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Transcript
Principles of Evolution Chapters: 12, 13, 14 begin? How did life The Bubble Model (1986) by Lerman Chemical reactions of the primordial soup took place inside bubbles of fat molecules. See page 255 in book Primordial Soup (A.I. Oparin) Early Earth atmosphere (N, Methane, ammonia) Energy from sun, volcanoes, lightning Chemical reactions created amino acids Rain washed these into the ocean Created the primordial soup. A Brief History of Life animation Early Organisms Prokaryotes are oldest organisms (3.5 billion years old) Cyanobacteria – photosynthetic bacteria Impact on atmosphere: Oxygen!!!! Groups of bacteria Eubacteria- “true bacteria”, ex. Ecoli Archaebacteria – ancient bacteria, Then came the eukaryotes Appeared 1.5 billion years ago Life moved onto land!!! The Theory of Evolution Chapter 13 13-1 Where did the theory of natural selection come from? Pre Darwin: (1809) Jean Baptiste de Lamark Variation hypothesis – evolution occurs through acquired characteristics (body changes over time) Example: giraffe neck length Larmark: Aquired Characteristics Evolution by Natural Selection Charles Darwin (1859) Journey of the H.M.S. Beagle – recorded all the plants and animals on journey Darwin’s Observations Observed gradual change – found fossils that were similar, but not identical, to the current day animal On Galapagos island he observed finches that resembled those in South America Darwin’s finches: notice the beaks I. Natural Selection- survival of the fittest (Darwin) 1. Variations exist within populations Theory of Natural Selection 2. Some variations (mutations) are more advantageous for survival and reproduction than others Theory of Natural Selection 3. “fit”organisms survive and reproduce – genes are passed to offspring Isolation- leads to a new species, two population of same species can not breed Extinction- leads to species replacement Adaptations Changing of a species that results in its being better suited to its environment (choosen by natural selection) Mutations Peppered Moth Example Structural Adaptations Mimicry Camouflage Warning coloration Structural Adaptation: 1. Mimicry Example: Viseroy and Monarch Butterflies Viceroy Monarch 2. Camouflage adaptations that allows an organism to "blend" into it's environment Examples: More examples of Camo.: Sea Dragon Structural Adaptation: Warning: Standing out Poison Arrow Frog Warning and Mimicry A regal ring-necked snake displaying its aposematic coloration Physiological Adaptation Changes in metabolic processes: venom, warm vs. cold blooded More physiological adaptations: Behavioral Adaptations: examples Jaguar – hunting methods – one bite – occipital crunchers Evidence of Evolution Fossil Evidence Missing links between groups of organisms. Compare fossils with current day species Structures and Evolution Homologous structures – agreeing Similar structures and derived from the same body part. Ex. Bone structure Vestigial structures Remnant of another structure No function, reduced in size Ex. Appendix, tailbones,wisdom teeth in humans, hipbones in whales, Some Alleged Vestigial Organs in Man • Tonsils • Coccyx (tail bone) • Appendix • Little toe • Wisdom teeth • Nipples on males • Nodes on ears "Darwin's points" • Ear muscles for wiggling • Body hair Darwin’s Points Human Appendix Human Tonsils Analogous Structures :opposite Similar in function, but different structures Wing of butterfly vs wing of a bat III. Embryo Development Theory: aquatic, gill breathing vertebrates came before land, air breathers DNA Evidence (biochemical) DNA sequence studies are more reliable than fossil studies. Human Evolution Chapter 14 Evolution of Primates Includes Monkeys, apes, humans Evolved 40 million years ago 3-D vision Flexible shoulders/rotating forelimbs Primate Characteristics cont. Opposable thumb Complex brains - Hominid • - humanlike, bipedal primate Ardipithecus ramidus 4.4 mya Most primitive hominid Discovered 1992 Australopithecus Australopithecus anamnesis - oldest upright primate - 4.2 – 3.9 million years old Australopithecus afarensis “Lucy” – 3.5 – 2.9 million years ago Teeth and pelvis resemble humans Homo habilus - handy human - larger brain - stone tools - 1.5 to 2 million years old Homo erectus upright human - built fires - well made stone tools - 1.5 million years old HOMO ERECTUS Modern Humans - Homo sapiens wise human - 125,000 years ago, African origins - Neanderthals- heavy bodies - 5 feet tall - good hunters - lived in caves - buried dead - did not make it Cro-Magnon slighter build and taller - 35,000 years old - direct ancestors to humans - out competed Neanderthals - caves - elaborate tools - artists Cro-Magnon