Download EcologyEvolution - Clinton Public Schools

What is
Ecology?
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• Ecology:
– Science that studies the
relationships between groups of
organisms and their environments
– Focuses on Energy Transfer
– Science of Relationships.
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• What is an organisms ENVIRONMENT?
– the surroundings or conditions in which a
person, animal, or plant lives or operates.
– Made up of 2 types of Factors:
• Biotic Factors
• Abiotic Factors
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• Biotic factors-
– Living organisms that inhabit
an environment.
• All organisms depend
on others directly or
indirectly food, shelter,
reproduction, or protection.
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The Nonliving Environment
• Abiotic factors– nonliving parts of an
organism’s environment.
– Examples: air currents,
temperature, moisture, light,
and soil.
– Do you think Abiotic factors
affect an organism’s life?
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Biosphere
Ecosystems
Community
ç
Population
Levels
of
Organization
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Organism
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Biosphere –
-Any part of the Earth and its
atmosphere in which
-1. living organisms exist
OR
-2. Life can be supported
-Made
of air, land,
fresh water, and salt water.
•The highest level of organization
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• Ecosystem:
– Populations in a
community and the
abiotic components
in that area that
interact with each.
• terrestrial or
aquatic
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Community - several interacting
populations that inhabit a common
environment and are interdependent.
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POPULATION
 a group of organisms of
one species living in the
same place at the same
time that interbreed
Produce fertile offspring
Compete with each other
for resources (food,
mates, shelter, etc.)
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• Organism:
– An individual living thing
– Uni- or Multi-cellular
– uses energy, reproduces, responds,
grows, and develops
– Lowest Level of Organization
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• Habitat
– The place in which an
organism lives out its life
• Niche
– The role a species plays in a
community
– Determined by the tolerance
limitations of an organism,
or a limiting factor.
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Limiting Factors-
any biotic or abiotic factor that restricts
the existence of organisms in a specific
environment.
Examples of limiting factors •
•
•
•
•
Amount of water
Amount of food
Temperature
Amount of space
Availability of mates
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Feeding Relationships
•
There are 3 main types of feeding
relationships
1. Producer  Consumer
2. Predator  Prey
3. Parasite  Host
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Feeding Relationships:
Producers
-All Autotrophs (plants)
-They trap energy from
the sun
-Bottom of the food chain
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Feeding Relationships:
Consumer
-All Heterotrophs
-They ingest food containing the sun’s
energy
Herbivores
Carnivores
Omnivores
Decomposers
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• Herbivores
• Omnivores
– Eat Plants
– Primary
Consumers
– Prey
– Eat both plants &
animals
• Decomposers
• Carnivores
– Eat Meat
– Predators
• Hunt Prey for Food
– Feed on Carrion
– Breakdown the
complex compounds
of dead and decaying
plants and animals into
simpler molecules that
can be absorbed
• Decaying flesh of
Dead Animals
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Feeding Relationships: CONSUMERS
1.Primary Consumers
• Herbivores - Eat plants
2. Secondary Consumers
3. Tertiary Consumers
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Symbiotic Relationships
Symbiosis- two species living together
3 Types of Symbiosis:
1. Commensalism
2. Parasitism
3. Mutualism
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Symbiotic Relationships
Commensalismone species benefits
& the other is
neither harmed nor
helped
Ex. orchids on a tree
Epiphytes: A plant, such as a tropical
orchid or a bromeliad, that grows on another
plant upon which it depends for mechanical
support but not for nutrients.
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Symbiotic Relationships
Parasitism-one species benefits (parasite) and the
other is harmed (host)
-Example: Leeches, fleas, ticks
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Symbiotic Relationships
Mutualismbeneficial to
both species
Ex. cleaning birds
and cleaner
shrimp
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Trophic Levels
• Each level in a food chain is known
as a trophic level.
• Trophic levels shows a feeding
step in the transfer of energy
and matter in an ecosystem.
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Trophic Levels
Biomass- the amount of organic matter
comprising a group of organisms in a
habitat.
• As you move up a food chain, both
available energy and biomass
decrease.
• Energy is transferred upwards but is
diminished with each transfer.
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Trophic Levels
E
N
E
R
Tertiary
consumers- top
carnivores
Secondary consumerssmall carnivores
Primary consumers- Herbivores
G
Y
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Trophic Levels
Food chain- simple model that
shows how matter and energy
move through an ecosystem
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Trophic Levels
Food web- shows all possible
feeding relationships in a
community at each trophic level
• Represents a network of
interconnected food chains
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Food chain
(just 1 path of energy)
Food web
(all possible energy paths)
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DARWIN AND EVOLUTION
• Evolution is the process by
which a species change over
time.
• His theory was that when
an environment changed,
organisms best suited to
the new conditions are the
ones most likely to survive.
• Charles Darwin developed a
reasonable explanation of
how species evolved.
• Darwin observed finches on
the Galapagos Islands and
noticed the differences in
the beak size and shape of
similar species.
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Beak sizes and shapes changed
according to, particularly, their
source of food.
Species change in response to
changing environments.
This became known as Darwin’s
Theory of Natural Selection!!!!!!!
This created variations, which are
differences in traits among members of a species.
Variations are good for the overall success of a species
• Individuals with useful traits are likely to live longer
• They are more likely to have more offspring and pass on
their useful traits.
Over time, as this process is repeated, more and more members
have the useful traits.
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Adaptations: the behaviors and physical characteristics of a species that allo
them to live successfully in their environment.
Adaptations that can help prevent being the prey: ALSO
KNOWN AS THE EATEN!!!!!!!
Camouflage adaptation
Structural adaptation
Mimicry Adaptation
Behavioral adaptation
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Adaptations that help the predator: also known as THE EATER!!!
Sharp claws
Sharp Teeth: IT”S BRUCEY!
Stingers
Big eyes to hunt at night!
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Physiological
Adaptations:
a physical
response to an
environment
Lots of blubber for warmth
Big ears for cooling in the
desert
Hump that holds water
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So what Darwin
discovered in the
animal kingdom
was……………
Those that can adapt will survive and those that can’t
adapt will not: Extinction
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