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BIOLOGY BINGO! FALL SEMESTER Centromere: region of a chromosome where the 2 CLUES FOR PART 1 sister chromatids are held together Active transport: the movement of a substance across a cell membrane against a concentration Chloroplast: a plastid containing chlorophyll; the gradient; requires the cell to expend energy site for photosynthesis Adenine: a nitrogen-containing base that is a component of a nucleotide, pairs with thymine Chromatid: one of 2 identical parts of a chromosome Adhesion: the attractive force between unlike substances Chromatin: the DNA and proteins in the nucleus of a nondividing cell Aerobic respiration: the process in which cells make ATP by breaking down organic compounds Chromosome: DNA and protein in a coiled, rodshaped form that occurs during cell division Alcoholic fermentation: the process by which pyruvic acid is converted into ethyl alcohol; the anaerobic action of yeast on sugars. Cilia: short, hairlike organelles that aid in cell movement Allele: an alternative form of a gene Amino acid: a carboxylic acid with an animo group; one of 20 monomers that forms proteins Anaphase: phase of mitosis and meiosis where the chromosomes separate. Anticodon: a region of tRNA consisting of 3 bases complementary to the codon of mRNA Asexual reproduction: the production of offspring that doesn’t involve the union of gametes Capillary action: the reaction of a liquid surface with a solid; allows water to creep up the interior of a narrow vessel. Carbohydrate: an organic compound found in the dells of all living things and a major organic nutrient for humans Carrier protein: a protein that transports specific substances across a biological membrane. Cell cycle: the events of cell division Cell membrane: the lipid bilayer that forms the outer boundary of a cell Cell theory: all living things are made up of cells, cells are the basic unit of life, cells come only from existing cells Cell wall: a rigid structure that surrounds the cells of plants, fungi, many protists and most bacteria Codominance: an inheritance relationship in which neither of two alleles of the same gene totally masks the other Codon: a group of 3 sequential nitrogen bases of an mRNA molecule Cohesion: the attraction of like-molecules to each other Complete dominance: an inheritance relationship in which one allele is completely dominant over the other. BB and Bb have the same phenotype Crossing-over: the exchange of genes by reciprocal segments of homologous chromosomes during meiosis Cytokinesis: the division of the cytoplasm of 1 cell into 2 new cells Cytoplasm: the region of the cell between the cell membrane and the nucleus Cytosine: a nitrogen-containing base that is a component of a nucleotide, pairs with guanine Diffusion: the process by which molecules move from an area of greater concentration to an area of lesser concentration BIOLOGY BINGO! FALL SEMESTER Genetics: the field of biology devoted to CLUES FOR PART 2 understanding how traits are passed from parents Dihybrid cross: cross between individuals to offspring involving 2 contrasting traits Genotype: the genetic makeup of an organism Diploid: a cell that contains both chromosomes of Genotypic ratio: the probable ratio of genotypes a homologous pair produced by a cross DNA polymerase: an enzyme that binds to the separated strands of DNA and assembles each Glycolysis: a pathway in which glucose of strand’s complement in replication oxidized to pyruvic acid Dominant: referring to an allele that masks the presence of another allele for the same characteristic Golgi apparatus: a system of membranes in eukaryotic cells that modifies proteins for export by the cell Double helix: Watson and Crick determined this structure of DNA Guanine: a nitrogen-containing base that is a component of a nucleotide, pairs with cytosine Down syndrome: a disorder caused by an extra 21st chromosome and characterized by a number of physical and mental abnormalities Haploid: having only one chromosome of each homologous pair Endocytosis: the process by which a cell surrounds and engulfs substances Endoplasmic reticulum: a system of membranous tubules and sacs in eukaryotic cells that functions as a path along which molecules move from one part of the cell to another Helicase: an enzyme that separates DNA strands before replication Hemophilia: a trait in which the blood lacks a protein that is essential for clotting Heredity: the transmission of traits from parents to their offspring Eukaryote: a cell that contains a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles Heterozygous: referring to a gene pair in which the two alleles do not code for the same trait Exocytosis: a process in which a vesicle inside a cell fuses with the cell membrane and releases its contents to the external environment Homologous chromosome: one of a pair of morphologically similar chromosomes Fatty acid: a monomer that is part of most lipids F1 generation: the offspring of cross-pollinated P1 generation plants F2 generation: the offspring of cross-pollinated F1 generation plants Flagella: hairlike structure made of microtubules that aid in cell locomotion Gamete: a reproductive cell Genetic code: triplets of nucleotides in mRNA that determine the sequence of amino acids in proteins Homozygous: referring to a gene pair in which the two alleles code for the same trait Hydrogen bond: a weak chemical bond between a hydrogen atom in one molecule and a negativelycharged region of another molecule Hypertonic: a solution whose solute concentration is higher than that inside the cell BIOLOGY BINGO! FALL SEMESTER