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Myers’ Psychology for ® AP , 2e David G. Myers PowerPoint Presentation Slides by Kent Korek Germantown High School Worth Publishers, © 2014 AP® is a trademark registered and/or owned by the College Board ®, which was not involved in the production of, and does not endorse, this product. Unit 1: Psychology’s History and Approaches Unit 01 - Overview • Psychology’s History? • Psychology’s Big Issues and Approaches • Careers in Psychology Click on the any of the above hyperlinks to go to that section in the presentation. Module 01: Psychology’s History Psychology’s Roots Psychology’s Roots Prescientific Psychology • • • • Ancient Greeks: Socrates, Plato and Aristotle Rene Descartes Francis Bacon John Locke –Tabula Rasa (blank slate) • Empiricism Psychology’s Roots Psychological Science is Born • Wilhelm Wundt (1879) –University of Leipzig –Reaction time experiment • G. Stanley Hall Psychology’s Roots Thinking About the Mind’s Structure • Edward Titchener –Structuralism • introspection Psychology’s Roots Thinking About the Mind’s Function • William James –Functionalism Psychology’s Roots Thinking About the Mind’s Function • Mary Calkins • Margaret Floy Washburn • Experimental psychology Psychological Science Develops Psychological Science Develops • Sigmund Freud Psychological Science Develops • Behaviorism –John B. Watson • Rosalie Raynor Psychological Science Develops • Behaviorism –B.F. Skinner –“study of observable behavior” –conditioning Psychological Science Develops • Humanistic psychology –Carl Rogers –Abraham Maslow • Cognitive Neuroscience Psychological Science Develops • Psychology –Science –Behavior –Mental processes Module 02: Psychology’s Big Issues and Approaches Psychology’s Biggest Question Psychology’s Biggest Question • Nature – Nurture Issue –Biology versus experience –History • Greeks • Rene Descartes • Charles Darwin –Natural selection Psychology’s Three Main Levels of Analysis Psychology’s Three Main Levels of Analysis • Levels of Analysis –Biological –Psychological –Social-cultural • Biopsychosocial Approach Psychology’s Three Main Levels of Analysis Psychology’s Three Main Levels of Analysis Psychology’s Three Main Levels of Analysis Psychology’s Three Main Levels of Analysis Psychological Approaches/Perspectives • • • • • • • Behavioral perspective Biological perspective Cognitive perspective Evolutionary perspective Humanistic perspective Psychodynamic perspective Social-cultural perspective Psychology’s Subfields Psychology’s Subfields • Psychometrics • Basic Research – Biological psychologists – Developmental psychologists – Cognitive psychologists – Educational psychologists – Personality psychologists – Social psychologists Psychology’s Subfields • Applied Research – Industrial/organizational psychologists – Human factors psychologists – Counseling psychologists – Clinical psychologists – Psychiatrists – Positive psychology – Community psychologists Module 03: Careers in Psychology Basic Research Subfields Basic Research Subfields • • • • • Cognitive psychologists Developmental psychologists Educational psychologists Experimental psychologists Psychometric and Quantitative Psychologists • Social psychologists Applied Research Subfields Applied Research Subfields • Forensic psychologists • Health psychologists • Industrial/organizational (I/O) psychologists • Neuropsychologists • Rehabilitation psychologists • School psychologists • Sport psychologists The Helping Professions The Helping Professions • Clinical psychologists • Community psychologists • Counseling psychologists The End Definition Slides Empiricism = the view that knowledge originates in experience and that science should, therefore, rely on observation and experimentation. Structuralism = early school of thought promoted by Wundt and Titchner; used introspection to reveal the structure of the human mind. Functionalism = a school of thought promoted by James and influenced by Darwin; explored how mental and behavioral processes function – how they enable the organism to adapt, survive, and flourish. Experimental Psychology = the study of behavior and thinking using the experimental method. Behaviorism = the view that psychology (1) should be an objective science that (2) studies behavior without reference to mental processes. • Most research psychologists today agree with (1) but not with (2). Humanistic Psychology = a historically significant perspective that emphasized the growth potential of healthy people. Cognitive Neuroscience = the interdisciplinary study of the brain activity linked with cognition (including perception, thinking, memory, and language). Psychology = the science of behavior and mental processes. Nature-Nurture Issue = the longstanding controversy over the relative contributions that genes and experience make to the development of psychological traits and behaviors. • Today’s science sees traits and behaviors arising from the interaction of nature and nurture. Natural Selection = the principle that, among the range of inherited trait variations, those contributing to reproduction and survival will most likely be passed on to succeeding generations. Levels of Analysis = the differing complementary views, from biological to psychological to socialcultural, for analyzing any given phenomenon. Biopsychosocial Approach = an integrated approach that incorporates biological, psychological, and socialcultural levels of analysis. Behavioral Psychology = the scientific study of observable behavior, and its explanation by principles of learning. Biological Psychology = the scientific study of the links between biological (genetic, neural, hormonal) and psychological processes. • Some biological psychologists call themselves – behavioral neuroscientists, – neuropsychologists, – behavior geneticists, – physiological psychologists, or – biopsychologists. Cognitive Psychology = the scientific study of all the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating. Evolutionary Psychology = the study of the evolution of behavior and mind, using principles of natural selection. Psychodynamic Psychology = a branch of psychology that studies how unconscious drives and conflicts influence behavior, and uses that information to treat people with psychological disorders. Social-Cultural Psychology = the study of how situations and cultures affect our behavior and thinking. Psychometrics = the scientific study of the measurement of human abilities, attitudes, and traits. Basic Research = pure science that aims to increase the scientific knowledge base. Developmental Psychology = a branch of psychology that studies physical, cognitive, and social change throughout the life span. Educational Psychology = the study of how psychological processes affect and can enhance teaching and learning. Personality Psychology = the study of an individual’s characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting. Social Psychology = the scientific study of how we think about, influence, and relate to one another. Applied Research = scientific study that aims to solve practical problems. Industrial-Organizational (I/O) Psychologists = the application of psychological concepts and methods to optimizing human behavior in workplaces. Human Factors Psychologists = an I/O subfield that explores how people and machines interact and how machines and physical environments can be made safe and easy to use. Counseling Psychology = a branch of psychology that assists people with problems in living (often related to school, work, and marriage) and in achieving greater well-being. Clinical Psychology = a branch of psychology that studies, assesses, and treat people with psychological disorders. Psychiatry = a branch of medicine dealing with psychological disorders; practiced by physicians who often provide medical (for example, drug) treatments as well as psychological therapy. Positive Psychology = the scientific study of human functioning, with the goals of discovering and promoting strengths and virtues that help individuals and communities to thrive. Community Psychology = a branch of psychology that studies how people interact with their social environments and how social institutions affect individuals and groups. Testing Effect = enhanced memory after retrieving, rather than simply rereading information. • Also sometimes referred to as a retrieval practice effect or test-enhanced learning. SQ3R = a study method incorporating five steps; Survey, Question, Read, Rehearse, Review.