* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Download Answer
Survey
Document related concepts
Molecular cloning wikipedia , lookup
Deoxyribozyme wikipedia , lookup
DNA vaccination wikipedia , lookup
Genetic code wikipedia , lookup
Site-specific recombinase technology wikipedia , lookup
Cre-Lox recombination wikipedia , lookup
Polycomb Group Proteins and Cancer wikipedia , lookup
Extrachromosomal DNA wikipedia , lookup
Designer baby wikipedia , lookup
Nucleic acid analogue wikipedia , lookup
Helitron (biology) wikipedia , lookup
Genetic engineering wikipedia , lookup
Therapeutic gene modulation wikipedia , lookup
Primary transcript wikipedia , lookup
Artificial gene synthesis wikipedia , lookup
Point mutation wikipedia , lookup
Microevolution wikipedia , lookup
Transcript
Scientific Method • • • • • • 1st –make observations 2nd – ask questions 3rd – come up with possible explanations 4th – perform your experiment 5th – analyze your data 6th – make conclusions HYPOTHESIS STATEMENT • IT IS WRITTEN IN AN IF….AND…THEN…. FORMAT. – IF = HYPOTHESIS – AND= HOW YOU WILL TEST YOUR HYPOTHESIS – THEN= EXPECTED OR PREDICTED RESULTS. • OR IF….THEN…BECAUSE…. – IF = HOW YOU WILL TEST YOUR HYPOTHESIS – THEN= EXPECTED OR PREDICTED RESULTS – BECAUSE= HYPOTHESIS IF…THIS IS TRUE AND..WE DO THIS THEN…THIS IS WHAT WILL HAPPEN WHAT VARIABLES ARE INVOVLED IN AN EXPERIMENT? • • • • INDEPENDENT VARIABLE DEPENDENT VARIABLE CONTROLLED VARIABLES (CONSTANTS) IN A CONTROLLED EXPERIMENT YOU HAVE A CONTROL GROUP AND AN EXPERIMENTAL GROUP INDEPENDENT VARIABLE • THE VARIABLE THAT IS BEING CHANGED OR MANIPULATED DEPENDENT VARIABLE • THE RESPONDING VARIABLE; OR THE EFFECT. CONTROLLED VARIABLES OR CONSTANTS • ALL VARIABLES THAT REMAIN THE SAME THROUGHOUT THE EXPERIMENT. A group that is identical to the experimental group in every way, except the control group is not exposed to the independent variable, so you can compare the groups. Pure Science vs. Applied Science APPLIED SCIENCE •DOING RESEARCH TO MAKE DISCOVERIES THAT WILL HAVE AN IMMEDIATE EFFECT IN PEOPLE’S LIVES. •FOR EX: SCIENTISTS STUDYING THE STRUCTURE OF THE AIDS VIRUS OR THE “BIRD FLU” VIRUS ARE CONTRIBUTING TO EFFORTS TO MAKE VACCINES. PURE SCIENCE •DOING RESEARCH SIMPLY BECAUSE THEY ARE CURIOUS ABOUT HOW THE NATURAL WORLD WORKS. •EX: THE “STRING THEORY”= POSES THAT THE UNIVERSE IS MADE UP OF 10 OR EVEN 26 DIMENSIONS. PROKARYOTIC CELLS AND EUKARYOTIC CELLS EUKARYOTE CELL PROKARYOTE CELL WHAT’S THE DIFFERENCE?? • PROKARYOTIC CELLS: – ARE SMALLER – HAVE NO MEMBRANE AROUND ORGANELLES (SUCH AS THE NUCLEUS) – HAVE FEWER ORGANELLES – LACKS A NUCLEOLUS – USUSALLY HAS ONE CIRCULAR CHROMOSOME CONTAINING DNA. – REPRODUCE BY THE PROCESS OF BINARY FISSION – EXAMPLE: BACTERIA EUKARYOTIC CELLS •ARE BIGGER •HAVE MEMBRANES AROUND THEIR ORGANELLES •CONTAINS A NUCLEUS •HAVE MORE CHROMOSOMES •HAVE MORE ORGANELLES •REPRODUCE BY THE PROCESS OF MITOSIS & MEIOSIS •EXAMPLES: ANIMAL & PLANT CELLS; FUNGI AND PROTISTS DIFFERENCE BETWEEN PLANT & ANIMAL CELLS • PLANT CELLS: – HAVE CHLOROPLASTS – HAVE A CELL WALL – LARGE VACUOLE – NO CENTRIOLES • ANIMAL CELLS: – – – – NO CHLOROPLAST NO CELL WALL SMALL VACUOLES HAVE CENTRIOLES NUCLEUS ROUGH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM (E.R) VACUOLE CHROMOSOMES CELL MEMBRANE NUCLEAR ENEVLOPE LYSOSOME GOLGI BODIES CYTOPLASM CENTRIOLES MITOCHONDRIA SMOOTH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM (E.R.) Cell Wall Cell Membrane Vacuole Nucleus Nuclear Envelope Cytoplasm Lysosome Chromosome Rough ER Smooth ER Chloroplast Mitochondria Golgi Bodies TYPES OF MOVEMENT IN & OUT OF A CELL • PASSIVE TRANSPORT -DIFFUSION -OSMOSIS -FACILITATED DIFFUSION • ACTIVE TRANSPORT -PROTEIN PUMP -ENDOCYTOSIS -EXOCYTOSIS PASSIVE TRANSPORT • MOVEMENT OF SUBSTANCES ACROSS THE CELL MEMBRANE WITHOUT ANY INPUT OF ENERGY BY THE CELL. • MOLECULES MOVE DOWN THE CONCENTRATION GRADIENT. – DIFFERENCE IN THE CONCENTRATION OF MOLECULES ACROSS