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Darwin’s Theory of Evolution Image from: Biology by Miller and Levine; Prentice Hall Publishing©2006 WRITE A DEFINITION: EVOLUTION: change over time; the process by which modern organisms have descended from ancient organisms THEORY: a well-supported testable explanation of phenomena that have occurred in the natural world FOSSIL: the preserved remains of ancient organisms Evolution is a ________ ______; theory a testable explanation of naturallyoccurring phenomena theory evolution The _______ fossils that Darwin found caused him to ask questions that led to his proposal of the theory of _________. evolution Fossils provide _______ evidence to support the theory of _________. evolution fossil The _____ fossil record provides for some of the evidence that supports the ______ theory of evolution What scientific explanation can account for the diversity of life? ANSWER: A collection of ______________, Scientific facts observations and ___________ hypotheses __________, known as ________________________ EVOLUTIONARY THEORY The person who contributed the most to our understanding of evolution was Charles Darwin ______________________ http://harrier.users.netlink.co.uk/Darwin_sm.jpg In 1831, at age 22, he joined the crew of H.M.S. Beagle as a naturalist for the _______________ a ________ 5 year voyage around the world. Image from: Biology by Miller and Levine; Prentice Hall Publishing©2006 After his voyage, Darwin spent a great deal of time thinking about his findings. Biology by Miller and Levine; Prentice Hall Publishing©2006 He began to wonder if animals living on different islands had once been members same species that had of the ____________ developed different _________ characteristics after becoming isolated _______ from one another in different habitats. Ideas that shaped Darwin’s thinking: James Hutton In 1785 ______________ proposes that the Earth was shaped by ______________ geological forces _________________ occurring over very long __________ periods of time, and is millions of years old. _______________ http://www.creationism.org/books/TaylorInMindsMen/TaylorIMMc03.htm Ideas that shaped Darwin’s thinking: Charles Lyell In 1833 ___________ explains that the geological processes still ___________ occurring now have shaped Earth’s features over long periods of time ________________ http://www.biologydaily.com/biology/Sir_Charles_Lyell Ideas that shaped Darwin’s thinking: Theory of Pangaea …and continental drift http://wrgis.wr.usgs.gov/docs/usgsnps/animate/A08.gif http://www.wasatchcomputers.net/gallery/elk_fight.jpg REMEMBER ! competition Living things must compete for food, shelter, space, mates http://www.nndb.com/people/250/000024178/malthus.jpg Ideas that shaped Darwin’s thinking: Thomas Malthus (1798) _____________________ He observed that babies were being born faster than people were dying. He reasoned that if the human population continued to grow, sooner or later there insufficient space & food would be _______________________ http://www.educa.rcanaria.es/fundoro/00.corsi.htm Ideas that shaped Darwin’s thinking: Jean-Baptiste Lamarck (1809) ___________________________ was one of first scientists to recognize living things changed over time and that _______________ all species were descended ________ from other species. Lamarck published his hypothesis of Inheritance of Acquired traits ________________________ the year Darwin was born. The male fiddler crab uses its front claw to attract mates and ward off predators. Through repeated use, the front claw becomes larger. The fiddler passes on this acquired characteristic to its offspring http://www.geocities.com/arnold_schwarzenegger_pictures/ What’s wrong with Lamarck’s hypothesis? Lamarck didn’t know about genes and how traits are inherited _______. If you lifted weights your whole young adult life, and then you had children, would your kids be more muscular? NO! Acquired traits may help the individual organism, but they won’t be passed on to offspring. What’s right with Lamarck’s hypothesis? Lamarck was first to develop a scientific hypothesis about evolution _______ and recognize that organisms are adapted to their environments ________________________ http://pegasus.cc.ucf.edu/~he599900/giraffeeating.jpg Match the letter of the idea with the man or men who proposed it: Malthus Hutton Lyell a. b. c. d. Lamarck The earth is really old, and slowly changes Living things pass changes on to their offspring, leading to species changes Sooner or later growing populations run out of resources Living things change slowly over time because of competition for resources, and pass those changes on to their offspring c. Malthus Hutton a. Lamarck Lyell b. d. a. b. c. d. The earth is really old, and slowly changes Living things pass changes on to their offspring, leading to species changes Sooner or later growing populations run out of resources Living things change slowly over time because of competition for resources, and pass those changes on to their offspring In 1859 On the Origin of Species ____________________ evidence presented _______ and proposed a mechanism ________ for evolution that Darwin called NATURAL SELECTION __________________ http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/world/images/s125.jpg EVIDENCE OF EVOLUTION: Artificial selection 1. ________________ 2. ________________ Fossil record Geographic Distribution 3. _______________ Homologous structures 4. _______________ 5. _______________ Embryology DNA 6. _______________ 7. _______________ See Natural selection happen ARTIFICIAL SELECTION • In artificial selection, nature provides the variation through mutation and sexual reproduction and humans select those traits that they find useful EX: We have selected for and bred cows to produce more milk, turkeys with more breast meat, etc. http://www.pp3moo.com/hm2cow.jpg http://lazerbrody.typepad.com/photos/uncategorized/turkey.gif Breeds of Dogs Chihuahua – bred from Techichi of Mexico by Mayans, had religious significance Saint Bernard – bred by monks around 1050 A.D. to rescue travelers of mountain passes in the Swiss Alps between Italy and Switzerland Irish Wolfhound – bred in Ireland to hunt wolves and elk Dachshund – bred in Germany as early as the 15th century to hunt badgers SLIDE FROM: BIOLOGY by Miller and Levine; Prentice Hall Publishing©2006 BIOLOGY by Miller and Levine; Prentice Hall Publishing©2006 How Do We Know Evolution Happens? 