Download Greatest Hits: Test 4

Greatest Hits Test 4
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11/4
31
11/16
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11/30
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11/7
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11/18
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12/2
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11/9
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11/21
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11/14
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11/28
Selected slides to study for Test 4. The numbers on the slide are a guide to
when we covered the material in lecture. If you print these out, please print
them as handouts to conserve paper. (When you select print, select
handouts. You can print up to 9 slides on a page).
BIO 232 Fall 2016
Kidney: A REALLY nice Picture
Renal Cortex
Renal Medulla
Pelvis
27
The Renal Medulla
Medullary
pyramids
Base
Papilla
Renal Columns
Renal Lobes
27
Vessels in the Medulla
Interlobar
Arcuate
Cortical Radiate
27
The Renal Pelvis
Minor Calyx
Major Calyx
Ureter
27
The Pyramids contain Nephrons
27
The Nephron is the Basic Kidney Unit
Filtrate from
blood
Waste to
urine
Useful
materials
returned to
blood
27
Overview of the Nephron
Renal Corpuscle
Renal Tubule
Collecting Duct
Capillaries
28
Two Types of Nephrons
Cortical
(85%)
Juxtamedullary
(15%)
28
The Renal Corpuscle Makes Filtrate
Afferent arteriole
Glomerulus
Efferent Arteriole
Bowman’s Capsule
28
Bowman’s Capsule
Parietal Layer
Visceral Layers
Capsular Space
28
Bowman’s Capsule
Podocytes
Filtration Slits
28
Filtrate formation Depends on Pressure
Afferent arteriole
- high pressure
- large
Efferent Arteriole
- small
28
Filtrate versus Tubular Fluid
Tubular
Absorption
Tubular
Secretion
28
Renal Tubule: Proximal Convoluted Tubule
Cortical
28
Capillaries Allow Material to Return to Blood
Peritubular
Capillaries
Low pressure,
very porous
28
Renal Tubule: Loop of Henle***
Descending Limb
What moves out of
the nephron in this
area?
Ascending Limb
What moves out of
the nephron in this
area?
28
Capillaries Allow Material to Return to Blood
Vasa recta
28
Renal Tubule: Distal Convoluted Tubule
Cortical
DCT has looped
back to its
afferent arteriole!
28
Juxtaglomerular Apparatus
At Beginning of
DCT
Afferent arteriole
Granule Cells
Macula Densa
28
Collecting Tubules are found in the Cortex
Intercalated Cells
A
B
How do A and B cells help control
blood homeostasis?
29
Collecting Ducts forms Urine
Run through
medullary
pyramid
H2O movement
29
Juxtaglomerular Apparatus
Allows each
nephron to
control its own
flow rate
29
Net Filtration Pressure (NFP)
Sum of all pressures that act
at the renal corpuscle. Drives
filtrate into the nephron.
29
Intrinsic Control: Tubuloglomerular Feedback
Macula densa
Measures
[Na]
[Cl]
29
Intrinsic Control: Tubuloglomerular Feedback
[Na] [Cl]
proportional to
NFP
Macula densa
releases
vasoconstrictive
substance
(ATP)
29
Loops of Henle produce an Osmotic Gradient
Produced by
juxtamedullary
nephrons
Allows urine to be
dilute or
concentrated
29
Molarity vs Osmolarity
Amount of a
particular molecule
dissolved in H2O
Amount of all
molecules dissolved
in H2O
Moles per Liter
Osmoles per Liter
M
Osm
mM
mOsm
29
Three “Rules” of Osmolarity
(Molarity of compound) x
(How many molecules that compound splits into in solution)
Osmolality adds Up
H2O moves from low to high osmolality
29
The Loop of Henle and
the Osmotic Gradient
300
300
100
500
500
300
700
700
500
900
900
700
Descending Limb
Interstitial Fluid
Ascending Limb
1100
1100
1200
900
30
Aquaporins and the descending LH
30
Na+/K+ ATPase and the Ascending LH
Na is brought
into the cell
and kicked out
ATP needed
200 mOsm
difference
30
Take Home Message
Juxtamedullary Loops of Henle set up
an osmotic gradient
H2O leaves from the descending arm
Na+ leaves from the ascending arm
Gradient depends on aquaporins and
the active transport of Na+
30
Vasa Recta
Large, slow
moving capillary
Found next to
Juxtamedullary
Loops of Henle
30
Urine Volumes
Excess osmolality
of 400 mOsm/day
Normal Urine
Concentrated
Urine
Dilute Urine
30
Diuresis and the
Collecting Tube
