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Transcript
Behavior Topic 18 I. Behavior • A. fixed-action patterns – behaviors that are important and cannot depend on learning – a complex coordinated behavioral response triggered by specific stimulation from the environment – innate, highly stereotypical – must continue until completed – discovered by Niko Tinbergen – 1. releaser – the stimulus that elicits the behavior – 2. example – birds will retrieve and care for an egg of their species, spiders will spin webs, flocking of birds, swimming actions of fish • B. learned behavior – involves a change in the way an animal behaves based on experience – 1. habituation – a simple learning pattern in which repeated stimulus creates a decreased responsiveness to that stimulus – for example, if you poke a snail it will retract into its shell, but if you poke it repeatedly, the snail will learn to ignore the stimulus – 2. classical conditioning or Pavlovian conditioning – association of a physical response with an environmental stimulus – Pavlov studied the salivation of dogs – if you ring a bell and then present the dog with food, the dog will eventually salivate when it hears a bell • (a) neutral stimulus – a stimulus that will not by itself elicit a response such as the bell • (b) conditioned reflex – product of the conditioning experience – salivation at the ringing of a bell – 3. operant or instrumental conditioning – also known as trial and error learning - conditioning responses to stimuli with the use of reward or reinforcement – when the organism exhibits a behavioral pattern that the experimenter would like to see repeated, the animal is rewarded which results in the organisms repeating this behavior more often – how dogs are trained – can teach rats in cages to depress a lever to release food discovered by B.F. Skinner – 4. modification of conditioned behavior – organisms eventually “unlearn” conditioned responses if they are not reinforced – extinction is the gradual elimination of conditioned responses in the absence of reinforcement – the recovery of a lost conditioned response is called spontaneous recovery – 5. limits of behavioral change • (a) neurologic – some organisms don’t have the brain power • (b) chronologic – learning must occur during a narrow window during the organism’s development in order to be successful – these time periods are called critical periods – 6. imprinting – a process in which environmental patterns or objects presented to a developing organism during a brief critical period in early life become accepted permanently as an element of its behavioral environment - for example, the first thing a duckling sees is it mother, but if another large, moving object is seen first, the duckling will follow it instead because it believes that it is its mother – discovered by Konrad Lorenz • C. intraspecific interactions – methods used to communicate with other members of its species – 1. behavioral displays – a display is defined as an innate behavior that has evolved as a signal for communication between members of the same species – for example a song, a call, or a change in an animal’s physical characteristics (such as the wagging of a tail) – 2. pecking order – when a dominant member of the species prevails over the other members – this established hierarchy minimizes violent intraspecific aggressions – 3. territoriality – members of land-dwelling species defend a limited area or territory from intrusion by other members of the same species – usually occupied by a male or a male and female pair distributes members of the species so that the environmental resources are not depleted in a small region – also intraspecific competition is reduced – 4. behavioral cycles • (a) circadian rhythms – daily cycles of behavior – for example, daily cycles of eating – the internal control is hunger – the external control is the light of the sun • 5. waggle dance - By performing this dance, successful foragers can share with other members of the colony, information about the direction and distance to patches of flowers yielding nectar and pollen, to water sources, or to new housing locations – discovered and described by Karl von Frisch • D. Altruism – this behavior reduces an individual’s reproductive fitness while increasing the fitness of the family – 1. kin selection – an animal sacrifices itself for its relative