SPACE Concentration Gradient Passive Transport DIFFUSION • SIMPLEST FORM • MOVES MOLECULES FROM AN AREA OF HIGHER CONCENTRATION TO AN AREA OF LOWER CONCENTRATION UNTIL EQUILIBRIUM IS MET. Osmosis HYPOTONIC HYPERTONIC ISOTONIC ACTIVE TRANSPORT • REQUIRES ENERGY FROM THE CELL • MOVEMENT OF MOLECULES FROM AN AREA OF LOWER CONCENTRATION TO AN AREA OF HIGHER CONCENTRATION • MOVEMENT GOES UP THE CONCENTRATION GRADIENT. Concentration Gradient Active Transport CELL CYCLE Cytokinesis Interphase Prophase Metaphase Anaphase Mitosis Telophase Meiosis I Meiosis II Did you notice that meiosis II is pretty much the same as mitosis? Protein Synthesis MENDEL’S PEA PLANT EXPERIEMENTS GENETIC TERMS • Gene: a sequence of DNA that encodes for a certain trait • Allele: one of two (or more) alternative forms of a gene • Dominant Allele: an allele that dictates the expression of a trait (capital letter, ex: A) • Recessive Allele: an allele whose trait is masked by the presence of a dominant allele (lower case letter, ex: a) TERMS • Genotype: genetic make-up of an organism (letter combination) • Phenotype: physical appearance of an organism (its outward appearance) • Homozygous: both alleles in a gene pair code for the same trait (ex: AA or aa) • Heterozygous: the two alleles in a gene pair that do not code for the same trait (ex: Aa) TERMS • Sex Chromosome: the chromosome that determines the sex of an organism (the X and Y chromosome) • Autosome: any chromosome that is not a sex chromosome • Punnett Square: a chart which shows all possible gene combinations in a cross of parents • Monohybrid cross: a cross between two individuals for one trait (ex: Aa x Aa) • Dihybrid cross: crossing two different characteristics at the same time (AaBb x AaBb) Punnett Squares • A Punnett square is a chart which shows all possible gene combinations in a cross of parents. – Horizontally across the top of the chart are the possible gametes of one parent. – Vertically down the side of the chart are the possible gametes of the other parent. – In the boxes of the chart are the possible genotypes of the offspring. T T TT x tt t Tt Tt t Tt Tt DIFFERENT TYPES OF DOMINANCE • COMPLETE DOMINANCE- a heterozygous & a homozygous organism are the same phenotypically. –i.e BB=Bb • INCOMPLETE DOMINANCE2 or more alleles influence the phenotype resulting in a phenotype intermediate of the dominant and the recessive trait. • CODOMINANCE- neither of the 2 alleles of the same gene totally masks the other. The result is a combination of both dominant traits. Spontaneous Generation • The belief before the 17th century • Living things arose from non-living things • Ex. Throwing waste into the street creates rats and flies • Three scientists tested this hypothesis: • Redi • Spallanzani • Pasteur • Conclusion to all 3 experiments: spontaneous generation disproved • The New hypothesis: biogenesis = all living things come from other living things. TYPES OF ADAPTATIONS • Structural • Behavioral • Physiological EVOLUTION • Evolution: • The genetic change in a species over time • The following scientists came up with possible hypotheses: – Jean Baptiste de Lamarck – Charles Darwin – Alfred Russell Wallace Charles Darwin (1809-1882) Jean Baptiste de Lamarck Darwin’s hypothesis became known as: Evolution by natural selection. •Domain •Kingdom •Phylum •Class •Order •Family •Genus •Species Ecological Pyramid of Trophic Levels Tertiary Consumers Energy 10% H Secondary Consumers 10% 1% Primary Consumers E A T 10% Producers Nutrients Decomposers Heat Carbon Cycle Nitrogen Cycle An experiment for a new asthma medication was set up into two groups. Group one was given the new drug for asthma, while group 2 was given a sugar pill. The sugar pill serves as a ____________. A. Control Answer: B. Constant C. Experimental D. Dependent Variable A. Control Which of the following steps to solve a problem must be completed first? A.analyzing data B.recognizing and