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Transcript
Do Now :What is the probability that a heterozygous cross will produce homozygous recessive offspring? Some traits don’t follow the simple dominant/recessive rules that Mendel first applied to genetics. Traits can be controlled by more than one gene. Some alleles are neither dominant nor recessive. One allele is not completely dominant over another. The heterozygous phenotype is a blending of the two homozygous phenotypes. Example: four o’clock flowers rr=red ww=white rw=pink (blending of the two alleles) Two alleles are both expressed as a dominant phenotype Coat color in cows RR: Red WW: White RW: Roan, white with red spots (NOT pink!) Codominance More than two choices of alleles are present for a trait ABO blood type has three alleles ABO Blood types: If both A and B are present, type is AB Neither is recessive Individuals can be type A, B, AB, or O (recessive) The transfusion will work if a person who is going to receive blood has a blood group that doesn't have any antibodies against the donor blood's antigens. People with blood group 0 are called "universal donors" and people with blood group AB are called "universal receivers." When several genes affect a character, it is called a polygenic character. eye color is affected by several genes. One gene controls the relative amount of greenness of the eye, and another gene controls brownness. (The recessive condition in both cases is blue eyes.) Other genes also affect eye color. Other examples of polygenic characters in humans are height and skin color. In fact, most characters are polygenic. Phenotype can be affected by conditions in the environment, such as nutrients and temperature. Males have an X and a Y chromosome Females have two X chromosomes These chromosomes determine sex, so genes located on these chromosomes are known as sexlinked genes. The X chromosome is much larger than the Y, so it carries more genes than the Y chromosome. •Disorders that are sex-linked are much more common in males, because they would only need 1 recessive allele to have the trait; rather than the two recessive alleles the females need. Recessive trait Disorder where individuals are missing the normal blood clotting protein. Uncontrolled bleeds from minor cuts or bruises. Female genotype: XhXh (with disease) XHXh ( carrier) Male genotype: XhY Recessive Inability to see certain colors Female genotype: XbXb –colorblind XbXB - carrier Male genotype: XbY- colorblind Calico is a coat color found in cats, which is caused by a SEX-LINKED, CODOMINANT allele. B = Black R = Orange BR = Calico The following genotypes are possible; Female cats can be black XBXB, orange XRXR, or calico XBXR Male cats can be black XBY or orange XRY Show each of the crosses below and include the phenotypic ratios of the offspring. 1. A black male crossed with an orange female 2. An orange male crossed with a calico female A woman who is heterozygous for normal vision marries a man who is colorblind. What are the chances of them having a son or daughter who is colorblind? **NOTE: You have to use X’s and Y’s, and read the Punnett square separately for boys and girls!** A woman who is homozygous for normal blood clotting marries a man who has hemophilia. What are the chances of them having a son or daughter with hemophilia?