* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Download proof - Jim Hogan
Ethnomathematics wikipedia , lookup
Law of large numbers wikipedia , lookup
Turing's proof wikipedia , lookup
List of important publications in mathematics wikipedia , lookup
Approximations of π wikipedia , lookup
Large numbers wikipedia , lookup
Foundations of mathematics wikipedia , lookup
Positional notation wikipedia , lookup
Mathematics of radio engineering wikipedia , lookup
Four color theorem wikipedia , lookup
Elementary arithmetic wikipedia , lookup
Location arithmetic wikipedia , lookup
Real number wikipedia , lookup
Collatz conjecture wikipedia , lookup
Wiles's proof of Fermat's Last Theorem wikipedia , lookup
Georg Cantor's first set theory article wikipedia , lookup
Brouwer–Hilbert controversy wikipedia , lookup
Elementary mathematics wikipedia , lookup
Fundamental theorem of algebra wikipedia , lookup
Proof… Uniquely Mathematical and Creative Jim Hogan, School Support Services Waikato University Inspiration from Dr. Paul Brown, Carmel School, WA Paul presented a similar workshop at MAV Conference, 2008. I enjoyed the session so much I decided then to present my version here in Palmerston North. Thanks also to a little book called Q.E.D. Beauty in Mathematical Proof written by Burkard Polster. See last slide for all contact details. What will we learn today? • • • • • • • Well, who knows? Proof is the pudding! There are a few problems to ponder We might experience joy of proof You might find a useful resource Your students might benefit Aspects of the NZC may be made clear and we must do something with π Proof It is nice to experience surprise! Like a good cryptic clue P 14. Clothes appear wrong when put on a number (7) L Visual Proof What is the sum of n odd numbers? 1st 2nd 3rd 4th … nth 1 + 3 + 5 + 7 + … (2n-1) = ? Visual Proof What is the sum of n even numbers? 1st 2nd 3rd 4th … nth 2 + 4 + 6 + 8 + … 2n = ? This presents a nice opportunity to show the square and a side; n2 + n = n(n + 1) Algebra Re-Vision A meaning of 1, n and n + 1. 0 1 n-1 n n+ 1 What does 1 look like? What does n look like? What does n2 look like? What does n3 look like? Visual Proof What is the sum of n counting numbers? 2 + 4 + 6 + 8 + … 2n = n2 + n 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 +… n = ? Notice that halving the even numbers makes the counting numbers. How does that help? Visual Proof Make the triangular numbers 1st 1 2nd 1 + 2 3rd 1 + 2 + 3 4th 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 and so on… 1, 3, 6, 10, 15, 21, 28, 36, 45, 55, 66, 78, 91, 105, 120, 136, 153, 171, 190, 210, 231, 253, 27 406, 425, … Visual Proof Two of the same triangular numbers make n2 + n = n(n + 1) So one of them is n(n + 1)/2 What is a triangular number? Visual Proof What is sum of the multiples of 5? 1st 2nd 3rd 4th … nth 5 + 10 + 15 + 20 + … 5n = ? Visual Proof Name other applications of this knowledge. See A Triangular Journey Powerful Visual Proof What is sum of the powers of 2? 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th … nth 1 + 2 + 4 + 8 + 16 … 2n-1 = ? Solid Proof Some of the powers of 2 form a cube. 1 8 64 512 4096 327658 262144 Which ones are they? An odd look at numbers nth odd is 2n -1 1 + 3 + 5 + 7 + … (2n-1) Notice (2n-1) = (n-1) + n. The odd numbers are consecutive pairs 0+1, 1+2, 2+3, 3+4, 4+5, 5+6, … Proof by Induction The idea is easy. Prove the first is true. Show for any one k… the truth Prove for the next one, k + 1… the truth By a dominoe effect if 1 is true then so is 2 and 3 and 4 and 5 and …so on. Proof by Induction Odd numbers are consecutive pairs 0+1, 1+2, 2+3, 3+4, 4+5, 5+6, … nth odd number = (n – 1) + n Eg, n = 3, makes 3 – 1 + 3 = 2 + 3 = 5 When n = k, this makes k – 1 + k = 2k - 1 Put n = k + 1, makes k + 1 – 1 + k + 1 = 2k +1 Notice 2k+1 = 2k-1 +2 is next odd number. This is INDUCTION. Prove the sum of the odd numbers is n2. When n = 1, n2 is 1 When n = k, n2 is k2 When n = k + 1, k2 is (k+1)2 (k+1)2 = k2 + 2k + 1 =k2 + 2k – 1 +2 We need to see that 2k – 1 +2 is the next odd number added on… Q.E.D. Try an Inductive Proof Sum of whole numbers is n(n+1)/2 Sum of even numbers is n(n+1) # of Vertices = # of Sides What happens when you cut off one of the vertices of a triangle? What the students may not realise is that they have performed a proof by induction. pi time In a circle of diameter 1, draw a square. The perimeter πd of the circle is approximated by the perimeter of the square 1 2 1 2 1 4 2 2 2 1 2 1 2.8284... pi time again In a circle of diameter 1, draw an octagon. The perimeter πd of the circle is approximated by the perimeter of the octagon 1 2 1 2 1 1 1 1 8 2 cos 45 4 4 2 2 4 2 2 1 3.0614... The nine digits problem The digits 1 to 9 have to go into the nine boxes, with no repeats. += –= ×= The nine digits problem Here is one possible solution. 1 + 7 =8 9–4=5 2×3=6 Is there another? Here are a few solutions And digits can be swapped between equations. 1+7=8 7+1=8 4+5=9 4+5=9 9–4=5 9–4=5 8–7=1 8–1=7 2×3=6 2×3=6 2×3=6 2×3=6 Why is 2 x 4 = 8 not an option? The nine digits problem If three even digits are used in the multiplication, there are not enough even digits left for the addition and the subtraction. ExE=E O+O=E O – O = uh uh This is called “parity checking”. That’s it Folks This file is on my website http://schools.reap.org.nz/advisor Clearly labelled for you.There are a few extra files from Paul and references to his website and new book. Thank you…….jim We could make a conjecture (Latin “throw together”) Or could experiment with a supposition (Latin “place under” & “location”) Or form an hypothesis (Greek “under” & “foundation”) n2 is the sum of the first n odd numbers n 1 2 3 4 … k k+1 2n – 1 1 3 5 7 … 2k - 1 2(k + 1) - 1 n2 1 4 … k2 ?? ?? = k2 + 2(k+ 1) - 1 = k2 + 2k+ 2 - 1 = k2 + 2k = ( k + 1)2 + 1 n2 is the sum of the first n odd numbers n 1 2 3 4 … k 2n – 1 1 3 5 7 … 2k - 1 n2 1 4 … The total of the middle row is 1 + 3 + 5 + … + 2k-5 + 2k-3 + 2k-1 = 1 + 2k-1 + = 2k + = 2k × k/2 3 + 2k-3 2k = + 5 + 2k-5 + … + 2k + … k2 Proof: the area of a circle is r2 Proof: sum of interior angles of a triangle is 180 Proof: sum of pentagram angles is 180 Answers to other “Challenges” A. For any two numbers, the sum of their squares is never less than twice their product. (a – b)2 0 a2 – 2ab + b2 0 a2 + b2 2ab Some people like to write Q.E.D. to mark the end of the proof. It is Latin, quod erat demonstrandum and means “Hooray! I’ve finished the proof!”. What Q.E.D. does not stand for is “Quite Easily Done”! Answers to other “Challenges” B. The sum of any positive number and its reciprocal is 2 or greater. This is from the excellent “Proofs without words: Exercises in visual thinking” by R. B. Nelson (Mathematical Association of America) Answers to other “Challenges” C. If the final score is a draw, the number of possible half-time scores is a square. This is from the “Squares” CD-ROM. Answers to other “Challenges” D. The product of any two Hilbert numbers is a Hilbert number. The Hilbert numbers are 1, 5, 9, 13, 17, 21, 25, ... They are the numbers one greater than numbers in the four times table. For n = 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, ... the Hilbert numbers are 4n + 1. Let the two numbers be 4x + 1 and 4y + 1 where x and y are natural numbers. The product = (4x + 1) (4y + 1) = 16xy + 4x + 4y + 1 = 4(4xy + x + y) + 1 which is a Hilbert number. Paul Brown can be contacted at [email protected]