identifying the problem C.forming a hypothesis D.testing a hypothesis Answer: B. recognizing and identifying the problem Homer notices that his shower is covered in a strange green slime. His friend Barney tells him that coconut juice will get rid of the green slime. Homer decides to check this this out by spraying half of the shower with coconut juice. He sprays the other half of the shower with water. After 3 days of "treatment" there is no change in the appearance of the green slime on either side of the shower. IDENTIFY THE FOLLOWING……. Control Independent variable Dependent Variable Hypothesis Statement The factor that is varied in a controlled experiment is called the a. Control b. Hypothesis c. Dependent variable d. Independent variable Answer: D. Independent variable Studying a picture of a cell taken with an electron microscope, you find that the cell has no nucleus and no mitochondria, but it does have a cell membrane and a cell wall. You conclude that the cell is probably from a (n) a) animal Answer: C) prokaryote b) plant c) prokaryote d) now extinct organism Name and describe three similarities and three differences between plant and animal cells. Answer: Similarities Differences -Have nucleus for photosynthesis -Plant cells have chloroplasts -Have cell membranes vacuoles -Plant cells have larger -Use mitosis & meiosis -Plant cells have cell walls Eukaryotic cells differ from prokaryotic cells in that eukaryotic cells a. Lack organelles b. Have DNA but not ribosomes c. Are smaller than prokaryotic cells d. Have a nucleus Answer: D. Have a nucleus DNA and RNA both consist of which molecule: A) Uracil C) Nucleotide B) Thymine D) Deoxyribose Answer: C) Nucleotide The molecule that is different between DNA & RNA is: A) Phosphate C) Adenine B) Sugar D) Nucleotide Answer: B) Sugar The enzymes responsible for adding nucleotides to the exposed DNA template bases during DNA replication are a) b) c) d) replicases RNA polymerases helicases DNA polymerases Answer: D) DNA polymerases Draw and label the four steps in DNA replication. Answer: 1. Helicase breaks the bonds between the nucleotides and unzips the DNA strand 2. Free floating nucleotides line up with their complimentary base 3. Polymerase bonds the nucleotides together 4. Two identical sister DNA strands are formed. The molecule that makes up proteins are: A) Lipids C) Amino Acids B) Carbohydrates D) Nucleotides Answer: C) Amino Acids The RNA that assists inside the nucleus during protein synthesis is: A) rRNA C) tRNA B) mRNA D) pRNA Answer: B) mRNA Where does transcription take place in the cell? Answer: Transcription takes place in the nucleus. Where does translation take place in the cell? Answer: Translation takes place in the cytoplasm What is the relationship between the order of bases in DNA and the order of amino acids in the final protein? Answer: The order of bases in DNA determines the order of amino acids in the protein If your DNA is different than someone else’s DNA, is the amino acid sequence always different? Explain your answer. Answer: No, due to the fact that various codons code for the same amino acids, there are situations that different DNA would create the same amino acid sequence. When the genes encoded in deoxyribonucleic acid are expressed, what type of macromolecule is being created? Answer: PROTEIN What process involves making proteins from the information carried by mRNA? a. DNA Replication b. Gene regulation c. Transcription d. Translation Answer: D. Tranlsation I II III ? ? ? ? = affected What is the chance that individual III 1 will inherit this condition? Answer: 50% = normal A woman with type AB blood (genotype IAIB) marries a man with A B type O blood (genotype ii). I and I are codominant with each other, but A B i is recessive to both I and I . They can expect what blood type(s) from their offspring. Answer: A or B Four of the five answers listed below are characteristic of mutations. Select