Download Respiratory

BIOL 2030 Human Anatomy & Physiology II
What are the functions of the respiratory system?
Major:
________________:
•Bring air in
and out
•Allow gas
exchange
CO2
O2
N2
Others
The mechanical process of
moving air in and out
________________:
4 steps…
1)
2)
3)
4)
Minor: ____________________
How do we get there from here (anatomy)?
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
Upper
Respiratory
Tract
Lower
Respiratory
Tract
How does your nose contribute?
•
•
•
•
•
How does your nose contribute?
_______________
empty into nasal
cavity
Nasal cavity
lined with
_____________
___________
How does your nose contribute?
_____________:
a vertical wall
separating right
and left halves of
nasal cavity
Comprised of
cartilage and bone
______________
How does your nose contribute?
___________
Cavities or
spaces in bones
of skull, empty
into the nasal
cavity.
_________
inflammation of
membranes
lining sinus
cavities
What are the respiratory functions of the oral
cavity?
__________
_________ for
air and exit for
_____________
Separated from
nasal cavity by a
horizontal wall
the _________
____________
What are the regions of the pharynx?
3 regions of the
pharynx:
______________
internal nares to
soft palate
______________
soft palate to
hyoid bone
______________
hyoid bone to
esophagus
Eustachian
(audio) tubes
open into
nasopharynx
Eustachian tubes
What are the functions of the larynx?
Comprised of
several
cartilages…
Know:
*
*
*
Functions to
_____________
to trachea and to
_____________
Tracheotomy or Cricothyrotomy
What are the functions of the larynx?
Laryngeal
Endoscopy
What type of
section is this?
Midsagittal
?
??
?
How does the form of the trachea relate to the
function?
Trachea
Comprised of:
•________________
•________________
• _______________
Why?
•________________
pseudostratified ciliated epithelium
What is the tracheobronchial tree?
Trachea branches Bronchoscopy
forming 2
______________
These branch to
form __________
_________
These branch to
form __________
_________
If you inhale a penny where should you look
for it?
The last cartilage of
the trachea is the
_______ w/c has 2
openings
When something is
aspirated it causes
___________ until
past the carina
Which lung do
objects usually end
up in?
What marks the transition to respiratory
zone?
____________
___________
•Lack ________
_________
•_____________
epithelium
•___________
allow recoil
_____________
•small sacs
•squamous epithelium = ________________
Are both lungs identical?
2 lungs
___________
larger and 3 lobes
___________
smaller and 2 lobes
Each has an:
________ = superior tip
________ = entrance of bronchi, vessels
________ = all the structures entering/exiting the hilum
Why is a “sucking chest wound” so
serious?
The lungs are
surrounded by
serous membranes
collectively
called…
_________
2 types:
What type of
section?
Transverse
?
?
?
?
?
What type of blood supply do the lungs
have?
2 major routes of
circulation:
________________
Arteries and veins
Oxygenated or not?
___________________
Bronchial arteries and
veins
Oxygenated or not?
How do we ventilate (physics)?
General Gas
Law:
•___________
•___________
•Pleural pressure
and ____________
•_________
_________ = volume change necessary to generate pressure
How can we measure lung fitness?
____________________ = volume during normal
inspiration or expiration
____________________ = forceful inspiration after tidal
inspiration
____________________ = forceful expiration after tidal
expiration
____________________ = air still remaining after
forceful expiration
________________ = sum of tidal, and both reserves
________________ = sum of all volumes
How can we measure lung fitness (pulmonary
volumes)?
How do we respire?
Diffusion across
membranes...
•
•
•Membrane includes
_____, ___________,
_________________,
________________,
______________ and
________________
•
•
•
How do we respire?
Dalton’s Law…
Partial Pressure of
gases: The pressure
each gas in a mixture
of gases contributes to
the ______________.
760mmHg (1ATM) mixed =
Soda water!
What factors affect hemoglobin O2 saturation?
•Partial Pressure of O2
PO2 at lungs ~ 104mmHg… usually ~____________
PO2 at tissues ~ 40mmHg… usually ~ ____________
•pH: H+ cause “globins” to change shape… ____________
>pH = _________________
<pH = _________________
Oxygen/Hemoglobin dissociation at rest...
Soda water!
What factors affect hemoglobin O2 saturation?
•Partial Pressure of CO2
also affects because of CO2 becoming
H2CO3 >PCO2 = ______________
•Temperature: >temp = ________
•______ produced by erythrocytes as they metabolize glucose
binds to hemoglobin… ________________
Oxygen/Hemoglobin dissociation shifting
the curve...
What factors involved with CO2 transportation?
________________:
Hemoglobin with bound
O2 has less affinity for
CO2 and vice versa.
________________:
Cl- ions are exchanged
for HCO - ions, in the
3
tissue capillaries and
pulmonary capillaries
respectively.
What effects does CO2 have on respiratory rate?
How does
this relate to
snorkeling?
How is breathing rate regulated?
_______________:
Clusters of neurons in
the ___________
___________ and
related neurons in the
_______ regulate the
contraction of muscles
associated with
______________.
_______________:
Central chemorecptors
in medulla oblongata
and peripheral in
aorta/carotid arteries
Others:
What is the big picture?
*Air moves into respiratory tract via…
*Gases are exchanged across the respiratory
membrane…
How?
Where?
Why?
*O2 in the blood is transported via…
Why does it bind in lungs and release in tissues?
What affects its transport (saturation)?
*CO2 is transported via…
Why does it leave the cells (tissues) and enter the blood?
Why does it leave the blood and enter the lungs?
*Air moves out of the respiratory tract via...
What diseases affect the respiratory system?
•
•Common Cold
•Emphysema
•
•
•Whooping cough
•Cystic fibrosis
•
•
•Pneumonia
•Lung CA
•
•
•Flu
•Strep throat
•
•
•Pneumothorax