100
300
DCT at 100
mOsm
500
700
Aquaporins
900
ADH
1100
1200
30
Making Concentrated Urine
100
300
More ADH
500
700
More Aquaporins
900
Less urine
1100
1200
30
Making Dilute Urine
100
300
Less ADH
500
700
Less Aquaporins
900
More urine
1100
1200
30
Two Types of Immunity
Innate: Fast, non-specific
Physical Barriers
Cellular and Chemical responses
Adaptive: Slower, specific
Cellular responses
Antibodies
31
Five Cardinal Signs of Inflammation
31
Macrophages Send out Chemical Signals
Detectors:
Toll-like
Receptors
Alarm System:
Cytokines
31
Mast Cells Send out Chemical Signals
Similar to
Basophils
Histamine
Other Signals
31
Responses to Macrophage and Mast Signaling
Vasodilation
Hyperemia
Increased
capillary
permeability
Swelling
31
Multiple Signals with Common Responses
Pain
Prostaglandins
( and other
substances
released by
damage tissue)
31
Phagocyte Arrival: Neutrophils
Neutrophils arrive
First
Diapedesis
Acute Inflammation
31
Phagocyte Arrival: Monocytes
Monocytes
Macrophages
Viruses
Cell Debris
Chronic Inflammation
31
Innate Immunity: Complement
Innate
Adaptive:
Antibodies
31
Adaptive Immune System
Specific
Systemic
Memory
Self/Non-self
32
Adaptive Immune Cells
B Cells:
humoral
immunity
T Cells: cellmediated
immunity
APC cells
32
Two Different Forms of Infection
Bacteria
Fungi
Foreign compounds
(chitin, plastic, etc)
Viruses
Cancer
32
Antigens: Antibody Generating Compounds
Non-Self
Bacteria
Pollen
Virus
Fungi
Antigen definition has expanded to indicate any small
(molecular level) part of non-self that generates an immune
response.
32
B and T Cell Maturation
Self-tolerance
Immunocompetence
32
B-Cell Activation and Clonal Selection
B lymphocyte:
naïve
Antigen binds to
receptor
Activated cell has
been selected to
form clones
32
Primary Response: Bring in the Clones
Plasma Cells
Memory B Cell
32
B Cell Secondary Response
Memory B Cell
divides
Plasma cells
Memory B cells
Faster and larger
response
32
Primary and Secondary Response
32
1,000,000,000
Receptor
Types
Somatic
Recombination
Cells with the
proper receptor
become active
33
Antibodies
2 Light Chains
2 Heavy Chains
Variable Region
Constant Region
33
Antibodies in Action
Complement
Activation
Enhances
phagocytosis
33
T Cells
Blood
Kill Directly
Virus infected cells
Cancerous cells
34
T Cell Maturation
Self-tolerance
Immunocompetence
34
T Cells
In constant
circulation
Activated by
Antigen
Presenting Cells
(APCs)
34
Antigen Presenting Cells (APCs)
Dendritic Cells
Macrophages
B Cells
Dendritic cell interacting with T cells
34
Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC)
Display proteins
from cells
Type I- on all
cells
Type II- APCs
only
34
MHC I in Normal and Infected Cells
Cytoplasm
ER
Self
Non-self
34
MHC I in APCs
Normal Method
Phagocytosis
Gap Junction
34
MHC II in APCs
34
Two Major Types of T Cells
CD4
Helper T Cells
CD8
Cytotoxic T cells
34
MHCs in APCs helps Activate T Cells
MHC I help to
activate CD8
cells
MHC II help to
activate CD4
cells
34
Helper T Cells Direct Immune Response
Macrophages
T and B Cell
34
Cytotoxic T Cells in Action
MHC Class
I with
antigen
Attaches to
target
Perforin
Granzyme
34
Hormones in the Reproductive System
Estrogens
Progesterone
LH
FSH
35
Oocyte
Egg Maturation
Follicle Cell
Granulosa
Thecal Cellsmake androgen
(converts to
estrogen)
35
Ovarian Cycle
28 days*
Follicular Phase
Ovulation
Luteal Phase
35
*Your mileage may vary
Meanwhile in the Uterus…
Endometrium
Myometrium
35
Uterus Responds to Ovarian Hormones
How is
progesterone
important for the
functional layer?
Why does
progesterone
disappear?
Why does
progesterone
stay around post
implantation?
35
Bipotential Gonads
36
SRY
Necessary and
sufficient
Transcription
Factor
36
The Hypothalamic Gonadal Axis
Luteinizing
Hormone
Follicle
Stimulating
Hormone
Androgens
36
FSH Stimulates Sertoli Cells
Sustentacular
Cells
Androgen
Binding Protein
36
LH Stimulates Leydig Cells
Interstitial Cells
Produce
testosterone
(most common
estrogen)
36
Erection
Parasympathetic
ANS
Nitric Oxide
Smooth muscle
relaxes
Vasodilation
36
Ejaculation
Sympathetic ANS
Spinal Reflexes
36
Ejaculation
Bladder closes
Reproductive and
accessory ducts
contract
Bulbosponginosius
muscle contracts
36