the exception a. predictable b. lethal, beneficial or neutral c. random Answer: A. predictable d. effects depend upon environment e. heritable A hitchhiker’s thumb is dominant to a straight thumb. A heterozygous man reproduces with a homozygous recessive female. What percent chance does their child have of getting a hitchhiker’s thumb? Answer: There is a 50% chance their child will have a hitchhiker thumb. Using the food web to the right, which organism can transform light energy into chemical energy? A) 1 Answer: A)C)1 3 B) 5 D) 7 If organism 2 were killed off, which organisms would be affected? A) None of Answer: D)them 9 C) 8 B) All of them D) 9 What weak bond holds together the two strands of nucleotides in a DNA molecule? A. Covalent B. Hydrogen C. Ionic D. Nuclear Answer: B The organisms in level 2 have 500,000 kilocalories of available energy. How much energy will be transferred to organisms in level 4? Answer: 5,000 kilocalories Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Level 4 Level 5 Cytochrome c is a protein that is involved in cellular respiration in all eukaryotic organisms. Human cytochrome c contains 104 amino acids. The following table compares cytochrome c from a number of other organisms to human cytochrome c. Number of cytochromen c amino acids different Organism From humans Answer: Chimpanzees 0 Chickens 18 D) The proteins produced by chimpanzees Dogs 13 and humans are identical to each other. ThereforeRattlesnakes these organisms 20 differ in characteristics that Rhesus monkeys 1 aren’t determined by proteins. Yeasts 56 Which of the following is not a valid conclusion that can be drawn from this data? A) Chimpanzees are more closely related to humans than rhesus monkeys are. B) The cytochrome c of chimpanzees differs from that of rhesus monkeys by only one amino acid C) Dogs are more closely related to humans than chickens are. D)The proteins produced by chimpanzees and humans are identical to each other. Therefore these organisms differ in characteristics that aren’t determined by proteins. FIGURE 1 FIGURE 2 What is the scientific name for Figure 1? Answer: Cladogram Which one of the figures provides information regarding related phenotypes? Answer: Figure 1 Which figure(s) is/are used by geneticists to determine genetic variation from a common ancestor? Answer: Figure 2 What term describes the process by which a species becomes better suited to its environment? a. Adaptation b. Equilibrium c. Gradualism d. Natural selection Answer: A. Adaptation ??? Alfred Russel Wallace was a biologist who collected insects on a 1848 expedition to the Amazon. He also made observations in the Malay archipelago between 1854 and 1862. Wallace discovered that animals on the western islands of the Malay Archipelago differed sharply from those on the eastern islands. Answer: C. punctuated equilibirium or D. reporductive isolation What condition might have caused these animals to evolve into different species? a. fossilization b. population growth c. punctuated equilibrium d. reproductive isolation Gene flow is best defined as: a. the movement of genetic material from the nucleus to the cytoplasm b. the transmission of genetic information from the cytoplasm to the nucleus c. the transmission of genetic information from the parents to the offspring d. the spread of alleles through a population over a period of successive Answer: D ?? generations e. the movement of genes from one chromosomes to another Which population would likely increase if the Adelie penguins were removed from the ecosystem above? A. Killer whale B. Leopard seal C. Petrel D. Fish Answer: D. Fish 38. What is the percent of the population for females between the ages of 0-10 years? 39. What is the percent of the population between the ages of 70-80 years? 