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Studying Psychological Disorders Abnormal Behavior: patterns of emotion, thought, and action considered pathological for one or more of four reasons: • statistical infrequency • disability or dysfunction • personal distress • violation of norms Studying Psychological Disorders: Four Criteria for Abnormal Behavior 1 Studying Psychological Disorders: Classifying Abnormal Behavior The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV-TR): • • provides detailed descriptions of symptoms contains over 200 diagnostic categories grouped into 17 major categories and five dimensions (or axes) Anxiety Disorders Anxiety Disorder (characterized by unrealistic, irrational fear) Four Major Anxiety Disorders 1. Generalized Anxiety Disorder: persistent, uncontrollable, and free-floating anxiety 2 Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) More or less constant worry Physical symptoms headaches stomachaches muscle tension irritability Panic Disorder 2. Panic Disorder: sudden and inexplicable panic attacks Panic attacks - helpless terror, high physiological arousal Peak in 10 minutes or less Very frightening - sufferers live in fear of having them Agoraphobia often develops as a result 3 Phobias 3. Phobia: intense, irrational fear of a specific object or situation Algophobia Astraphobia Pathophobia Monophobia Mysophobia Nyctophobia Ochlophobia Ailurophobia Monophobia Pyrophobia Triskaidekaphobia -pain -thunderstorms -disease -being alone -contamination -darkness -crowds - cats - being alone - fire -13 Phobias It is not phobic to simply be anxious about Study of normal anxieties something 100 Percentage 90 of people 80 surveyed 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Snakes Being Mice Flying Being Spiders Thunder Being Dogs Driving Being Cats in high, on an closed in, and and alone a car in exposed airplane in a insects lightning in a crowd places small a house of people place at night Afraid of it Bothers slightly Not at all afraid of it 4 Specific Phobias Specific phobias - fear of specific object animals (e.g., snakes) substances (e.g., blood) situations (e.g., heights) more often in females than males Social Phobias Social phobias - fear of failing or being embarrassed in public public speaking (stage fright) fear of crowds, strangers meeting new people eating in public Equally often in males and females 5 Anxiety Disorders (Continued) 4. Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD): intrusive, repetitive fearful thoughts (obsessions), urges to perform repetitive, ritualistic behaviors (compulsions), or both Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder Checking Cleaning/washing Doing things a certain number of times in a row Doing and then undoing things Doing things in a certain order, with symmetry Mental acts such as praying, counting, etc. Children have an average of 4 obsessions and 4 compulsions at any given time 6 Anxiety Disorders PET Scan of brain of person with Obsessive/ Compulsive disorder High metabolic activity (red) in frontal lobe areas involved with directing attention 7 Anxiety Disorders (Continued) Explanations of Anxiety Disorders: Psychological--faulty cognitions, maladaptive learning Biological--evolution, genetics, brain functioning, biochemistry Sociocultural—environmental stressors, cultural socialization Mood Disorders Mood Disorders (characterized by extreme disturbances in emotional states) Two Main Types of Mood Disorders: • • Major Depressive Disorder (long-lasting depressed mood that interferes with the ability to function, feel pleasure, or maintain interest in life) Bipolar Disorder (repeated episodes of mania and depression) 8 Mood Disorders (Continued) Mood Disorders-Bipolar PET scans show that brain energy consumption rises and falls with emotional switches Depressed state Manic state Depressed state 9 Mood Disorders-Depression Hormonal? Cultural? Socialization? Mood Disorders- Suicide 10 Bipolar Disorders Mood levels swing from severe depression to extreme euphoria (mania) No regular relationship to time of year (like Seasonal Affective Disorder) Strong heritable component Bipolar disorder often treated with lithium Mood Disorders Explanations of Mood Disorders: Biological Maladaptive Cognitions Learned Helplessness 11 Schizophrenia Schizophrenia Five areas of major disturbance: Perception (hallucinations) Language (word salad, neologisms) Thoughts (psychosis, delusions) Emotion (exaggerated or flat affect) Behavior [unusual actions (e.g., catalepsy, waxy flexibility)] 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. (group of psychotic disorders) SPECTROAUTOROTATION 12 Word Salad "Tissues without a triangular head lice be it with controller is the noodle man of ice pops and radio yes thanks." "So even with I but he river flow amber rod with it." "Spiders my mom is a notification true since not like wedding cake." "Vegetables interest my translucent memory taken from his ant mole hill radical." "Trust the bamboo of pastrami, for the infinite monkey boy is upon the arrival of distortion steam my vegetables." "Toothache is Greg in my brain lodged for ski symptoms inside out raspberry juice for tomorrow you are filthy." "You can't go sailing past honor for the liking of a room. These questions are birthday basements. To end the blue radish is the upside of luxury, and sparking a good lizard will only make tears fall in hindsight." Schizophrenia (Continued) 13 14 Other Disorders Substance-related disorder (abuse of, or dependence on, a moodor behavior-altering drug) Two general groups: Substance abuse (interferes with social or occupational functioning) Substance dependence (shows physical reactions, such as tolerance and withdrawal) Other Disorders: Substance-Related Disorder 15 Other Disorders (Continued) People with substance-related disorders also commonly suffer from other psychological disorders, a condition known as comorbidity. Other Disorders (Continued) Dissociative Disorders: Splitting apart (disassociation) of experience from memory or consciousness Types of Dissociative Disorders: Dissociative Amnesia Dissociative Fugue Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID) 16 Other Disorders (Continued) Best known and most severe dissociative disorder: Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID): presence of two or more distinct personality systems in the same person at different times (previously known as multiple personality disorder) Other Disorders (Continued) Personality Disorder: inflexible, maladaptive personality traits that cause significant impairment of social and occupational functioning Types of personality disorders: Antisocial Personality Disorder Borderline Personality Disorder 17 Other Disorders (Continued) Antisocial Personality Disorder: profound disregard for, and violation of, the rights of others Key Traits: egocentrism, lack of conscience, impulsive behavior, and superficial charm Other Disorders (Continued) Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD): impulsivity and instability in mood, relationships, and self-image 18