Monomer: a repeated, single-molecule unit in a CLUES FOR PART 3 polymer Hypotonic: a solution whose solute concentration mRNA: the type of RNA that carries genetic is lower than that inside the cell information from the nucleus to the ribosomes Incomplete dominance: an inheritance relationship that occurs when both alleles influence the Mutation: a change in the DNA phenotype Nucleic acid: an organic molecule, DNA or RNA, Independent variable: an experimentally that stores and carries important information for manipulated variable cell function Interphase: a period of cell growth and development that preceeds eukaryotic cell nuclear division Nucleotide: a monomer of DNA or RNA, consisting of a nitrogen base, a sugar and a phosphate group Isotonic: describing a solution whose solute concentration equals that inside a cell Nucleus: the organelle that contains most of the DNA and directs most of the cell’s activities Karyotype: a picture of an individual’s chromosomes Organelle: one of several formed bodies with a specialized function that is suspended in the cytoplasm and found in eukaryotic cells Lactic acid fermentation: the process by which pyruvic acid is converted to lactic acid Law of independent assortment: law stating that pairs of genes separate independently of one another in meiosis Law of segregation: law stating that pairs of genes separate and each gamete receives one gene of a pair Lipid: a kind of organic compound that is insoluble in water, such as fats and steroids Lysosome: an organelle containing digestive enzymes, existing primarily in animal cells Meiosis: the process of nuclear division that reduces the number of chromosomes in a cell by half Metaphase: the second phase of mitosis, during which all the chromosomes move to the cell’s equator Mitochondria: the organelle that is the site of aerobic respiration in eukaryotic cells Mitosis: eukaryotic nuclear division Monohybrid cross: a cross between individuals that involves one pair of contrasting traits Organic compound: a compound that is derived from living things and contains carbon Osmosis: the diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane P1 generation: a strain obtained through seldpolination Passive transport: the movement of substances across a cell membrane without the use of energy Pedigree: a diagram of the genetic history of an individual; can show how a trait is inherited over several generations Peptide bond: a covalent bond between two amino acids Phenotype: the external appearance of an organism that is determined by an individual’s genotype Phenotypic ratio: a ratio stating the number of times a specific phenotype occurs in a population in a single generation BIOLOGY BINGO! FALL SEMESTER RNA: a nucleic acid composed of a single strand CLUES FOR PART 4 and distinguished from DNA by containing ribose Phospholipid: a complex lipid having two fatty and uracil acids joined by a molecule of glycerol RNA polymerase: the primary transcription Photosynthesis: the conversion of light energy into enzyme chemical energystored in organic compounds rRNA: the type of RNA found in a ribosome Polymer:a compound consisting of repeated linked Sex-influenced trait: a trait that is influenced by monomers the presence of male or female sex hormones Polypeptide: a long chain of amino acids Sexual reproduction: the production of offspring Probability: the number of times an event is from the combination of genetic material from two expected to happen divided by the number of parent organisms. opportunities of an event to happen Start codon: the codon AUG which engages a Prokaryote: a unicellular organism that lacks a ribosome to start translating an mRNA molecule nucleus and membrane-bound organelles Stop codon: causes the ribosome to stop Promoter: a nucleotide sequence on a DNA translating mRNA; UAA, UAG, UGA molecule that, when attached to an RNA polymerase molecule, will initiate transcription of Telophase: the final stage of mitosis during which a nuclear membrane forms around each set of new a specific structural gene chromosomes Prophase: the first stage of mitosis and meiosis, Testcross: the crossing of an individual of characterized by condensation of chromosomes unknown genotype with a homozygous recessive Protein: an organic compound composed of one or individual to determine the unknown genotype more chains of polypeptides, which in turn are Thymine: a nitrogen-containing base, one formed from amino acids component of a nucleotide, pairs with adenine Protein synthesis: the formation of proteins using Trait: a category within which alternate information coded on DNA and carried by RNA characteristics, such as height and eye color, can Punnett square: a model used to establish the be observed probabilities of the results of a genetic cross Transcription: the process in which RNA is made Purine: an organic molecule that has a double ring from DNA of carbon and nitrogen atoms; A and G Translation: the process of converting the genetic Pyrimidine: an organic molecule that has a single code in RNA into the amino acid sequence that ring of carbon and nitrogen atoms; T and C makes up a protein Recessive: referring to an allele that is masked by the presence of another allele for the same characteristic Replication fork: the points at which the DNA strands separate during replication Ribosome: an organelle that functions in the synthesis of proteins tRNA: the type of RNA that carries amino acids from the cytoplasm to the ribosomes Uracil: a nitrogen-containing base found only in RNA Vacuole: a fluid-filled organelle that stores enzymes or metabolic wastes in a plant cell