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Republic to Empire Chapter 7: Ancient Rome Section 1: The Roman Republic 1. Roman Republic Years: ________________________ Rule Similar to? 2. Roman Empire Years: Ruled by _____________________ The Founding of Rome According to legend, the city of Rome was founded by the twin brothers, _____________________ & ________________ 3 Groups who influenced early Rome: 1. 2. 3. The _______________________ were the 1st rulers of the Italian (Apennine) Peninsula. The Etruscans gave Rome 1. 2. The _______________________ were the first to settle in the area that would become Rome. The Latins were _______________________ . The Latins gave Rome 1. The _______________________ built colonies along the Apennine Peninsula. The Greeks gave Rome 1 1. 2. 3. Roman Religion was a mixture of the _____________________ Religion which gave them rites & rituals and the __________________ Religion which gave them their gods. The Roman Republic A Republic is a __________________________ form of government. Citizens have power through the ________________________________________. In the Republic, there were 2 main social classes: 1. 2. The __________________________ or noble class held all the power. The _____________________________ or middle class began to have more rights in the government. One of the 1st concessions given to the Plebeians was a law code called the ________________________________________. The 12 Tables established the idea that _________________________________ had protection under the law. The 12 Tables hung in the __________________ (Roman marketplace) for all to see. Roman Republic-Three The 3 Branches of the Republic were: Branches 1. 2. 3. The Executive Branch was led by ____________________________:2 men who served ________-year terms only. In our government, the Consuls’ job would be done by _________________________________ The Judicial Branch was led by ________________________________________: 8 men who served _______________-year terms. Praetors were chosen from the ______________________________________. In our government, the Praetors’ job would be done by ________________________________ The Legislative Branch was made up of 3 bodies: 1. 2. 3. The Senate: Members: Controlled: Centuriate Assembly Members: Controlled: Tribal Assembly Members: Controlled: In our government, the Assemblies’ jobs would be done by______________________________ The Republic was able to grow through the efforts of the ____________________________ Essential Questions 1. What do we call a “representative democracy”? 2. What were the two main classes of the Roman Republic? 3. Who were the two men who represented the Executive Branch in the 3 Republic? 4. What name was given to Roman law? The Punic Wars The Punic (Latin for Phoenicia) Wars were fought between ________________ & _______________________________ Carthage had been a _____________________ of Phoenicia and had become a regional power by controlling the rich _______________________ trade. Punic War #1: Years: Causes: 1. 2. 3. Outcome: 1. 2. 3. Punic War #2: Years: Causes: 1. 2. Outcome: 1. 2. 3. Punic War #3: Years: Causes: 1. 2. Outcome: 1. 2. 3. 4. Essential Questions 1. What name was given to the wars between Rome and Carthage? 2. What sea trade were they hoping to control? 3. What was the name of the Carthaginian general who attacked the Apennine Peninsula? 4. Who was the victor of the Rome/Carthage wars? The End of the Republic The overall reason for the fall of the Republic was that it _____________________________________. Specific Problems: 1. 2. 3. 4. Slaves/Land: Large farms called _______________________ needed labor which came in the form of ___________________. Slaves came primarily from _______________________________________. Soon, the slave class made up ___________ of the population. Sm. Farmers/Can’t Compete: Small Farmers could not compete with ___________________________ & were forced to ________________________________________ These homeless/jobless farmers became a new class called the ________________________________ Cities Overcrowded: The proletariat found little ____________________ and ___________________________ conditions. Lack of jobs = Rural Poor became __________________________ Class Tensions Grew: Patricians became ____________________ Soldiers lost _________________________ Slaves ______________________________ Conditions led to a demand for changes. The Reformers The Gracchi brothers were the grandsons of the Punic War hero ___________________________ Both were killed by fellow _____________________ who were opposed to reforms. _________________________ broke out after their deaths. The Gracchi brothers attempted to: 1. 2. ______________ ____________________ was the son of a plebeian farmer who rose to the rank of general in the Roman Army & eventually elected as a __________________________________. Marius created jobs for the poor by giving them positions in the ____________________________. 1st Civil War Dates: Fought between 2 military generals: 1. 2. ___________________ is the victor and given the position of ______________________________. Dictator = Essential Knowledge 1. Who was brought in to work the Latifundias? 2. How did slaves impact small farmers? 3. Who fought in Rome’s 1st Civil War? 4. What title was given to the man who ruled in time of crisis? The First Triumvirate A _________________________________________ is 3 rulers who govern simultaneously. The 1st Triumvirate: 1. 2. 