Download Unit 2 History and Research notes and vocab

A.P. Psychology
Unit 2
History &
Research Methods (Modules 1-3)
Vocabulary (Note cards)
1. Psychology: Behavior/Mental Processes
2. Nature/Nurture Debate
3. Monism/Dualism
4. Socrates/Plato
5. Aristotle
6. Descartes
7. John Locke: tabula rasa
8. Francis Bacon: Empiricism
9. Wilhelm Wundt: Structuralism
10. Edward Titchener: Introspection
11. William James: Functionalism, Mary Calkins, Margaret Floy Washburn
12. Charles Darwin: Natural Selection
13. Basic Research/Applied Research
14. Clinical v. counseling psychologists
15. Psychodynamic: Psychoanalysis, Sigmund Freud
16. Behavioralism: John Watson, B.F. Skinner, Ivan Pavlov
17. Humanism: Abraham Maslow, Carl Rogers
18. Cognitive: Piaget
19. Cognitive Neuroscience
20. Evolutionary
21. Behavior Genetics
22. Socio-cultural
23. Biopsychosocial approach
24. Medical Model
25. Critical Thinking
26. Theory/ Hypothesis
27. Operational definition
28. Replication
29. Case Study: Descriptive Research
30. Survey: Descriptive Research
31. Naturalistic Observation: Descriptive Research
32. Sample Selection: Random sample, random assignment, population
33. Correlation Coefficient: Scatterplots
34. Positive/Negative Correlation
35. Illusory Correlations
36. Experiment
37. Single-Blind/ Double Blind Procedure
38. Independent/Dependent/Extraneous Variable
39. Experimental/Control Condition
40. Placebo Effect
41. Measures of Central Tendency: Mean, Median, Mode
42. Measures of Variance: Range, Standard Deviation
43. Statistical Significance
44. Level of analysis
45. Psychiatry
46. Hindsight bias
47. Scientific method
48. False consensus effect
Chapter Notes
Modules 1-3: Read and take thorough notes. Be sure to include information from every colored/bolded
heading + summarize with data all figures, tables, and side articles. These should be attached at the END
of your notes.
Guided Reading Questions (GRQ):
USE THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS TO HELP GUIDE YOUR READING. BE ABSOLUTELY
POSITIVE THAT KNOW THE INFORMATION ASKED ABOUT AND THAT YOU ARE ABLE
ANSWER TO EACH QUESTION
1. Define psychology. Explain how psychology applies to daily life.
2. Identify Wilhelm Wundt and William James and outline their schools of psychological thought.
3. Explain how and why psychology changed from the 1920’s through today.
4. Summarize the nature- nurture debate in psychology and describe the principle of natural selection.
Give your own personal view of the significance of each in shaping behavior.
5. Identify some of psychology’s subfields, and explain the difference between clinical psychology and
psychiatry.
6.
Why would psychology need to employ the scientific method? How does this encourage critical
thinking?
7.
Identify at least two advantages and two disadvantages for each of the three types of descriptive
research
techniques. You should be able to provide examples.
8.
Compare and contrast descriptive research and experimental research. What are the strengths and
weaknesses of each type? How does experimentation allow for cause and effect relationships?
9. Explain why psychologists study animals and discuss the ethics of experimentation with both animals
and humans.
10. Describe negative and positive correlations and explain how correlation measures can help with
prediction. You should be able to provide examples
11. Explain why correlational research fails to provide evidence of cause-effect relationships. How do
people
form illusory correlations? Give examples.
12. Why are the double-blind procedure and random assignment necessary in an experiment?
13. Describe the three measures of central tendency and tell which is most affected by extreme scores.
14. Identify three principles for making generalizations from samples.
15. Explain how psychologists decide whether differences are meaningful.
16. Describe how personal values can influence psychologists’ research and its application, and discuss
psychology’s potential to manipulate people.
17. Discuss whether psychological research can be generalized.
18. In your opinion, is any experimentation justified to advance psychological knowledge? Explain your
answer.