Download EOC Final Review

EOC Final Review
1. SUGAR
2. STARCH
1 GLYCEROL & 3
FATTY ACIDS
SHORT-TERM
(quick) ENERGY
LONG-TERM
(quick) ENERGY
1. BENEDICTS SOLUTION
1. IODINE SOLUTION
BROWN PAPER
BAG TEST
INSULATION and
PADDING
AMINO ACIDS
MAINTAINING
HOMEOSTASIS IN
THE BODY
BIURET’S
SOLUTION
NUCLEOTIDE
(1 phosphate, 1
sugar, 1 nitrogen
base)
HOLD GENETIC
INFORMATION
1. ALL LIVING
THINGS
HOLD RECIPE TO
MAKE PROTEINS
2. DNA
FINGERPRINTING
•
Identify the following molecules:
Whatelement
is in all
ORGANIC
molecules?
CARBON
•
Building Block – subunit
What a
monomer? Ex.: 1 amino acid
•
What a Monomers connected together
polymer? – macromolecule (big molecule)
NUCLEIC ACID
(DNA)
NUCLEOTIDE
•
What 3 parts •
make up a •
nucleotide? •
1 PHOSPHATE
1 SUGAR
1 NITROGEN BASE
Ex.: Protein
LIPID
(Fats, Oils, Waxes)
PROTEIN
CARBOHYDRATE
(SUGAR)
CARBOHYDRATE
(STARH)
What Macromolecules Are Involved?
•
Used for long-term
Lipids
energy storage
•
•
Enzymes are this
type of molecule
This molecule
typically ends
Carbohydrates
in -OSE
•
•
•
This helps rebuild
Proteins
muscles and
tissue
Used for Carbohydrates
quick shortterm energy
•
•
This holds the
recipe for
making
proteins Nucleic Acid
•
Codes for
Nucleic Acid
proteins which
code for traits
•
Benedicts
solution is Sugars
used to test
Proteins
This molecule
typically ends
Proteins
in -ASE
(enzymes)
•
Iodine solution Starches
is used to test
•
Biurets solution
Proteins
is used to test
Animals need this
for warmth in cold
environments Lipids for Insulation •
Grease on brown
paper bag is used
to test
Lipids
PROTEINS
AMINO
A
I
J
D
H
E
G
C
F
B
ALL PROTEINS!!!!!
ACIDS
BOTH
Stores ALL of the important information
for the cell
BOTH
Decides what comes in and out of cell
PLANTS ONLY
BOTH
Extra support and protection for plant
cells
Provides energy for the cell (ATP)
Plants have 1 LARGE vacuole
BOTH
Animals have multiple small ones
PLANTS ONLY
BOTH
Stores material
Photosynthesis to make food for plant
(glucose)
Makes proteins
(site of protein synthesis)
PLANT
ANIMAL
NUCLEUS
RIBOSOMES
CELL MEMBRANE
RIBOSOMES
VACUOLE
CELL
WALL
CELL
MEMBRANE
MITOCHONDRIA
CHLOROPLAST
CELL WALL
CHLOROPLAST
VACUOLE (large)
PROKARYOTIC
EUKARYOTIC
NO NUCLEUS
HAS A NUCLEUS
NO MEMBRANEBOUND ORGANELLES
(ONLY RIBOSOMES)
HAS MEMBRANEBOUND ORGANELLES
PLASMIDS (circular DNA)
DNA IN NUCLEUS (in chromosomes)
SMALL, SIMPLE, OLDER
LARGER, COMPLEX, YOUNGER
DNA FREE FLOATING IN
CYTOPLASM
Which type of cell?
Which cell has
NO nucleus? Prokaryotic cells
Where is the
DNA located
in Prokaryotic
cells?
Where is DNA
located in a
eukaryotic cell?
Free-floating in
the cytoplasm
Which cell has
membrane-bound Eukaryotic cells
organelles?
Which cell HAS a
nucleus?
Eukaryotic cells
Which cell evolved
first and is older? Prokaryotic cells
Nucleus
Which cell is
Eukaryotic cells
younger and more
complex?
What is an organelle common
to prokaryotic and eukaryotic
cells?
What cell type are
plant and animal
cells?
Ribosomes
Eukaryotic cells
What cell type are
Prokaryotic cells
bacteria cells?