40. Explain what the population pyramid is saying about the population in Thailand in 2004. State a possible reason for why the population is distributed as so. Which of the following statements provides the best explanation for the disruption of ecosystems by pollutants? a) Pollutants differ chemically from naturally-occurring substances. b) Only humans have uses for pollutant chemicals. c) There are no adaptive mechanisms that can deal with the pollutants. d) Pollutants are chemicals that cannot be broken down and so they accumulate in ecosystems. Answer: A. ????? What term applies most to humans? a. carnivore b. herbivore c. omnivore d. detrivore Answer: C. omnivore What is the process by which materials pass between the nonliving environment and living organisms? a. biogeochemical cycle c. food web Answer: A. biogeochemical cycle b. energy pyramid d. primary succession Catch, Tag, and Release Sampling of Fish in a Pond Fish Goldfish Trout Catfish Guppie Sample 1 5 3 1 10 Sample 2 6 2 0 15 Sample 3 8 5 2 12 Sample 4 9 2 3 11 What is the calculated mean of Trout captured per sample? Answer: B. 3 B. 3 A. 5 C. 4 D. 2 What is the range of Guppie captured? A. 10 Answer: D. 5 B. 15 C. 11 D. 5 Sample 5 4 3 1 11 The final stage of ecological succession is characterized by the presence of the climax community, the oak-hickory forest. Figure 3 depicts the gradual change from pine to hardwoods. 1. On the basis of the data presented in Figure 1, approximately 80 years after the abandonment of cropland, the land would contain: A.pine seedlings only. Answer: D) large pineforests treesonly. with an understory of hardwood B.oak-hickory hardwood trees. C.early invading species like horseweed, aster, and broomsedge. D.large pine trees with an understory of hardwood trees. Height and Arm Span of 10 People Person Height (Inches) Arm Span (Inches) A 70 71 B 62 61 C 70 69 D 64 62 E 72 71 F 62 58 G 65 64 H 68 67 I 69 69 J 74 72 Using the above information, create a graph that is most Answer: Person would 67 inches tall. The person appropriate for Kthis typebeofapproximately data. with a height of 65 inches has an arm span of 64 inches & the person When have completed the following question: that isyou 68 inches tall has anyour arm graph, span ofanswer 67 inches, you can deduce that if a person hasKan arm 66 inches that they willisbe If Person has an span Arm of Span of 66 inches, what this person’s approximately inch taller how than you theircame arm span. Height? one And, explain up with this answer. Distance a Dog Travels from a Chair Distance from the Chair (feet) 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Time (seconds) InAnswer: a room, there is a dog and a chair. Using the above graph, describe: The dog isWhat not moving or away 5from the seconds. chair. the dog towards is doing between and 7.5 MovingWhat towards the chair quickly. is the dog doing between about 8 and 9 seconds? Approximate Acres of Land burned in Arizona from 2000- 2005 700 Thousands of Acres 600 500 400 300 200 100 0 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 Answer: 1. Howacres many acres of land burned in Arizona in 2005? 350,000 2005 2.No, Is this theitbest typetime of graph this would data? be Explain not. since is over a linefor graph more why/why appropriate. 3.The Is there anyisrequired element from be thelabeled: graph above? If yes, explain X-axis not labeled. It would Years recorded why it is needed and correct the error. Student Study Time and Test Scores 100 Grade on Test 80 60 40 20 0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Hours of Study 1.Answer: 1. Is there a correlation between Hours of Study and Grade on Test? If so,correlation what type of correlation is it? Yes, there is a positive The study bettergraph your grade in onabout the test. 2.longer Whatyou does thethe above tell you Study Time? 8 What is missing for the graph above? Answer: Title Given the relationship between the lynx and the snowshoe hare, what would the hare population have to be in 1928 in order for the lynx population reached 100,000 in 1930?