Download Second-order conditioning

“Getting inside of your head”
Behaviorism
• Only examines data that is public and
observable
– Introspection is unimportant
• Personality = What you actually do
– Traits, UCS, CS experiences, do not matter
– Only B data matter
Behaviorism
• What determines personality?
• The observed environment
– Not hidden process inside the mind
Behaviorism
• All that matters is
1) A persons behavior
2) A persons environment
Philosophical Roots
• Empiricism
– Everything you know comes from experience
• Tabula Rasa
• Note how this is different than other
approaches
Philosophical Roots
• Associationism
• Two things become associated into one if
they are repeatedly experienced close
together
Philosophical Roots
Book
Noise
Philosophical Roots
Lightning
Thunder
Philosophical Roots
Philosophical Roots
David Hume
John Locke
Thomas Hobbes
• Both empiricism and associatoinism are all that is
needed to explain all knowledge
• Even complex ideas can be seen as combinations of
simple ideas
– Reductionism
Philosophical Roots
• One last element is missing
• What makes you go?
• Why do people behave at all?
Philosophical Roots
• Hedonism
• People learn in order to
– 1) Seek pleasure
– 2) Avoid pain
Philosophical Roots
• 1) Empiricism
• 2) Associationism
• 3) Hedonism
Behaviorism
• “Give me a dozen healthy
infants, well-formed, and my
own specified world to bring
them up and I'll guarantee to
take any one at random and
train him to become any type of
specialist I might select--doctor,
lawyer, merchant-chief, and
yes, even beggarman and thief,
regardless of his talents,
penchants, tendencies, or
abilities”
Learning
• A stable change in behavior as a function
of one’s experience with the environment
Environment
Behavior
Learning
• What learning is not
– the acquisition of knowledge
Types of Learning
• 1) Habituation
• 2) Classical Conditioning
• 3) Operant Conditioning
Habituation
• Why do you jump less each time?
• You learned!
• Simplest type of learning
Habituation
• The initial response can be maintained if
the stimulus is changed or increased with
each exposure
Classical Conditioning
Why do you get anxious at the sight of a
balloon and a pen?
Why do you cringe when you see fingernails
and a chalk board?
Ivan Pavlov
Classical Conditioning
• Condition
– “learned”
• Stimulus
– a condition that elicits a response
• Response
– a behavior done after the stimulus
Classical Conditioning
• Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)
• Unconditioned Response (UCR)
• Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
• Conditioned Response (CR)
Classical Conditioning
Balloon
• Figure out the:
•
•
•
•
•
Neutral Stimulus
UCS
UCR
CS
CR
Classical Conditioning in Dating
• Make women/men love you!
• Figure out the:
•
•
•
•
•
Neutral Stimulus
UCS
UCR
CS
CR
Classical Conditioning in Dating
Neutral Stimulus
No response
Classical Conditioning in Dating
UCS
UCR
Classical Conditioning in Dating
Neutral Stimulus
and UCS
UCR
Classical Conditioning in Dating
CS
CR
Classical Conditioning in Dating
But. . .
Day 1
Classical Conditioning in Dating
But. . .
Day 2
Classical Conditioning in Dating
But. . .
Day 100
Classical Conditioning in Dating
But. . .
Day 150
Extinction
Or
Or
Or
Or
Second-order conditioning
Something paired with the CS can itself begin to elicit the response
Or
Or
Or
Or
Stimulus Generalization
Stimuli like the CS well tend to elicit the same response as the CS
Questionaire
Group Activity
• Why do you think a person might have
social phobia?
• How would you cure a person with this
problem?
Classical Conditioning
• Social Anxiety
– Social Phobia
• General Anxiety
– Learned helplessness
Classical Conditioning
• Example: Little Albert
Classical Conditioning
• Phobias
• Typically occur through
association
– The feared object is paired
with an unpleasant feelings
• Flooding
• Systematic desensitization
Classical Conditioning
Food
Deliver good news
not bad news
Operant Conditioning
• Edward Thorndike
Gradually it escapes quicker
A specific response become “strengthened” by being paired
with a pleasant outcome
Law of Effect
• "Of several responses made to the same situation those
which are accompanied or closely followed by
satisfaction to the animal will, other things being equal,
be more firmly connected with the situation, so that,
when it recurs, they will be more likely to recur; those
which are accompanied or closely followed by discomfort
to the animal will, other things being equal, have their
connections to the situation weakened, so that, when it
recurs, they will be less likely to occur.
• Note: It is missing information about the internal state of
the animal
– Thorndike used hungry cats and rats!
Clark Hull
Needs
• Behavior is not just a function of the
environment but also. . .
• Properties of the organism
All animals have
certain needs
(food)
Creates drives
(drive for food)
Reducing drive (by
eating) reinforces the
behavior (eating)
Learning
• Both Hull and Thorndike felt their learning
was the same as Pavlov’s classical
conditioning
Hot and Cold Game
Skinner
B. F. Skinner
Noted differences between the types of learning.
How is classical conditioning different then either Thorndike’s or Hull’s
theories?
Operant Conditioning
• Classical = animal does
nothing to its environment.
• Operant = The animal
alters its environment.
Reinforcement Theory
• Operant Conditioning
– Used to control behavior
• Behavior
• Reward
• Behaviors that are rewarded are more
likely to be performed in the future
Reinforcement Theory
• Operant Conditioning
Reinforcement Theory
• Operant Conditioning
Skinner Box
Skinner Box
Skinner Box
Skinner Box
• Sniffy Program
Operant Conditioning
• Superstitious behavior
– Baseball players
• Shaping behavior
– Getting him to open the car door
– Skinner legend