Eukaryotic cells
Prokaryotic cells
Name that organelle…
What types of cells Plant AND Animal
have vacuoles?
cells
This make proteins
in the cell
Ribosomes
This is where
cellular respiration Mitochondria
takes place
These allow the Flagella and Cilia
cell to move
This controls what
goes in and out of
the cell
This provides plants cells
with structural support
and protection
Cell membrane
Cell wall
This is where
photosynthesis Chloroplast
takes place
Cell membrane
This is the boss of the cell –
controls the processes
within the cell
Nucleus
This stores extra food
and water in the cell Vacuole
Which organic molecules
make up the cell membrane
Lipids and Proteins
Identify #1-4
1. Mitochondria
2. Central Vacuole
3. Nucleus
4. Chloroplast
What do X and Y have in common?
Both are used for MOVEMENT!
Cell Specialization Review
STEM cells
These cell are
UNDIFFERENTIATED – they
do net have a job yet.
What are the two
Adult and
types of stem
Embryonic
cells?
Do all cells in a
body have the YES!
same DNA?
Do all cells in a
body have the NO!
same JOB?
I am a cell with genes turned
on to make proteins for NERVE cells
SENDING MESSAGES?
I am a cell with genes turned on to
make proteins for STETCHING and
CONTRACTING? MUSCLE cells
I am a cell with genes turned on to
make proteins for SWIMMING? SPERM cells
I am a cell with genes turned on to
XYLEM cells
make proteins for bringing WATER
from the roots to the leaves of plants?
I am a cell with genes turned on to
make proteins for moving FOOD
around plants? PHLOEM cells
How do cells know
what type of cell Some GENES are turned
to become?
ON (expressed) and other I am a cell with genes turned on to
make proteins for CARRYING OXYGEN
genes are turned OFF.
AROUND THE BODY? RED BLOOD cells
This is called GENE EXPRESSION
Nerve Cells
I use chemical messangers called
neurotransmitter to send fast
Nerve Cells
messages around the body
Red Blood Cells
Sperm Cells
Xylem Cells
Phloem Cells
Muscle Cells
REMEMBER: all cells have the same DNA, but different jobs! The only difference are the
GENES that are turned on or off in each cell – this determines their job!
LOW
HIGH
HIGH
LOW
HIGH
LOW
PROTEIN
LOW
PROTEIN
HIGH
NO
HIGH to LOW
YES
LOW to HIGH
Transport Reminders:
1. ALWAYS draw you box-circle model
2. When the molecules CANNOT move it is
OSMOSIS
– WATER moves high to low
– Use the salt concentration. Subtract from 100%
(inside and outside). The remaining amount is the
water concentration. Move the water from the high
concentration to the low concentration.
3. If water moves…
– OUT = the cell will SHRINK or SHRIVEL
– IN = the cell will SWELL or BURST
20% salt
80% water
LOW (water)
Water will move out of the cell
and it will SHRINK
100% water
0% salt
HIGH (water)
100% water
HIGH (water)
0% salt
Water will move into of the cell
and it will SWELL
20% salt
80% water
LOW (water)
MAINTAINING BALANCE WITHIN AN ORGANISM
Homeostasis…
What does it mean? Maintaining internal BALANCE
Explain why these are examples
of HOMEOSTASIS:
Shivering when Sweating when it’s hot
it’s cold out
out
Insulin released
by the
pancreas
Respiration
Water balance in
an organisms
70% water
L
90% water
H
90% water
90% water
SHRINK
EQUILLIBRIUM
98% water
REMINDER:
SOLUTE = substance in the water
(salt, sugar, etc.)
H
90% water
L
SWELL
Real life application of osmosis…
• What happens when you don’t water your
plants…
The VACUOLE loses water (water leaves the cell), so the cell SHRINKS or SHRIVELS,
causing the plant to wilt and die.
ENZYME
ENZYME
SUBSTRATE
(reactant)
ACTIVE
SITE
PRODUCTS
ENZYMESUBSTRATE
COMPLEX
Enzyme Reminders:
•
•
What do enzymes do?
Speed up reactions by lowering the
activation energy
•
What does a catalyst do?
What does denatured
mean?
ENZYMES ARE CATALYSTS!!!
Speed up reaction
•
How can you denature an
enzyme? Temperature & pH
Shapes changes –
STOPS working
Product 1
Enzyme-Substrate
Complex
Substrate/Reactant
Enzyme
Enzyme
Enzyme
Enzyme
Product 2
PROTEINS
THE SHAPE OF THE ACTIVE SITE
YES – ENZYMES ARE REUSED FOR THE SAME SPECIFIC TYPE OF
REACTIONS, UNLESS THE ACTIVE SITE IS DENATURED (the shape is
changed).
pH AND TEMPERATURE CAN DENATURE THE ACTIVE SITE OF THE
ENZYME. IF THE ACTIVE SITE CHANGES SHAPE, THE ENZYME CAN NO
LONGER PERFORM AT AN OPTIMAL LEVEL AND MAY STOP
WORKING.