3. These men took control to ease the chaos that ensued after the 1st Civil War. Julius Caesar first served as ____________________ then became governor of ___________________ (modern-day France.) Caesar became famous for adding ______________ to Roman territory, something that had been attempted many times Pompey & Crassus feared Caesar’s growing power & convinced the ____________________ to order Caesar to ___________________ his armies & return to Rome. Caesar defied the Senate order and on ______________________________, Caesar’s troops crossed the __________________________ River marking the northern boundary of the Rome province. Caesar defeats _______________________ army. 46 BCE = 44 BCE = Rome loved Caesar because he was able to: 1. 2. 3. 4. Caesar’s popularity troubled the ________________. Senators led by __________________________ & _________________________________ plot his assassination. On_________________________________________ (Ides of March), Caesar is stabbed in the Senate chamber. __________________________ breaks out again in Rome. The Republic Got SMACKED S= M= A= C= K= Essential Questions What is the term given to 3 men who rule simultaneously? Who made up the 1st Triumvirate? What river did Caesar cross to start a 2nd Civil War? When was Caesar killed? Summary 8 9 Chapter 7: Ancient Rome WHIL Section 1: The Roman Republic What story is told by this picture? 1 Romans chose a republican form of government because they wanted to a. prevent any one individual from gaining too much power. b. guarantee women a voice in government. c. limit the power of the emperor. d. preserve their tradition of religious tolerance. Based on the chart, why might laws passed by the government have favored the wealthy? A. Only the wealthy needed legal protection. B. The council of plebs consisted of wealthy landowners. C. Only patricians could serve in the Senate. D. Criminals came mainly from the plebeian class. Why would the Romans hang the 12 Tables in the Forum? Chapter 7: Ancient Rome WHIL Section 1: The Roman Republic How were the Plebeians able to gain the power they did? 2 How could the Plebeians check the Patricians in government? Complete the Chart below: United States Rome Executive Judicial Legislative The origins of checks and balances in the U.S. political system can be traced to the a. French monarchy. b. Roman Republic. c. Greek aristocracy. d. Aztec Empire. This map shows the location of Roman Legion camps. What was a result of the Roman military having posts in all these areas? Chapter 7: Ancient Rome WHIL Section 1: The Roman Republic What territories did Carthage lose after the 1st Punic War? It can be concluded from the map above that the Punic Wars were fought between Rome and Carthage most likely over control of the — A. Adriatic Sea B. Balkan Peninsula C. Nile Delta D. Mediterranean Sea What was the fatal flaw in Hannibal’s plan of attack? 3 Chapter 7: Ancient Rome WHIL Section 1: The Roman Republic 4 What could be the potential problems of having a slave class make up 1/3 of your population? Definition of Proletariat (Merriam-Webster Dictionary) 1. the laboring class; especially: the class of industrial workers who lack their own means of production and hence sell their labor to live. How does the definition fit with the Roman proletariat? Tiberius and Gaius Gracchus tried to remedy Rome's growing economic and social crisis caused by the decline of the small farmer. They urged the council of the plebs to pass landreform bills that called for the government to take back public land held by large landowners and give it to landless Romans. What happened as a result of the proposal described in the passage and the brothers’ other reform efforts? A. The people elected the brothers to the senate. B. The Roman senate honored the brothers. C. The emperor quickly banished the brothers. D. A group of senators killed the brothers. Why would the Senate be concerned by the tribunes, Tiberius & Gaius Gracchus? Why would Marius be able to easily influence any troops he commanded? What could be the problem with 2 military generals controlling the fate of a civilization? Dictators are often referred to as “absolute rulers?” What does it mean? Chapter 7: Ancient Rome WHIL Section 1: The Roman Republic 5 “But when our country had grown great through toil, when great kings had been vanquished in war, when Carthage, the rival of Rome's sway, had perished root and branch, then Fortune began to grow cruel…. Hence the lust for power first, then for money, grew upon them; these were, I may say, the root of all evils." —Sallust, J. C. Rolfe, trans., 1921 As a result of the Roman civil wars described in the passage, the ____________________ emerged, giving three equal-powered rulers commands in Spain, Syria, and Gaul. Which 2 Roman classes were helped by Caesar’s reforms? Julius a. b. c. d. Caesar’s enemies assassinated him because they were angry with him for his military failures in Gaul. they feared he planned to make himself king of Rome. they were opposed to his expansion into other lands. they were fearful when he refused to disband his army 2 Famous Shakespearean quotes: “Beware the Ides of March” “Et tu, Brute” How do they apply to Caesar’s assassination? Use a dictionary to define the term Inflation. How could inflation impact a working family negatively? Greek God Ares Zeus Hera Aphrodite Artemis Athena Hermes Hades Roman God Mars Jupiter Juno Venus Diana Minerva Mercury Pluto Poseidon Hephaestus Neptune Vulcan Role god of war chief god wife of chief god goddess of love goddess of the hunt goddess of wisdom messenger god god of the underworld god of the sea god of fire Who was the Roman god of the underworld? A. Ares C. Vulcan B. Pluto D. Hades Who was the Roman equivalent to the Greek god Poseidon? A. Ares C. Vulcan B. Neptune D. Hades What was Mars the god of? A. War C. Wisdom B. Love D. Fire Who was known as the Roman goddess of the hunt? A. Juno C. Diana B. Venus D. Minerva