ostrogoth's and other Germanic peoples crossed into Roman territory seeking safety Under pressure from attacks Rome gave up Britain then France then Spain and finally Rome ROME DEFEATED In 378 AD Roman army was defeated by the Visigoths at Adrianople New waves of invaders soon hammered at its borders In 410 Visigoth general Alaric overran Italy and plundered (to take goods by force) Rome In 434 Hun leader Attila embarked on a savage conquest across Europe sending many fleeing into the Roman empire Finally Odoacer, a Germanic leader ousted the emperor in Rome This event was later referred the “Fall of Rome” CAUSES OF THE FALL Causes of Rome’s Fall 1. Military 2. Political 3. Economic 4. Social MILITARY CAUSES Germanic invasion Problems recruiting Roman citizens to be in the army so Rome hires mercenaries or foreign soldiers serving for pay, to defend its boarders who had no loyalty to Rome and lacked discipline POLITICAL CAUSES Government became more oppressive and authoritative thus losing the support of the people Corrupt officials undermined loyalty Rival armies battled to have their commanders chosen as emperor Dividing the empire when under attack weak ended it beyond repair ECONOMIC CAUSES Economic problems were wide spread Heavier taxes were required to support the government and army Reliance on slave labor discourage Romans from exploring new technology The empire’s wealth declined as formers abandoned their land and the middle class sank into poverty Climate change reduced agricultural productivity Population decline as war and epidemic diseases spread SOCIAL CAUSES The decline of values, discipline and devotion to duty Replacing citizen soldiers with mercenaries demonstrated the decline in patriotism The upper class devoted itself to luxury and self interest Bread for circuses undermined self reliance of the masses Crash Course Fall of Roman Empire: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TG55ErfdaeY &index=11&list=PLBDA2E52FB1EF80C9 THE FALL OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE DID ROME FALL? The fall did not happen in 476, Rome still had an emperor in the eastern empire with came to be known as the Byzantine Empire The “fall” was a long slow process Over centuries German customs and languages replaced much of Roman culture Roads and cities disappeared Christian traditions will give rise to medieval civilization in western Europe