ACID
3
9
BASE
OPTIMAL
pH Scale:
Acidic = 0-6 (lots of H+)
Basic = 8-14 (little H+)
Neutral = 7 (water)
SUN (energy) + CARBON DIOXIDE (CO2) + WATER (H2O)  OXYGEN (O2) + GLUCOSE (C6H12O6)
CHLOROPLAST
CO2
Carbon Dioxide
CO2
Water
H2 O
SUN
(energy)
O2
Glucose
C6 H12 O6
Oxygen
O2
OXYGEN (O2) + GLUCOSE (C6H12O6)  36 ATP + CARBON DIOXIDE (CO2) + WATER (H2O)
MITOCHONDRIA
Glucose
C6 H12 O6
Oxygen
O2
Carbon Dioxide
CO2
Water
H2 O
ATP
(energy)
AEROBIC REPIRATION USES OXYGEN AND CREATES 36 ATP
ANAEROBIC REPIRATION DOES NOT USE OXYGEN AND CREATES 2 ATP
IN ANIMAL MUSCLE
Remember: FERMENTATION is another name for ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION
IN YEAST AND BACTERIA
THE PRODUCTS ARE: 2 ATP, CARBON DIOXIDE, and ETHYL ALCOHOL
SUN going IN
WATER going IN
OXYGEN being RELEASED
PHOTOSYNTHESIS
C T G G C T
SUGAR
GCU
CUG
Leu-
3 mRNA letters
(nitrogen bases)
Ala-
Transcribe the following:
DNA  mRNA
ATC GTA CCT GGA
UAG CAU GGA CCU
mRNA  DNA
UAG GGU CCA UAC
ATC CCA GGT ATG
DNA & Protein Synthesis
What is the base pairing rules in DNA
Replication?
A – T and G - C
Where in the cell does Replication take
place?
Nucleus
What part of the Cell Cycle is DNA
Replicated in?
Interphase
What is the role of hydrogen bonds in
DNA Replication? Weak bond holding the DNA double
helix together between A – T and G - C
Where does
TRANSCRIPTION take
place?
NUCLEUS
Where does
TRANSLATION take
place?
CYTOPLASM and
RIBOSOME
Nucleus
TRANSCRIPTION
mRNA
Amino Acid
Polypeptide Chain will
start to form
Cytoplasm
tRNA
Ribosome
TRANSLATION
Anticodon
CODON
RIBOSE
DEOXYRIBOSE
A, G, C, U
A, G, C, T
1 (single helix)
2 (double helix)
NUCLEUS & CYTOPLASM
NUCLEUS
DELIVERS GENETIC
MESSAGES TO MAKE
PROTEINS
HOLDS GENETIC INFORMATION TO
CODE FOR PROTEINS
PEPTIDE BONDS
TRANSCRIPTON
TRANSLATION
TRANSPORT DNA
MESSAGE FROM
NUCLEUS TO
RIBOSOME
STORES GENETIC
INFORMATION
FOR LIFE
PROTEINS
READ mRNA MESSAGE
(anticodon) AND BRING
CORRECT AMINO ACID
TO THE RIBOSOME
MAINTAIN HOMEOSTASIS IN
BODY (health, repair,
communication, digestion, speed
up reactions)
mRNA
NUCLEUS
CYTOPLASM
RIBOSOME
tRNA
AMINO
PROTEIN
ACID
TRUE
EVERY CELL HAS THE SAME DNA, BUT A DIFFERENT
JOB. THE DIFFERENT JOBS ARE DETERMINED BY THE
GENES THAT ARE TURNED ON OR OFF IN A CELL.
Mutations
• Point Mutations
– SUBSTITUTION
– One amino acid changed AT MOST
•Frameshift Mutations
•INSERTION or DELETION –
• Amino acid sequence is changed from point
of mutation
•Completely different protein formed!!
•REMEMBER:
DNA RNAPROTEIN
ASEXUAL
SEXUAL
2N = DIPLOID
2N = DIPLOID
2N = DIPLOID
N = HAPLOID
1
2
2
4
50 chromosomes
25 chromosomes
BEFORE CELL DIVISION
BEFORE 1st CELL DIVISION
NO
YES
YES
NO
NO
NO
NO
YES
YES
YES
Name the Process…
What is Process A?
