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BIOCHEMISTRY
Elements and Atoms
• Matter anything that has mass & takes up
space.
• Atoms basic building blocks of matter.
• Elements basic substances that can’t be broken
into other substances.
• Molecules formed when 2 or more atoms bond.
• smallest unit of a cpd.
• Has the chemical & physical props. of the
cpd.
• Compounds are made of atoms of different
elements chemically combined.
Atoms
• Nucleus-center of an atom; includes protons and
neutrons
• Cloud- surrounds nucleus; only electrons
• 3 subatomic particles:
Protons: positive charge
Neutrons: neutral/no charge
Electrons: negative charge
• 1st level holds 2 electrons
• 2nd level holds 8 electrons
• 3rd level holds 18 electrons
Periodic Table
12
Atomic Number: Protons
Mg
Atomic Symbol
Magnesium
24.305
Name of Element
Atomic Mass Number: Protons
(Nucleus)
+
Neutrons
QUESTION: What part of the atom gives the atom its mass??
Inorganic Substances
•
Not
Containing Carbon
Acids: substances that forms hydrogen (H)
hydrogen ions in water. pH of 0-7.
• Bases: substance that forms hydroxide
ions (OH) in water. pH scale of 7-14.
• Salts: Inorganic substances that often
contain Chlorine (but not always)
NaOH
NaCl
HCl H SO
KOH
MgCl2
2
4
Exceptions: CO2 and H2O
Inorganic Substances
So what is water??
HOH
A little bit
Acidic
A little bit
= Neutral
Basic
Cells work on a
chemical level
Four main types of
molecules a cell uses
regularly:
• Carbohydrates
• Lipids
• Proteins
• Nucleic Acids
Organic Substances/components
Bio-molecule
Made of:
Carbohydrates
Simple sugars
Proteins
Amino acids
Lipids
Glycerol & at lease
1 fatty acid
Nucleic Acids
Nucleotides (base,
Organic Substances – containsugar,
Carbon phosphate)
and Hydrogen
Organic substances are made of units called
monomers or polymers.
Monomer- molecule that can bond to
form long chains.
Here is a monomer:
Polymer- a long chain of monomers
Here is a polymer:
Carbohydrates
Characteristics of Carbohydrates
Monomer
Simple Sugar molecules
Function
Stores energy and some structures
Examples
Starch, glucose, fructose
Fact
Usually large molecules
Food
sources
Bread, candy, pasta, vegetables
Video clips come from United
Streaming: Energy and the
Chemistry of Life (39:48)
Lipid
Characteristics of Lipids
Monomer
Fatty acids
Function
Stores energy, forms membranes,
some hormones
Examples
Body fat, cell membranes, testosterone
Fact
Lipids do not dissolve in water but do
dissolve in oils
Candy, red meats, fried foods, dairy
products
Food
sources
Proteins
Characteristics of Proteins
Monomer
amino acids
Function
Makes enzymes (metabolism), forms
structures, some hormones
Examples
Lactase, Insulin, hair, cartilage, muscle
tissue
Fact
All proteins are made of the same 20
amino acids
Food
sources
Meats, nuts, tofu
Enzymes
1. Enzymesa) proteins used by a cell to
speed up and regulate metabolic
reactions
b) biological catalysts; are
unchanged by the reaction.
Enzymes
2. Enzymes
a) proteins with a 3-D shape.
b) shape determines the substrate for the
enzyme
c) Substrates- substances that enzymes act
upon.
Lipase acts on lipids.
Maltase acts on maltose.
Protease acts on proteins.
Lactase works on Lactose .
Enzymes
3. How it works
a) substrate temporarily binds to enzyme active
site.
b) enzyme may change shape to help substrate
bind on.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=s4jEZ9Os6QM&feature=related
Enzymes
4. Coenzymes - non-protein part of
some enzymes.
a) If missing, the enzyme won’t
function.
b) Vitamins may function as
coenzymes.
Enzymes
5. The rate of enzyme activity
depends 5 things
o 3-D shape
o Activation Energy
o temperature
o pH
o concentration
Activation Energy
http://www.sumanasinc.com/webcontent/animations/content/enzymes/enzymes.html
Temperature
6. Optimal temperature- temperature
at which enzyme works most
effectively.
a) If temperature goes above or
below optimal temperature, rate of
enzyme action will decrease.
Temperature
1. What is the optimal temperature for enzyme A? ________
2. What is the optimal temperature for enzyme B? ________
3. Knowing that room temperature is approximately 22 degrees Celsius,
which enzyme would work best in your body? __________
pH
7. pH also affects
rate of enzyme
activity.
a) pH scale- a
measure of
hydronium ions in
a solution.
b) Enzyme functions
best at optimum
pH
Bases
NaOH
OH
KOH
Acids
H
HCl
H2SO4
pH
Intestinal Protease
Gastric Protease
1. The stomach has what optimal pH for that enzyme?
2. What is the optimal pH for the enzyme found in your intestine?
3. What organic substance are both of these enzymes digesting?
Concentration
8. Concentration of the enzyme
affects rate of enzyme action
a) Greater concentration= faster
the rate of reaction; however,
b) optimal concentration of
enzyme gives the fastest rate
of reaction
Concentration
NUCLEIC ACIDS
Nucleic Acids
Characteristics of Nucleic Acids
Monomer
Nucleotides
Function
Stores genetic information, directs cell
activity, makes proteins
Examples
DNA and RNA
Fact
DNA is a double helix and RNA is a
single helix
Food
sources
Most foods made from living materials
Review
Place the item in the correct box.
Carbohydrates
Proteins
Lipids
Nucleic Acids