* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Download Lecture 0.1: History and Introduction
Objections to evolution wikipedia , lookup
Natural selection wikipedia , lookup
Sociocultural evolution wikipedia , lookup
Unilineal evolution wikipedia , lookup
Hindu views on evolution wikipedia , lookup
State switching wikipedia , lookup
Evolutionary landscape wikipedia , lookup
Evolutionary mismatch wikipedia , lookup
Inclusive fitness wikipedia , lookup
Acceptance of evolution by religious groups wikipedia , lookup
Jewish views on evolution wikipedia , lookup
Creation and evolution in public education wikipedia , lookup
Population genetics wikipedia , lookup
Punctuated equilibrium wikipedia , lookup
Theistic evolution wikipedia , lookup
Catholic Church and evolution wikipedia , lookup
Evolutionary Genetics: Part 0.1 General Introduction S. chilense S. peruvianum Winter Semester 2012-2013 Prof Aurélien Tellier FG Populationsgenetik Evolutionary biology: study of the evolution of life Apparition of life around 4.6 billions years ago Since: history of evolution by adaptations and extinctions The history of life evolution is not over!!! Evolutionary theory explains the transformation of life forms! History of the Evolution idea Paradigm shifts in Science Thomas Kuhn A bit of history: the foundations Bases of species descriptions by naturalists: Carl von Linné Comte de Buffon Alexander von Humboldt Lamarck: first „Evolutionary theory“ (1809) Each organism has the ability to adapt to his environment Each organism tends to reach for perfection. Abilities aquired during the life time will be transmitted to the next generation Darwin and Wallace: Theory of selection and common descent (1838) Species are developing continuously and die eventually out Similar organisms descent from a common ancestor Evolution occurs at slow pace, not by jumps Evolution proceeds by means of natural selection A bit of history: the foundations Fossil records A bit of history: the foundations Biogeography A bit of history: the foundations Comparative anatomy A bit of history: the foundations Molecular biology A bit of history: the foundations Darwin‘s four postulates Individuals within a species are variable A part of this natural variation will be transmitted to the next generation The amount of offspring of individuals is (much) higher than the capacity of the environment, thus there is concurrence (Malthusian idea) At each generation the most succesful individuals reproduce and transmit their characteristics further, the unsuccesful ones do not => The survival and reproduction is not random, but driven by natural selection Example: Galapagos/Darwin-Finches (see Peter and Rosemary Grant works) A bit of history: the foundations Some important definitions in a Darwinian world: Darwinian Evolution: continuous changes observed in populations with time Darwinian Fitness: ability of an individual to survive and to reproduce in a given environment Adaptation: characteristics of an organism which increases its fitness in comparison to other individuals which do not carry this advantageous trait Homology: similarity due to common ancestry Analogy: similarity in function but without common ancestry A bit of history: the foundations Some important definitions in a Darwinian world: Rudimentary Organs: organs without apparent function which are homogues to functionnal organs in closely related species Convergent Evolution: independent evolution of analogue similarities between species as adaptation to similar environmental conditions Exaptation: shift of function of a trait during evolution Solanaceae clade, Asterid genus Cucurbitale clade, Malvaceae genus A bit of history: the foundations Evolutionary Theory 1.0: Darwinism Common descent Natural selection Missing a theory of heredity (after having flirted with Lamarckism and blending inheritance) A bit of history: the foundations Evolutionary Theory 1.1: neo-Darwinism Rejection of Lamarckism Separation of soma and germ lines August Weissman Alfred R. Wallace Still missing a theory of heredity… A bit of history: the modern synthesis Evolutionary Theory 2.0: birth of the modern synthesis Compatibility between Mendelism and statistical genetics Theory of selection and random drift => Birth of population genetics R.A. Fisher Sewall Wright J.B.S Haldane A bit of history: the modern synthesis Evolutionary Theory 2.1: the mature modern synthesis Variation in natural populations Species concept, speciation process Compatibility of gradualism with paleontology Applicability of Darwinism to variety of genetic systems in plants T. Dobzhansky J. Huxley G.L. Stebbins E. Mayr G.G. Simpson isolating mechanisms cline Plant evolution speciation paleogeography A bit of history: the modern synthesis Evolutionary Theory 2.1: the mature modern synthesis „neutral theory of evolution“ Kin selection Evolution and game theory Currently involves: B. Charlesworth N. Barton B. Clarke A. Orr M. Kimura W.D. Hamilton J. Maynard-Smith … A bit of history: the modern synthesis “The major tenets of the evolutionary synthesis were that - populations contain genetic variation that arises by random mutation and recombination; - populations evolve by changes in gene frequency brought about by random genetic drift, gene flow, and especially natural selection; - most adaptive genetic variants have individually slight phenotypic effects so that phenotypic changes are gradual; - diversification comes about by speciation, which normally entails the gradual evolution of reproductive isolation among populations; - and these processes, continued for sufficiently long, give rise to changes of such great magnitude as to warrant the designation of higher taxonomic levels.” Douglas Futuyma A bit of history: the modern synthesis No theory is perfect, requires constant questioning, further refinements…. Following new discovery in genetics, molecular biology, ecology, sociobiology, … From Massimo Pigliucci Pigliucci and Müller “Evolution – The extended synthesis” MIT press 2010 A bit of history: new questions A bit of history: new questions A bit of history: arising questions Andreas Wagner A bit of history: arising questions A bit of history: arising questions A bit of history: arising questions A bit of history: arising questions Pigliucci A bit of history: arising questions A bit of history: current summary of the field These are exciting times: knowledge on genomes and combination of molecular/epigenetic/ecological studies becomes possible My research: new questions