Meiosis
What is Process B?
Fertilization
Diploid  Haploid Meiosis
Mitosis
Meiosis
Diploid  Diploid Mitosis
Fertilization
Non-Disjunction
What are gamete
cells in a human?
Sex cells – egg & sperm
What are somatic
cells in a human?
Body cells – ex.: skin
Which process
makes somatic
cells? Mitosis
Which process
makes gamete
cells? Meiosis
Crossing Over
What is the DIPLOID
symbol? 2n
What is the DIPLOID
What is the HAPLOID
46
(2
set
of
number
in
humans?
What is the HAPLOID 23 (1 set of
symbol? n
chromosomes)
number in humans? chromosomes)
Which Type of Reproduction
ASEXUAL (Binary Fission)
ASEXUAL (Fregmentation)
ASEXUAL
(Mitosis)
SEXUAL
(Meiosis)
This process
creates IDENTICAL
offspring ASEXUAL
This process creates
GENETIC VARIATION
offspring SEXUAL
ASEXUAL (Budding)
MITOSIS
MEIOSIS
MEIOSIS
BOTH!
MITOSIS
MITOSIS
GROWTH
REPAIR
REPLACING DEAD OR WORN OUT
CELLS
INTERPHASE
ANAPHASE
(away)
PROPHASE
(first)
TELOPHASE
(2 new cells)
MEIOSIS
METAPHASE
(middle)
Interphase= DNA Replication
B
Prophase = chromosomes form;
nucleus breaks down; spindle
fibers appear
E
Metaphase = chromosomes line
up in the middle of the cell
A
Anaphase = chromosomes
pulled apart by spindle fibers
D
Telophase= nucleus reforms;
cytoplasm divides; 2 new cells
GAMETE
(egg)
FERTILIZATION
ZYGOTE
(1st
MEIOSIS
C
GAMETE
(sperm)
diploid cell)
MITOSIS
EMBRYO
ADULT
Phenotype = Tall
Genotype = _____
TT
1 (25%)
Tt
tt
_____
______
2 (50%)
1 (25%)
SHORT
TALL
Phenotype = _________
_________
1:2:1
3:1
1. Nutrition and health
2. Environment may favor tall trait = trees (food) may grow
taller favoring tall organism. Tall would be able to eat,
survive and reproduce. Short ones would die off.
3 (75%)
1 (25%)
100% PINK FLOWERS
Genotype = _____
RR
0 (0%)
100% RR’
Genotypes:
RR= RED
0 (0%)
4 (100%)
PINK
WHITE
Phenotype = ______
RED _______
_______
0 (0%)
Phenotypes: RED, WHITE,
PINK
RR’
_____
______
R’R’
4 (100%)
R
R
R’
RR’
RR’
R’
RR’
RR’
RR’= PINK
R’R’= WHITE
Parents:
R’R’
______
RR
x _______
0 (0%)
25% RED; 50% PINK; 25% WHITE
25% RR; 50% RR’; 25% R’R’
R
R’
R
RR
R’ R
R’
R R’
R’ R’
Parents:
______
RR’ x _______
RR’
Genotype = _____
RR
1 (25%)
_____
RR’
______
R’R’
2 (50%)
1 (25%)
Phenotype = ______
RED _______
PINK
_______
WHITE
1 (25%)
2 (50%)
1 (25%)
100% Black-and-Tan offspring
Genotype = BB
_____
100% BT
BT
_____
______
TT
4 (100%)
0 (0%)
Phenotype = _____
Black
Black+Tan
_____
0 (0%)
BB x TT
Phenotypes: Black
Black-and-Tan
Tan
Genotypes: BB = Black
BT = Black + Tan
TT = Tan
Parents:
_______
BB
x _______
TT
0 (0%)
Tan
______
4 (100%) 0 (0%)
B
B
T
B T
B T
T
B T
B T
XY
XX
Sex-linked traits travel on the X-chromosome
25% chance of child with hemophilia (1 son)
0% chance of daughter with hemophilia
25% chance of daughter being a carrier
Males only have 1 X – so they have it or they don’t
Phenotype:
Genotype:
Female
Healthy, carrier,
Hemophilia (sick)
XRXR = healthy female
XRXr = carrier female
XrXr = sick female
Parents: ______
XRY
XRXr x ______
Male
H
1
C
0
1
1
1
0
XR
XRY = healthy male
XrY = sick male
S
Xr
X R XR XR
XR Xr
Y
Xr Y
XR Y
25% change of child with Type O
0% change of child with homozygous Type A
25% change of child with Type AB
Phenotype: Type A, B,
AB, or O
Genotype:
Genotype: ____
AA Ao
____ BB
____ ____
Bo ____
AB ____
oo
0 (0%) 1 (25%) 0 (0%) 1 (25%) 1 (25%) 1 (25%)
Phenotype: _______
Type A _______
Type B _______
Type AB _______
Type O
1 (25%)
1 (25%)
1 (25%)
1 (25%)
A
Type A: AA or Ao
Type B: BB or Bo
B
o
AB
Bo
Type AB: AB
Type O: oo
What we know:
Mom: Type A (AA or Ao)
Dad: Type B (BB or Bo)
Baby: Type O (oo)
Parents: _____
Ao x Bo
_____
o
A o
o
o
Phenotype: Type A, B,
AB, or O
What we know:
Genotype:
Baby: Type O (oo)
Type A: AA or Ao
Dad: 1. Type AB (AB)
2. Type A (AA or Ao)
3. Type O (oo)
Type B: BB or Bo
Type AB: AB
Type O: oo
Mom: Type A (AA or Ao)
Narrowing it down:
If the child is blood Type O, then
both parents have to give an ‘o’
allele.
