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Transcript
“Getting inside of your head” Behaviorism • Only examines data that is public and observable – Introspection is unimportant • Personality = What you actually do – Traits, UCS, CS experiences, do not matter – Only B data matter Behaviorism • What determines personality? • The observed environment – Not hidden process inside the mind Behaviorism • All that matters is 1) A persons behavior 2) A persons environment Philosophical Roots • Empiricism – Everything you know comes from experience • Tabula Rasa • Note how this is different than other approaches Philosophical Roots • Associationism • Two things become associated into one if they are repeatedly experienced close together Philosophical Roots Book Noise Philosophical Roots Lightning Thunder Philosophical Roots Philosophical Roots David Hume John Locke Thomas Hobbes • Both empiricism and associatoinism are all that is needed to explain all knowledge • Even complex ideas can be seen as combinations of simple ideas – Reductionism Philosophical Roots • One last element is missing • What makes you go? • Why do people behave at all? Philosophical Roots • Hedonism • People learn in order to – 1) Seek pleasure – 2) Avoid pain Philosophical Roots • 1) Empiricism • 2) Associationism • 3) Hedonism Behaviorism • “Give me a dozen healthy infants, well-formed, and my own specified world to bring them up and I'll guarantee to take any one at random and train him to become any type of specialist I might select--doctor, lawyer, merchant-chief, and yes, even beggarman and thief, regardless of his talents, penchants, tendencies, or abilities” Learning • A stable change in behavior as a function of one’s experience with the environment Environment Behavior Learning • What learning is not – the acquisition of knowledge Types of Learning • 1) Habituation • 2) Classical Conditioning • 3) Operant Conditioning Habituation • Why do you jump less each time? • You learned! • Simplest type of learning Habituation • The initial response can be maintained if the stimulus is changed or increased with each exposure Classical Conditioning Why do you get anxious at the sight of a balloon and a pen? Why do you cringe when you see fingernails and a chalk board? Ivan Pavlov Classical Conditioning • Condition – “learned” • Stimulus – a condition that elicits a response • Response – a behavior done after the stimulus Classical Conditioning • Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS) • Unconditioned Response (UCR) • Conditioned Stimulus (CS) • Conditioned Response (CR) Classical Conditioning Balloon • Figure out the: • • • • • Neutral Stimulus UCS UCR CS CR Classical Conditioning in Dating • Make women/men love you! • Figure out the: • • • • • Neutral Stimulus UCS UCR CS CR Classical Conditioning in Dating Neutral Stimulus No response Classical Conditioning in Dating UCS UCR Classical Conditioning in Dating Neutral Stimulus and UCS UCR Classical Conditioning in Dating CS CR Classical Conditioning in Dating But. . . Day 1 Classical Conditioning in Dating But. . . Day 2 Classical Conditioning in Dating But. . . Day 100 Classical Conditioning in Dating But. . . Day 150 Extinction Or Or Or Or Second-order conditioning Something paired with the CS can itself begin to elicit the response Or Or Or Or Stimulus Generalization Stimuli like the CS well tend to elicit the same response as the CS Questionaire Group Activity • Why do you think a person might have social phobia? • How would you cure a person with this problem? Classical Conditioning • Social Anxiety – Social Phobia • General Anxiety – Learned helplessness Classical Conditioning • Example: Little Albert Classical Conditioning • Phobias • Typically occur through association – The feared object is paired with an unpleasant feelings • Flooding • Systematic desensitization Classical Conditioning Food Deliver good news not bad news Operant Conditioning • Edward Thorndike Gradually it escapes quicker A specific response become “strengthened” by being paired with a pleasant outcome Law of Effect • "Of several responses made to the same situation those which are accompanied or closely followed by satisfaction to the animal will, other things being equal, be more firmly connected with the situation, so that, when it recurs, they will be more likely to recur; those which are accompanied or closely followed by discomfort to the animal will, other things being equal, have their connections to the situation weakened, so that, when it recurs, they will be less likely to occur. • Note: It is missing information about the internal state of the animal – Thorndike used hungry cats and rats! Clark Hull Needs • Behavior is not just a function of the environment but also. . . • Properties of the organism All animals have certain needs (food) Creates drives (drive for food) Reducing drive (by eating) reinforces the behavior (eating) Learning • Both Hull and Thorndike felt their learning was the same as Pavlov’s classical conditioning Hot and Cold Game Skinner B. F. Skinner Noted differences between the types of learning. How is classical conditioning different then either Thorndike’s or Hull’s theories? Operant Conditioning • Classical = animal does nothing to its environment. • Operant = The animal alters its environment. Reinforcement Theory • Operant Conditioning – Used to control behavior • Behavior • Reward • Behaviors that are rewarded are more likely to be performed in the future Reinforcement Theory • Operant Conditioning Reinforcement Theory • Operant Conditioning Skinner Box Skinner Box Skinner Box Skinner Box • Sniffy Program Operant Conditioning • Superstitious behavior – Baseball players • Shaping behavior – Getting him to open the car door – Skinner legend