2. The Fossil Record – Fossils are the _______ remains ______ _________________ of ancient organisms found in layers of rock in the Earth. How Do We Know Evolution Happens? The layers of rock tell the history of the Earth while the fossils _____, _____ found within life the rock tell a history of ___. The fossils are thought to be the ________ same age as the rock they are found in. 3. Geographic distribution If Darwin’s theory is correct you would expect to find closely ____________ related yet _______________ different species living in a _________ geographic region as they spread into nearby habitats and evolve. That’s EXACTLY what we do see! http://www.newtonswindow.com/problem-solving.htm REMEMBER THE GALAPAGOS TORTOISES Intermediate vegetation Intermediate necks Little vegetation Long necks Image from: BIOLOGY by Miller and Levine; Prentice Hall Publisher©2006 Lots of vegetation Short necks Tortoises adapted to different habitats as they spread from the mainland to the different islands. = DIVERGENT EVOLUTION = ADAPTIVE RADIATION http://images.encarta.msn.com/xrefmedia/aencmed/targets/illus/ilt/T014608A.gif GALAPAGOS FINCHES The _____ beaks of Galapagos finches have adapted ______ to eating a variety _____ of foods _____. http://www.flmnh.ufl.edu/fish/gallery/descript/TigerShark/scars.JPG http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/shared/spl/hi/guides/456900/456973/html/nn1page1.stm Whales and sharks have a _____ similar body design different organisms even though they are very _______ (one is a fish; the other, a mammal) because they have _________________ independently adapted to living in a _____ similar environment. = CONVERGENT EVOLUTION Whales are closely related to wolves, but don’t look or act much like them = divergent evolution Conclusion: The pressure of the environment drives evolution Whales are distantly related to sharks, but look and act more like them = convergent evolution Structures 4. HOMOLOGOUS _____________________ Image from: http://www.angelfire.com/ab7/evolution12/evolutionclues.html 4. Homologous Body Structures – Structures, like the limbs of vertebrates, look very _______, different but are made from the __________, same bones because they are made from the same clump of _____________ undifferentiated cells in the _______. embryo Image from: http://www.angelfire.com/ab7/evolution12/evolutionclues.html 4. Homologous Body Structures – Some _______________________ homologous body structures are _______ vestigial and have no useful function even though they are still present, like ________in hipbones whales and boa constrictors, or a ____ tail and ________________in cecum (appendix) humans. http://www.txtwriter.com/backgrounders/Evolution/EVpage12.html 5. _____________________ Similarities in Embryology ________ Embryos of many animals with backbones are very similar. Image from: http://calspace.ucsd.edu/virtualmuseum/litu/03_3.shtml It is clear that the same groups of _____________ undifferentiated cells develop in the same order to produce the same tissues and organs of all vertebrates, evolved from suggesting that they all _______ a _______________. common ancestor Image from: http://io.uwinnipeg.ca/~simmons/16cm05/1116/16anim3.htm Similarities in DNA 6. _______________ Similarities DNA and in ____ PROTEIN ________ sequences suggest relatedness Image from: BIOLOGY AP EDITION by Campbell and Reece; Prentice Hall Publishing©2005 Human- 46 chromosomes Chimpanzee- 48 chromosomes karyotypes suggest an Similar _________ evolutionary relationship ___________________. Human: http://www.nationmaster.com/wikimir/images/upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/18/300px-Human_karyogram.png Chimpanzee: Middle School Life Science , published by Kendall/Hunt. Fish, amphibians, reptiles, and most mammals can make their own VITAMIN C but humans need to eat _________, fresh fruit or they end up with ________. SCURVY http://www.med.uc.edu/departme/cellbiol/Image7.gif http://www.rachelleb.com/images/2005_02_22/scurvy.jpg Human DNA contains the gene that codes for the enzyme to make vitamin C, but it is ________________. NONFUNCTIONAL Guess what other group of organisms lack the ability to make their own Vitamin C? PRIMATES… which includes chimpanzees, orangutans, gorillas, and other apes. http://groups.wfu.edu/ModelUN/images/Cover/Oranges.jpg Humans have many other nonfunctional vestigial genes called ________________. PSEUDOGENES EX: Humans have more than 99 different odor receptor genes, but more than 70% of them are nonfunctional ___________. http://www.animationplayhouse.com/new/dogs2.html http://unraveling.typepad.com/photos/uncategorized/nose_1.jpg 7.____________________________ Can see Natural selection happen EX: Changes in disease-causing microbes that produce new organisms and new __________. diseases Bird flu _______ HIV ___ http://www.hhmi.org/askascientist/images/hiv.gif Antibiotic-resistant tuberculosis __________________________ http://www.hipusa.com/eTools/webmd/A-Z_Encyclopedia/tuberculosis.jpg Concept Map Section 15-3 Evidence of Evolution includes The fossil record Geographic distribution of living species Homologous body structures Similarities in early development which is composed of which indicates which implies which implies Physical remains of organisms Common ancestral species Similar genes Similar genes Go to Section: The preceding presentation adapted from the following: www.brookings.k12.us.biology