This leaves means Mom has to be
heterozygous Type A (Ao).
Dad 3 could be the father
because he is Type O (oo) and can
give an ‘o’ allele.
Dad 2 could be the father only if he
is heterozygous Type A (Ao),
because he must have an ‘o’ allele
to give.
Dad 1 could NOT be the father
because he is blood Type AB (AB).
He does not have an ‘o’ allele to
give, so he cannot be the father of
a child with Type O (oo) blood.
SKIN COLOR, HAIR COLOR, EYE COLOR
MULTIPLE ALLELES HAVE MORE THEN TWO ALLELES THAT CAN CODE FOR A DIFFERENT TRAITS,
BUT ALL OF THE ALLELES ARE LOCATED ON THE SAME GENE. AN EXAMPLE OF MULTIPLE
ALLELES ARE BLOOD TYPES (A, B, O).
POLYGENIC TRAITS HAVE MORE THEN TWO ALLELES THAT CAN CODE FOR A DIFFERENT TRAITS,
BUT THE ALLELES ARE LOCATED ON THE DIFFERNT GENES. THIS CREATES A VERY WIDE RANGE
OF PHENOTYPES. EXAMPLES OF POLYGENIC TRAITS ARE HAIR COLOR, EYE COLOR, AND SKIN
COLOR.
AUTOSOMAL RECESSIVE
Autosomal = because there are an equal number of males and females affected.
Recessive = because1) trait skips generations and 2) affected child has unaffected parents
aa
Aa
A_
A_
Aa
Aa
aa
Aa
A_
A_
Aa
aa
Pedigree Reminders
• If you don’t have it you can’t give it!
– Healthy parents with sick child
FEMALE - XX
DOWN SYNDROME – 3 chromosomes on #21
NON-DISJUNCTION – chromosomes do not separate properly during meiosis
Karyotype
What is the
XY
GENOTYPE of a
healthy MALE?
What is the XX
GENOTYPE of a
healthy FEMALE?
Healthy Male
Down Syndrome
What is the XXY
GENOTYPE of
KLINEFLTERS
Syndrome?
What is the GENOTYPE
of TURNER’S
X_ or X0
Syndrome?
Turners (female)
Healthy Female
What is the GENOTYPE 3 on 21
of DOWN Syndrome?
What is the GENOTYPE
of HEMAPHODITISM? XXXY
Klinefelters (male)
Read the Karyotype
Down Symndrome (male)
Turners (female)
Klinefelters (male)
Healthy Female
Healthy Male
AN INTERNATIONAL RESEARCH EFFORT TO DETERMINE THE SEQUENCE OF HUMAN
GENOME (all DNA) AND IDENTIFY THE GENES IT CONTAINS.
THE PRODUCTION OF MULTIPLE, IDENTICAL OFFSPRING USING BIOTECHNOLOGY.
GEL ELECTROPHORESIS
A & C – 4 out of 6 strands in common
2 in common
with A
4 in common
with A
GENETIC ENGINEERING
THE DESIRED GENE (insulin) IS CUT
OUT USING RESTRICTION ENZYMES.
THE DESIRED GENE (insulin) IS THEN
GLUED INTO A BACTERIAL PLASMID
(circuluar DNA) USING THE ENZYME
LIGASE.
THE PLASMID (now recombinant
DNA with the bacterial host and
desired gene) IS INSERTED BACK
INTO THE BACTERIAL HOST.
THE BACTERIAL WILL NOW
PRODUCE COPIES OF THE DESIRED
GENE EVERY TIME IT DIVIDES (using
binary fission). So, the insulin gene
is reproduced every time the
bacteria divides.
How is this technology used?
…To create oil eating bacteria to
help clean up oil spills
…To create frost resistant plants
so they can grow into the winter
REMEMBER: purpose is to
change the DNA code of
bacteria.
This alters DNA Replication &
Protein Synthesis of the NEW
DNA code
DNA RNA PROTEIN
…To create pest resistant plants
(like Bt corn) to prevent insects
from destroying crops
…To create faster growing
organisms, like salmon, to get
full-sized organisms faster
…To create treatments for
genetic diseases, like Type I
Diabetes (makes INSULIN!!!)
FOSSILS ARE USED TO COMPARE AGE AND FEATURES
TO HELP DETERMINE COMMON ANCESTRY
COMPARING DNA, AMINO ACIDS, AND PROTEIN SEQUENCES
TO DETERMINE COMMON ANCESTRY. FEWER DIFFERENCE
MEANS A CLOSER COMMON ANCESTOR.
VARIATION IS NECESSARY FOR EVOLUTION. THERE MUST BE
DIFFERENCES AMONG ORGANISMS IN ORDER FOR THERE TO BE
COMPETITION. COMPETITION CREATES NATURAL SELECTION –
THOSE WITH THE MOST FAVORABLE TRAITS FOR THE
ENVIRONMENT SURVIVE AND REPRODUCE.
GEOGRAPHIC ISOLATION CREATES A PHYSICAL DIVIDE BETWEEN ORGANISMS.
NATURAL PHYSICAL BARRIERS INCLUDE MOUNTAINS, LAKES, RIVERS, OCEANS AND
ISLANDS. THE PHYSICAL SEPARATION MEANS THE ENVIRONMENTS ARE DIFFERENT.
THE DIFFERENT ENVIRONMENTS WILL SELECT DIFFERENT TRAITS AS BEING BETTER FIT
FOR THE SPECIFIC ENVIRONMENT.
SO, OVER TIME THE MOST SUCCESSFUL ORGANISMS WILL DIFFER IN APPEARANCE
BASED UPON THE ENVIRONMENT THEY ARE IN. THE SPECIES ARE ALSO NO LONGER
MATING, DUE TO THE PHYSICAL SEPARATION. OVER A LONG PERIOD OF TIME THE
SPECIES ARE NO LONGER ABLE TO REPRODUCE WITH ONE ANOTHER TO PRODUCE
FERTILE OFFSPRING. THIS CREATE A NEW SPECIES – SPECIATION.
THE ENVIRONMENT PLAYS A VERY IMPORTANT ROLE IN
EVOLUTION. THE ENVIRONMENT SELECTS WHICH TRAITS AND
ADAPTATION ARE BENEFITIAL TO AN ORGANISM. THE ORGANISM
WITH THE DESIRABLE TRAITS SURVIVE AND PASS ON THEIR GENES.
Evolution of Cells Quick Check
What are the main
differences between
AUTOTROPHS and
HETEROTROPHS?
What are the main differences between
PROKARYOTICand EUKARYOTIC cells?
What are the main differences between
AEROBIC andANAEROBIC respiration?
What gas was lacking from Early Earth’s
atmosphere?
Make food
Simple
Aerobic: Uses
OXYGEN
OXYGEN
Find and
Collect
food
Complex
Anaerobic: does
NOT use
OXYGEN
EVOLUTION OF CELLS…
No OXYGEN, which means NO PHOTOSYNTHESIS, which means organisms found food and did NOT make it
Anaerobic Heterotrophic Prokaryotic Cells
SUN, WATER & CARBON DIOXIDE available on early earth – the organisms use these to begin doing PHOTOSYNTHESIS
Photosynthetic Prokaryotic Cells
PHOTOSYNTHESIS creates OXYGEN – this allows heterotrophic organisms to make MORE ATP than with no Oxygen…
Aerobic Heterotrophic Prokaryotic Cells
Aerobic Heterotrophic Prokaryote (mitochondria) & Photosynthetic Prokaryote (chloroplast) form a partnership…
(EndosymbioticTheory)
Eukaryotic Cells
ABIOGENESIS = LIFE COMES FROM NON-LIVING THINGS
BIOGENESIS = LIFE COMES FROM OTHER LIVING THINGS
REDI
PASTEUR
Miller and Urey performed
The experiment to the left.
Describe their experiment.
Created a lab experiment to
mimic the atmosphere of early
earth
What organic molecules
formed?
Amino Acids
VARIATION
Most with SHORTER necks
(Differences among members
of the species)
Occasionally some with LONGER
necks
COMPETITION
(More organisms than resources.
Must compete for food, shelter
and mates)
NATURAL
SELECTION
(Those with the best traits and
adaptations for the environment are able
to survive and reproduce.)
LONGER neck = easier time
getting food
Food = survival
LONG NECK = BETTER TRAIT
LONG Neck giraffes more successful in
obtaining food and mates
LONG neck gene is passed on because
it is the more successful trait
Future generations look more and
more like the successful traits –
LONG NECK giraffes
Isolation Leads to a new species…
GEOGRAPHIC ISOLATION
Geographic Isolation can physically separate
organisms, but they need to stop reproducing to
create new organisms.
The different environments can create different
cultures among the organisms.
Let’s say an island was created, creating geographic
isolation between a species of fruit flies.
The island support different fruit than the mainland
(mangos vs. bananas)
This difference in fruit led to difference food preferences
for the fruit flies on the mainland vs. the island.
REPRODUCTIVE ISOLATION
Let’s say the fruit flies mate by hanging out near their fruit of
preference.
Over time the island flies would mate near bananas and the mainland
flies would mate near mangos.
The mainland flies and island flies would stop mating because of the
mating culture around their preferred food.
Gene flow (sharing genes) between the two groups of fruit flies would
stop, until their genes were so different they could no longer reproduce
together.
Thus, forming a NEW SPECIES of fruit flies.
Mechanisms of Evolution Quick Check
What is a species?
Mate and have fertile offspring
What is Geographic isolation?
Physically divides species
What does Geographic isolation lead to?
Species can no longer mate – creates new species
The ocean – different
Islands
Beak shape changed,
due to the different food
sources on each island
•The finches were physically separated
•The environments were different
•This means the best adaptations differed by island
•Over time the populations began to look like the
best adapted.
Antibiotic and Pesticide Resistance
Just to make sure…
ORGANISMS DO NOT CHOOSE SUCCESSFUL TRAITS!!!!
THE ENVIRONMENT SELECTS WHICH TRAITS BENEFIT THE ORGANISM
FOR THE ENVIRONMENT THEY ARE IN!
KING
KINGDOM
PHILIP
PHYLUM
CAME
CLASS
OVER
ORDER
FOR
FAMILY
GOOD
GENUS
SOUP
SPECIES
USED FOR SCIENTIFIC NAMING:
Genus species
SCIENTIFIC NAMING USED UNDERSTOOD BY ALL SCIENTIST ACROSS THE WORLD.
TO NAME:
GENUS = FIRST NAME (capitalize first letter)
SPECIES = LAST NAME (all lowercase)
EXAMPLE:
Homo sapien
GENUS
SPECIES
COMMON NAME = HUMAN
Biochemical Evidence: comparing the DNA, Amino Acids and Proteins of
organisms
The FEWER the differences, the closer the COMMON ANCESTOR
Embryology Evidence: comparing the development of an embryo of different organisms
The FEWER the differences in development, the closer the COMMON ANCESTOR
Evidence for Evolution Quick Check
How are fossils used as Comparing location found
evidence for
and anatomical features
evolution?
What is the difference between Relative = comparative age
relative and absolute dating? Absolute = exact age
Which organism in the diagram is L – deepest level
the OLDEST? Why?
What the the difference between Homologous =
Homologous Structure and
same structure,
Vestigial Structures?
different function
Vestigial = structures with
no current function in
organism
What is embryology?
Comparing embryo development for
similarities
How is embryology used as
evidence for evolution
Similarities in development links to
common ancestry
What is biochemical evidence?
Compare: DNA, Amino Acid, Protein
Fewer differences = closer common ancestor
AMINO ACID
HUMANS AND CHIMPANZEES
Most AMINO ACIDS IN COMMON
HORSE – MOST AMINO ACIDS IN COMMON
Birds & Crocodiles, Lizards & Snakes, Salamanders & Frogs
Lungfish
Lizards, snakes, crocodiles & birds
NO
YES
YES
YES
Free-floating in
cytoplasm
Smaller, older,
simpler
DNA in nucleus
Larger, younger,
complex
Prokaryotic
SINGLE
Asexual
BOTH
Anaerobic
Cell Wall
Prokaryotic
SINGLE
Asexual
BOTH
Anaerobic
Cell Wall
Eukaryotic
SINGLE
Asexual
BOTH
Anaerobic
Mixed
Eukaryotic
BOTH
Sexual
Eukaryotic Eukaryotic
MULTI
MULTI
Sexual
Sexual
Hetero-
Auto-
Hetero-
Aerobic
Aerobic
Aerobic
Cell Wall
NO Cell
Wall
Cell Wall
Protists
Fungi & Animal
Plant
Animal
Protists, Fungi, Plants, Animals
Protists& Plants
Fungi
Fungi, Plants, Animals
Protista
Fungi
Dichotomous Quick Check
EAGLE
JOCANA
COMMORANT
KINGFISHER
GEOSPIZA
PLATYSPIZA
CERTHIDEA
CAMARHYNCHUS
Cladograms Quick Check
MOUSE and CHIMP
Salamander, Lizard, Pigeon, Mouse, Chimp
Pigeon
Hagfish
Phylogenic Trees Quick Review
A
D, E and F
They are the closest
together on the same
branch
PASSIVE
Get from mother through
Breastfeeding
Do NOT need to come into contact
with antigen to build antibodies
ACTIVE
Must come into contact with
antigen/pathogen to start immune
response to build antibodies
Body remembers and stores antibodies for
use if it come into contact with same antigen
in the future
Vaccines help build Active Immunity
• Vaccines give a person the inactive form of a virus.
• The body reacts by kicking off immune response and releasing antibodies to
fight the antigen in the vaccine
• The body remembers and stores the antibodies made
• These antibodies are used if the person comes into contact with the active form of the virus
And fight it off faster
B (Habituation)
C (Conditioning)
A (Habituation)
F (Instinct)
G (Phototaxis)
F (Instinct)
D (Imprinting)
POPULATION
LOGISTIC
EXPONENTIAL
YES
NO
YES
NO
NO
YES
COMMUNITY
ECOSYSTEM
Blossoms, Nuts, Oak Bark, Leaves
Bees, Deer, Mice, Rabbit, Insects
Bear, Wolf, Red Fox, Toad, Bird
Bear, Skunk, Red Fox, Wolf
Increase Population: Bark, Leaves, Blossoms
Decrease Population: Toads, Birds, Skunk, Red Fox
BEAR
ENERGY LOST AS
HEAT!!!!!
WOLF
RABBIT
OAK
OAK
BEAR
OAK
BEAR
Energy DECREASES as it moves UP the food pyramid
GAINS 10% energy to next level – LOSES 90% energy to next level
SUN
DECOMPOSERS – eat dead and decaying matter. They return nutrients to the
ecosystem
• Technological advances in medicine, nutrition and sanitation
• Increased pollution
• Increased Habitat destruction
• Harms plants and aquatic ecosystems
• Increased acidity level of water
• No natural predators
• Uncontrolled population growth
•Take over resources and harm native populations
• Pesticide and toxin use
• Toxins build as they move up the food chain
• Harms top consumers the most
• Only natural way to remove CO2 (photosynthesis!!)
• Oxygen level decreases
• CO2 increases
• CFC chemical eating away at the ozone layer
• Allows harms radiation from the sun to enter our layer of
the atmosphere
Kudzu
• Native to Japan and brought to the US to help
stabilize hillsides and minimize erosion
• NO natural predators
• Grow up to 1 foot per day!
Bermese Pythons:
 Bought as pets and released into the
everglades
 NO natural predators
 Eating the small animals
Lion Fish
 Bought over as pet by
people in FL and
released into wild
 NO natural predators
 Venemous, fast
reproducing,
aggressive fish
 Eat almost ANYTHING
Dutch Elm Disease
 Fungus that spread to North America
on crates made of Elm Wood
 Spreads by insects or root-to-root
 Kills the trees
Breathing (respiration), burning fossil fuels
Autotrophs through PHOTOSYNTHESIS
Human Overpopulation
OZONE
WARMING
Plants
What is Vascular Stem tissue –
Tissue?
Xylem & Phloem
What type is more
Vascular:
evolutionarily advanced – 1) attract organisms with
Vascular or Non-Vascular
leaves, seeds, fruit,
plants?
flowers
2) have stems (vascular
tissue) to move
water/food around
plant
REMEMBER:
ANGI likes apples
GYMI likes
pinecones
NO
YES
YES
YES
NO
NO
YES
YES
YES
NO
YES
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
YES
NO
NO
YES